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    毕业设计(论文)-基于单片机的智能电热水器(硬件).doc

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    毕业设计(论文)-基于单片机的智能电热水器(硬件).doc

    I摘要这次的设计采用ATEML公司生产的AT89S51单片机为核心来设计智能电热水器。本设计也对单片机控制电热水器实现智能化的可能性进行了分析,利用温度传感器、水位检测装置、等来完成本设计。设计分成两个部分,在硬件设计方面,主要对单片机最小系统及其扩展、电源电路、键盘显示及接口电路、LED显示电路、水温检测电路、加热电路等进行了详细介绍。还详细介绍了设计中应用到的主要芯片的性能和特点,包括AT89S51、74LS240、DS18B20、74HC245等。在软件设计方面,采用汇编语言编程,是由于其易于为单片机所识别,执行速度快。该智能电热水器设计完善,实现方案简单易行。采用软件设计来控制,可以实现智能检测水位及水温,智能加热,并且提高了整机的可靠性及准确性。关键词:单片机;电热水器;智能;IIABSTRACTThisdesignUSESATEMLcompanyproducestheAT89S51asthecoretodesignintelligentelectricwaterheater.Thedesignofsingle-chipmicrocomputercontrolandthepossibilityofelectricwaterheaterrealizeintelligentanalyzed,usingtemperaturesensors,waterleveldetectionequipment,etctocompletethedesign.Designisdividedintotwoparts,intermsofhardwaredesign,mainlytothesinglechipminimizesystemanditsextension,powersupplycircuit,keyboarddisplayandinterfacecircuit,theLEDdisplaycircuit,watertemperaturedetectioncircuit,heatingcircuitdescribedindetail.Alsointroducesthemainapplicationtodesigncharacteristicsandpropertiesofthechip,includingAT89S51,74LS240,DS18B20,74HC245etc.Insoftwaredesign,useassemblylanguageprogramming,isduetoitseasytoidentify,executionbyMCUfastspeed.Thisintelligentelectricwaterheaterdesignperfect,theimplementationschemeissimple.Usingsoftwaredesignedtocontrol,canrealizeintelligentdetectionlevelsandwatertemperature,intelligentheating,andimprovethemachinesreliabilityandaccuracy.Keywords:single-chipmicrocomputer;Electricwaterheater;intelligence;III目录摘要············································································································IABSTRACT·····································································································II目录··········································································································III1绪论········································································································11.1选题的背景、目的及意义··································································11.2国内外的研究状况和成果··································································22总体方案设计···························································································32.1设计目标以及方案选择·····································································42.2芯片选择以及介绍···········································································52.2.1AT89S51介绍··········································································52.3数字温度传感器DS18B20介绍··························································82.3.1DS18B20的主要特性·································································82.3.2DS18B20工作原理···································································102.3.3DS18B20有4个主要的数据部件