《SAT语法重点》PPT课件.ppt

,SAT语法重点 张帆 Mahoney,Section ？ 25分钟35题 IS题 Improving Sentence No.1-No.11 ISE题 Identifying Sentence Errors No 12-No.29 IP题 Improving Paragraph No.30-No.35 Section 10 10分钟14题 IS题 Improving Sentence No.1-No.14,词法,名词 形容词副词 代词 动词 介词 连词,句法,平行结构 逻辑主语 逻辑含义 逻辑修饰语 插入语 非谓语,Improving Paragraph,1、语法题： (1) 划线修改 (2) 二合一体 2、阅读题： (1)句首加词 (2) 插入句子 (3) 整句修改,平行结构,绝对平行 相对平行 隐晦平行,绝对平行,形式，词性，单复数和格都完全相同的平行 两者A and B / A or B healthy and strong health and strength being healthy and being strong to be healthy and to be strong a healthy and strong boy a healthy, strong boy a healthy strong boy a healthily strong boy an incredible beautiful girl an incredibly beautiful girl,ABC绝对平行,三者或多者A, B, and/or C 潜在错误 A, B, as well as C A, B, in addition to C A, B, also C A, B, not C A, and B, and C A, B, along with C A, B, together with C A and B, as well as C A, B and C, and D ? A and B, and C and D,I love you, him, as well as her. I love you, him, in addition to her. I love you, him, together with her.,AB绝对平行,固定搭配 both A and B either A or B neither A nor B prefer A to B not only , but also as as not so much as rather than,AB绝对平行,A, not B not A, but B A, as well as B A, in addition to B In addition to B, A A, compared with B Like A, B is Unlike A, B is As A, B is 同位语和修饰的名词一致,绝对平行,格的平行，形式的平行 both you and I/me you and I/me Who loves her? Both you and _ Who does she love? Both you and _ I，me 对比between,among, like, unlike Between you and _/ among _ me, us doing/to do rather than doing/(to) do Doing is doing; to do is to do Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.,If we compare the number of alligators with the Gila monster over time, we see that the alligator is in decline. If we compare the number of alligators with the Gila monster over time, we see that the alligator is Comparing the number of alligators and the Gila monster, we see that alligators are In comparison with Gila monsters, the number of alligators are To compare the alligator with Gila monsters is to show that it is A comparison over time of the numbers of alligators and Gila monsters shows that alligators are,介词的绝对平行,The famous battle depicted in the film Braveheart took place in northern England, and many people assume that it was the Scottish Highlands. (A) and many people assume that it was (B) many people assuming (C) but many people assume it to be (D) not what many people assume (E) not, as many people assume, in,I like Beijing, not Shanghai. I like living in Beijing, not in Shanghai. Rather than Shanghai, I like Beijing far better.? Rather than in Shanghai, I like living in Beijing much better. either to Beijing or to Shanghai to either Beijing or Shanghai,句子的平行,All species of sea turtles are endangered because of overharvesting of adults, their eggs being disturbed and destruction of nesting habitats. (A) of overharvesting of adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats (B) of the adults being overharvested, their eggs disturbed, and destroying nesting habitats (C) the overharvesting of adults, disturbance of their eggs, and destruction of nesting habitats (D) the adults are overharvested, their eggs are disturbed, and their nesting habitats are destroyed (E) being overharvested as adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats,相对平行,时态相对平行 表达多动作时，时态按照句意变化 He loves swimming, but he has not swum since he got sick last year. When he came here last night, he saw the accident/ I was doing my homework/ I had left. 用法相对平行 He did not believe me because I had lied to him before and also because of Marys words.,先选择绝对平行 再选择相对平行,隐晦平行,比较难以辨认的平行结构，容易忽略 The valuable stringed instruments in this display, all more than 300 years old, were carefully crafted by artisans famous in their day but long since forgotten. who were famous in their day but had been forgotten long since,隐晦平行,A review of the composers new symphony called it confusing because of its unusual structure, and its melodious final movement makes it elegant. A. B. structure, although elegant by having its melodious final movement C. structure, and it is elegant with its melodious final movement D. structure while having a melodious final movement that made it elegant E. structure but elegant because of its melodious final movement,隐晦平行,Acquaintances of Alexei have commented that he is at once annoying because of his unpredictability but his imagination is still a delight. (A) but his imagination is still a delight (B) although he is delightfully imaginative (C) and he is delightful in his imagination too (D) while being imaginative and they are delighted (E) but delightful because of his imagination,句意重复冗赘,annually-every year for the purpose to do-to do with the goal to do-to do equally as as- as as last the duration of- last be able to afford-can afford imminent/impending-happen soon in the future at the same time-simultaneously-synchronously whetheror not-uncertain/ certain increasingly more contemporary - of the same period nor either the reason is why/because-because/the reason is that/so,句意重复,The heat was already overwhelming and lasted a week, which duration made it seem sheer torture. overwhelming and lasted a week, which duration made it seem overwhelming, and because of lasting a week, it made it seem overwhelming and lasted the duration of a week to make it to seem overwhelming, and its lasting a week made it seem overwhelming and, by lasting a week, making it seem,虚拟语气,常规,对现在： If were/did, would do. 对将来： If should do/were to, would do. 对过去： If had done, would have done.,If I were you, I wouldn't do that. If I were to/should be you, I wouldn't do that. If I had been you, I wouldn't have done that.,虚拟的从句倒装,Were I you, I wouldn't do that. I wouldnt do that were I you. Should I be you/Were I to be you, I wouldn't do that. I wouldn't do that should I be you/were I to be you. Had I been you, I wouldn't have done that. I wouldn't have done that had I been you.,注意,would可以换成could, might 但不能是must，need It must be you! It must have been you! if可以换成provided或providing 原则：真实的真实，虚拟的虚拟 Even if I had practiced hard, I cant win the game tomorrow.,08年10月7-5,错综时间句,主句从句的时间不一致，从句和主句时态按照句意和真实虚假情况而定 If I had studied hard, I would pass the test tomorrow. If I were not to take SAT test later next month, I could have gone to watch movie with you last night.,Some of the workers who resent the A supervisors authority would probably feel B uncomfortable if they were to acquire the C independence that they demand. No error D E,Although the details of the contract have not A been announced, it is likely that union B negotiators accepted the proposed training C D program for newly hired workers. No error E,其他虚拟,5.希望would rather后面用did/were I'd rather he were there. 6.wish表达无法达成的主观意愿时 How I wish she could be here now! 7.表达本可以做什么 I could have won the last game, but I failed.(failed是真实情况),特殊动词+that，省略should引起虚拟,1.建议suggest, advise I suggest (that) he (should) go. suggest表示表明的意思时不用虚拟 His expression suggests that he is angry. 2.坚持insist I insist she be the monitor. His insistence that he be the monitor makes us angry. 3.命令order, command He got the order that he go. 4.要求require, request I require he go. I require him to go.,Because many Szechuan recipes require for one to cook without there having to be interruptions, it is a good idea to measure all ingredients in advance. (A) Because many Szechuan recipes require for one to cook without there having to be interruptions, (B) Because many Szechuan recipes require that one cook without interruption, (C) Being that many Szechuan recipes require you to cook and not be interrupted, (D) Many Szechuan recipes require that one cook without interruption and (E) When following many Szechuan recipes it is advisable for one to cook without interruptions and therefore,特殊用法,but for要不是 But for the accident, I could have arrived already. if not for/ if it had not been for要不是/当时要不是 If not for money, I could not do that. If not for money, I could not have done that. If it had not been for the accident, I could not have missed the game. Had it not been for the accident, I or/otherwise否则 It finally rained, otherwise the crops could have died already. It finally rains, or the crops would die.,10年5月5-14,倒装,完全倒装-主谓倒装,状语+谓语+主语.