················································102.3.4DS18B20的应用电路································································142.474LS240简介···················································································162.4.174LS240特点介绍···································································162.5LED数码管显示················································································162.5.1LED数码管介绍·····································································162.5.2LED数码管显示方式和典型应用电路········································172.5.3LED数码管编码方式······························································182.6固态继电器·····················································································192.6.1固态继电器工作原理································································193硬件系统设计··························································································203.1硬件系统设计·················································································203.1.1电源电路···············································································203.1.2单片机系统电路·····································································213.1.3键盘接口电路·········································································243.1.4温度检测电路·········································································243.1.5温度显示电路·········································································253.1.6看门狗电路············································································26IV3.1.7加热电路···············································································264软件系统设计··························································································274.1主程序流程框图···············································································274.2中断流程图······················································································284.3读温度子程序流程图·········································································294.4显示子程序流程图·············································································30结论··········································································································31致谢··········································································································32参考文献····································································································33附录1:硬件电路图·····················································································34附录2:程序清单························································································3511.绪论1.1选题的背景、目的及意义热水器作为我们日常生活中最为常见的电器之一,它的发展与我们的生活密切相关,从刚开始的燃气热水器开始,就给人们的生活方面带来了很多方便,能在冬天的时候洗一次热水器是多么惬意的事情啊。在当今科技快速飞跃的时代,各式各样的热水器不断的横空出世,优胜劣汰是大自然,生活中的固定规律。如果能在热水器发面增添更加安全,科技的元素,一定会在竞争占有一席之地。作为中国最庞大的产业群热水器行业,历来就有“三晋分立”之说。