（主谓保持一致 ） In front of the house stands a boy. In front of the house stand two girls. On the house, which is still being built, lie many squirrels. Doing或者Done+be+主语 Writing the novel was the boy. Writing the novel were the boys.(罕) Deeply understood by us _ (be) a list of historical landmarks and a great number of places of interests. Deeply understood by us _ (be) a number of places of interests. are, are,Along the curve of island known as the Florida Keys lies a reef of living coral, the only one of a kind in the continental United States. No error Also supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics and the proposed center to distribute information on job-training opportunities. No error,Available through the schools guidance office are a job directory and a list of job referral centers that provide information for students in need of employment. No error 模考9-15题,不完全倒装助动词提前,Only+状语+助动词+主语+谓语动词. Only in this way can we succeed. Only when you receive the offers will you realize how much you have suffered. only+主语没有倒装 Only he knows that. 让步形容词提前，句子其他结构不变，省略although adj+as+it is/he is, SVO.尽管 Beautiful as she is, we don't love her. As beautiful as she is, we dont love her at all.,不完全倒装,So+形容词副词+be/助动词+主语+that So beautiful a girl is she that we all love her. She is a so beautiful girl . She is so beautiful a girl She is a girl so beautiful She is such a beautiful girl So rapidly does he run that nobody could catch him. Such引导 Such a beautiful girl is she that we all love her. To such an extent have we come that we can't easily give up.,主句否定副词前置引起主句倒装,never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely前置引起倒装，但依然为主句！ Never have I seen that before! Hardly can you believe that! Seldom have we done such a bad thing that we felt guilty. Never have we seen that, we are stunned there. 对比非谓语： Never having imagined such a weird person, we have no idea how to address the mess. Not noticing the plaintiffs anger, the attorney continued his defense.,We had never seen anything like this style of architecture before, we thought we were looking at giant sculpture, not building. We had never seen We never saw Never had we seen Never having seen Never seeing Having never seen,否定副词前置倒装,Not until+时间+助动词+主语+谓语动词 Not until she left for US did I realize how much I loved her. I didnt realize how much I loved her until she left for US. not only引起倒装，but also正语序 Not only is he a doctor, but he is also a butcher. No sooner+助动词+S+V+ than+SVO No sooner had we arrived than SAT test began. No longer/by no means By no means can we fail.,非谓语,后置非谓语,先看看定语从句的后置which SVO, which which指o或者最近的关键词 I have a book, which they all know. I have a book which they all know. I have a book, a fact that they all know. I have a book, as they all know. He forgets the homework, as happens always. SVO, doing -doing一般指s或者全句动作，一般表结果 或同时 SVO, doing -doing指O的只有including，可以指前面任何名词 SVO, done. done一般指o，指主语s时一般要放到S之前或紧贴S后面更准确,ZF met YHY, dressed in red. Dressed in red, ZF met YHY. ZF, dressed in red, met YHY. I have many books, including XX and OO. We went to Hongkong, including YHY, ZF and XXX.,SVO, having done?,SVO, having done.? 后置的非谓语表结果或伴随，而having done表示已经完成的动作，指在V之前的动作，因此矛盾了，应该置于句首 Having done, SVO Be动词，having done.,前置非谓语,To do/Doing/Done, SVO to do, doing和done 一般为主语动作， to do 表目的, doing表主动动作,无时态;表原因, 伴随,让步 ，done表被动，时态一般为完成 Watching the movie, I cried. On/Upon receiving her letter, I was excited. Not believing her, I still lent her the money. In order to finish the weekend homework, we have to stay up late on Sunday and work hard on Monday morning.,Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere, the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused dust that crossed the United States in three days and circled the globe in two weeks. (A) the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused dust that (B) Mount Saint Helens eruption in 1980 caused dust that (C) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens (D) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens that (E) there was dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens and it 去掉and试试？