其大家族中的三“兄弟”:太阳能、燃气、电热水器。伴随着科技的发展,人们在环境,安全,快捷等方面的考虑及意识不断的增强的今天,热水器的实用性,安全性,智能化方面也将面临着市场的考验。随着生活节奏的加快,人们越来越需要方便快捷的生活方式。如今,智能家电已经顺应人们的需求走进了消费者的视野。根据最新的新闻报道,太阳能热水器和电热水器逐渐代取燃气热水器,成为热水器市场上最大的赢家。据不完全统计,城市家庭热水器普及率在左右。中国家电市场调查研究课题组经过近年的连续性调查发现,我国城市家庭热水器产品的普及率基本稳定在左右,城市家庭较高的普及率说明热水器市场总体上已进入成熟阶段。燃气热水器可以连续供应热水,但其安全问题多年来一直困扰着消费者,虽然国家“西气东输”政策已实施,为燃气热水器的发展杀出了一点“血路”,但是消费者的安全心理不能彻底消除、使用成本高及寿命短又制约了燃气热水器的进一步发展,加之由于燃气资源相对缺乏,近几年其市场份额一直走低正是这些因素的综合反应。反观电热水器和太能热水器,则没有这方面的忧虑。三大热水器:燃气热水器-廉颇老矣;电热水器-风头正劲;太阳能热水器-后劲十足。电热水器的优点:易安装,不受天气的影响,不收楼层和供电管道的限制,投入小,随着技术进步和新产品的开发,下置式,嵌入式等多种安装形式的电热水器先后上市,彻底摆脱了房间空间的限制。中央供水和数码智能的电热水器也全部都进入;额市场。电热水器的安全问题涉及到消费者的生命,又加上近些年的能源危机,人们生活节奏的加快,智能化电热水器越来越受到消费者的青睐。在当今社会,科技日新月异,热水器技术飞速发展,越来越多的科技成果被运用到热水器的制造当中。如今的热水器绝不是一个简单的加热系统,而是一种科技含量很高,很现代化的家电产品。随着三峡工程的建设和我国城市加大电网扩容和老居民的电网改造,大功率电器的使用不再受限制。2002年居民用户的供电可靠率比1997年提高了4.3个百分点,推动了电热水器在城市的销量。国家对农村基础设施投入力度不断加大,加快农村电网建设和改造的步伐,家电消费环境大为改善,农电价格也相对下降,刺激了农民对东华理工大学长江学院毕业设计(论文)绪论2家电的消费量,从而加快了农村家电的普及速度。我国占总人口60.9%的7.8亿农民,组成了2.38亿个家庭,任何家电商品的普及率只要提高1个百分点,就会增加238万台(件)的需求量。只要电热水器在安全,智能方面做得足够优秀,那么电热水器的发展就能保持着非常光明的前景。随着我国人民生活水平逐渐的提高,其生活条件也有很大的改善,功能多样,科技含量高的智能化电器在人们日常生活中占有比重也越来越大,与家庭生活密切相关的热水器品种各式各样,花样翻新。所以就是在这样的背景下,本课题是选择基于at89s51单片机的智能电热水器的设计研究。本课题的研究目的是根据人们对现代家庭舒适,安全,便利以及多元化信息服务的需要,选择at89s51单片机设计出具有智能特征的电热水器。用at89s51作为控制芯片,就是为了能实现电热水器的智能化,能够持续稳定的热水供应,自动断电的安全功能,使得人们在洗浴时能够放心享受,有利于人们的身体健康,其务实性能快速满足人们对现代生活快节奏的需求。同时,正如上面内容所陈述的那样,从市场,从需求,从可持续发展性等一系列的分析和数据中我们能从中得出研究此课题的重要意义。1.2国内外研究状况和成果电热水器分为即热式和储水式两种,就是用电加热水的一种装置。即热式电热水器,也叫快热式电热水器,指近几年一些生产厂家自行研制的专利产品或国外进口的技术含量较高的一些产品。不但具有能够即开即热,省时省电,节能环保等诸多优点,更是因其具有比普通电热水器更为可观的经济效益,越来越受到广大家电生产厂家和经销商的青睐。在热水器的发展过程中,安全技术成为带动整个行业向上提升的决定性力量。热水器先后经历了水电分离,漏电保护器,出水断电,防电墙等四次较大的技术升级。水电分离-从原始的直热式加热到采用水电完全分离的绝缘加热管,从而避免了水与电的直接接触,使一边加热一边洗浴成为可能。漏电保护技术-从理论上讲,加热管迟早都会损坏的,一旦绝缘失效,就会导致水电接触,发生漏电,威胁用户生命安全。1997年,海尔等企业率先在热水器中采用漏电保护技术,保证了露点电流达到15毫安时,0.1秒内自动切断电源,保证使用者的生命安全。出水断电技术-1999年,海尔研制成功了出水断电技术,使用户再打开热水器喷头同时自动切断电源,关闭喷头时自动通电加热,这样就避免了电带使用,使热水器的安全性能又提高了一大步。防电墙技术-2002年,海尔发明了世界第一台带“防电墙”功能的热水器,东华理工大学长江学院毕业设计(论文)绪论3决了因用电环境引起的安全问题,实现了从产品安全到洗浴安全的技术跨越。经过了解,无论什么品牌的电热水器,内胆是电热水器的关键,产品内表面的处理非常重要,它是决定电热水器保修年限的主要依据。目前商场里所售的电热水器主要有以下三种内胆:无氧紫铜内胆:应用在即热式电热水器上具有不可比拟的良好特性:它具有热传导快,耐压耐腐蚀,延展性好,抗菌抑菌等,无氧紫铜发热系统一般应用在欧美发达地区的即热式电热水器,大多数国际品牌均采用紫铜生产即热式电热水器的加热体,紫铜材料的特殊物理和化学特性,具有加热快速稳定、热效率高的特点。是目前世界上即热式电热水器行业中公认的符合环保健康潮流的、最成熟稳定的加热体。不锈钢内胆:材质好,不易生锈,但焊缝隐患不易发现,经多次热胀冷缩后,不锈钢中的铬会被自来水中的氯离子腐蚀,时间长了可能会在焊接处漏水。搪瓷内胆:内胆表面的瓷釉为非金属材料,不生锈,防腐蚀,以厚钢板做胆体,有较强的耐压能力,其中高釉包钢内胆防腐保温性能最佳,寿命更长。除了对耐用性的要求不断追求,智能化技术运用是今后技术发展的一个总体趋势,智能化技术的运用有两个好处。一是更加方便,二是更加节能,按照用户的使用习惯提前预先加热,让使用者随心所欲享用热水,而在非用水时间则启动中温保温方程式,根据设定温度计算出最节能的保温温度,减少热水器内外温差,因而尽可能减少保温加热次数,真正做到更加省电。从1979年诞生第一台热水器开始,热水器行业从为数不多的品牌发展到现在的品牌林立,从单一的燃气热水器发展到电热水器,太阳能热水器齐头并进,从产品的功能单一发展到今天功能多样,造型各异,色彩斑斓,甚至不少品牌还走出过门走向世界,整个行业取得了长足的进步。各大品牌争先恐后的退出了超大液晶屏,电子线控,超薄时尚,双管加热,漏电保护器,防电墙,多口出水等新技术。

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