,Crossing and recrossing the stream, stepping on or over slippery rocks, and following a trail that grew steeper and steeper, the hikers soon realized how challenging their day would be. No error How to do? How doing/adj/adv?,非谓语的时态,Having done, SVO 表已经完成的动作 Having watched the movie twice, I still cried. Watching the movie the second time, I still cried. Not having experienced bungi, Im eager to try. Having not Not experiencing bungi, Im eager to try. Because of not experiencing bungi, Im eager to try. Because of having not experiencing bungi, Im eager to try. done表示被动和完成动作，可以表示完成，一般不用having been done Told many times, he still made the same mistake.一般不用having been told Given/ Granted a gift of counting, he ,In 1850 Jim Beckwourth, a black American explorer, discovered in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada a pass soon becoming an important gateway to California gold-rush country. No error soon to become which would soon become,非谓语的平行省略,SVO, and SVO. S一致时第二个S可省略或者用代词，V也一致时更要省略 ,后句的be动词甚至也可以省略，但尽量主语主动一致 His hair is green and his teeth red. do, do, and do 可换成doing, to do, adj, n.的平行；只要逻辑通顺，不一定是绝对平行 Doing, doing and doing同样可以做主语,非谓语的逻辑主语,逻辑一致 By practicing hard, our ability can be improved. By practicing hard, we can improve our ability. By hard practice, our ability/we can By our practicing hard, our ability can be improved. By us practicing hard, our ability can be improved. Dressed in red, the girl entered the hall of the banquet. Seating/Seated in sofa, I feel comfortable.,垂悬分词,Doing done与后面的逻辑主语无关 Taking something into consideration, Taking into all accounts, Judging from, Generally speaking,连词+doing,When/while/if/until/though/although +doing/done/n/adj 省略主语+be动词，主语和主句主语一致 没有时态，只表示一般状态和进行状态 Because/since/as/for表原因不加doing，只能加句子，可以换成because of/due to/ according to/thanks to +doing after/before只加doing不加done，表完成动作,可以不用加having done,主语为主句的S 加被动为being done After being elected the monitor, he made a passionate speech.,介词+doing,介词+doing，要看后面的逻辑主语 by/through/on/in/of doing, SVO. 被动为being done, 不能直接加done,主语为主句的S 连词+do，要看后面的逻辑主语 In order to do, SVO. In order to make us happy, we are given a three-day vacation by school. By practicing hard, we can succeed. I am looking forward to being elected the monitor.,2011年1月10-6,With结构,with sb/sth + to do/doing/done/adj/adv 做伴随状态，非主句 With是介词，不能加完整句子 With eyes open, he died. With bells ringing, we left away. With lights turned off, we left. With a lot of work to do, we left.,独立主格,S1+doing/done/adj（伴随）, S2+V+O（主句） 相当于省略句首的with Eyes open, he died. Bells ringing, we left away. Lights turned off, we left. He died, his property donated and his ashes disseminated into the deep blue sea.（伴随/结果）,A great owl flying low across a forest clearing, its wings beating quietly and its ultrasensitive ears tuned to the faint sounds made by small creatures concealed under leaves.,同位语,判断主语还是同位语,S,同位语，VO. 要判断逗号前面的几个名词谁是主语谁是插入成分,判断谓语动词. 同位语不修饰人称代词he, she, it, they等等 Rumor has it that he died. There is a rumor that he died. 同位语,SVO 同位语和主语保持一致，单复数和内容一致 One of the best students, the boy was very mean. One of the best students, the background of the boys family is quite eminent. One of the best students, the boys background is quite eminent.,A: The best teacher, ZF is very kind. B: The best teacher, he is very kind. C: As the best teacher, he is very kind. D: Being the best teacher, he is very kind. A,C,同位语在句尾,SVO，同位语 同位语在最后可以表示O的强调或者全句 He bought a good book, a book about SAT. He bought a book, a fact that we all knew. He bought a book, this fact that we all knew. this + n 不能做同位语 He bought a book, which is this fact that we all knew. He died, a fact explaining why he hadnt contacted us.,Nicknamed the supergrain of the future, quinoa is a complete protein, one that contains all the necessary amino acids and is high in fiber. protein, one that contains all the necessary amino acids and is protein, it contains all the necessary amino acids and is protein, and containing all the necessary amino acids in addition to being protein that contained all the necessary amino acids and also is protein; thus, containing all the necessary amino acids and being also,特殊,两者解释一者，三者不能平行只能有主次 He has two jobs, one is to study SAT, and the other is to study TOEFL. He has two jobs; one is to study SAT, and the other is to study TOEFL. He has two jobs, one of which is to study SAT, and the other of which is to study TOEFL. He has two jobs, one to study SAT, and the other one to study TOEFL. He has two jobs : one is to study SAT, and the other is to study TOEFL.,名词 主要是主谓一致,1.主语后面加上补充说明的内容，要找到实际的主语： as well as,with, together with, along with, together with, rather than, except, including, besides, in addition to, not ZF with his parents _ over there. 2.两个名词间用and, bothand连接一般为复数主语 ， 注意： needle and thread knife and fork bread and butter a teacher and poet/ a teacher and a poet the time and the place/ the time and place,3.to do and to do, doing and doing比较特殊，表示先后顺序的连续动作或者一件事的两个方面，可以看做单数； 表示两个不同动作的罗列，看做复数（实在不清楚看后面的表语名词或代词） To study SAT and to study TOEFL _ our present two jobs. To forget the old and to love the new _ quite controversial. are，is,To fear the act of impeachment and to think of it that it threatens the presidential office is to be misinformed about the Constitution and (to be) ignorant of the law. that it threatens the presidential office as a threat to the presidency that a threat exists for the presidency as it were a threat at the presidency as if it were like a threat to the presidency,4.each和every,做形容词的时候看做单数； Every boy and every girl _ happy. Each boy and each girl _ happy. is, is each做副词与主语无关 We each _ some money. We have some money each. Each做代词为单数(either, neither) Each of us _ a book. Either of us _ a book. Neither of us _ a book. has, has, has,5.分数，百分数，一半，剩余这些意思要看主语的单复数来确定谓语形式 Half of the water _polluted. Half of the students _taking SAT. Some of us _taking TOEFL test, and the left _taking SAT. We have ten people; 90% of us _taking TOEFL, and the rest _ taking SAT. Three fifths of the water _been polluted. Is; are; are, are; are, is; has,6.看核心词：many a, more than, no more than, less than, a of Many a boy _ there. Many a boy and many a girl _studying SAT. Many a thousand boys _ there. More than one boy _over there. No more than two girls _reading books. Is, is, are, is, are 7.看核心词：few, a few, little, a little, several, many, much Among all students, few _ satisfied with their SAT. are,8.some,very,certain可表示某个，某些 Some person _ definitely out there. is, 某个人一定在那儿 Some people _ definitely out there. are， 那儿肯定有些人 That is the very point. Those are the very people. 9.n, n, and n其中and不能换为also, as well as, in addition; 只能是A and B, as well as C,就近原则,10. notbut; not only, but also; neithernor; eitheror 以后者为主语 Not he but I _ a student. (I, not he, _ a student.) Not only he, but also his parents _angry. Neither he nor I _ a student. Either I or they _ going. am, am, are, am, are,就近原则,11. there is/are/has been/have been There _ a boy and two girls. There _two boys and a girl. There _been a saying that all men are created equal. There _ been many winners who have survived unimaginable ordeals. is, are, has, have,形容词和副词,修饰内容,形容词修饰名词，副词修饰形容词，副词，动词，全句-看修饰词 That is the real he. That is really he. Extremely quick-adv+adj Extremely quickly-adv+adv He is an extremely good boy. He does extremely well. He is an extraordinary good boy. He is an extraordinarily good boy.,修饰内容,Keep quiet! 你（们）安静！ Keep it quiet! 让它（it）安静！ Keep it quietly! 安静地keep it！ I made it easy to study. 我使学习容易了/我使it容易学习了 I made it easily and left. 我轻松地搞定it然后离开 th