马基雅维利《君主论》 英文版.pdf

THEPRINCEBYNICOLOMACHIAVELLITRANSLATEDBYWKMARRIOTTNICOLOMACHIAVELLI,BORNATFLORENCEON3RDMAY1469FROM1494TO1512HELDANOFFICIALPOSTATFLORENCEWHICHINCLUDEDDIPLOMATICMISSIONSTOVARIOUSEUROPEANCOURTSIMPRISONEDINFLORENCE,1512；LATEREXILEDANDRETURNEDTOSANCASCIANODIEDATFLORENCEON22NDJUNE1527INTRODUCTIONNICOLOMACHIAVELLIWASBORNATFLORENCEON3RDMAY1469HEWASTHESECONDSONOFBERNARDODINICOLOMACHIAVELLI,ALAWYEROFSOMEREPUTE,ANDOFBARTOLOMMEADISTEFANONELLI,HISWIFEBOTHPARENTSWEREMEMBERSOFTHEOLDFLORENTINENOBILITYHISLIFEFALLSNATURALLYINTOTHREEPERIODS,EACHOFWHICHSINGULARLYENOUGHCONSTITUTESADISTINCTANDIMPORTANTERAINTHEHISTORYOFFLORENCEHISYOUTHWASCONCURRENTWITHTHEGREATNESSOFFLORENCEASANITALIANPOWERUNDERTHEGUIDANCEOFLORENZODEMEDICI,ILMAGNIFICOTHEDOWNFALLOFTHEMEDICIINFLORENCEOCCURREDIN1494,INWHICHYEARMACHIAVELLIENTEREDTHEPUBLICSERVICEDURINGHISOFFICIALCAREERFLORENCEWASFREEUNDERTHEGOVERNMENTOFAREPUBLIC,WHICHLASTEDUNTIL1512,WHENTHEMEDICIRETURNEDTOPOWER,ANDMACHIAVELLILOSTHIS第1页共74页HTTP//WWWEN8848COMCN/原版英语阅读网OFFICETHEMEDICIAGAINRULEDFLORENCEFROM1512UNTIL1527,WHENTHEYWEREONCEMOREDRIVENOUTTHISWASTHEPERIODOFMACHIAVELLISLITERARYACTIVITYANDINCREASINGINFLUENCE；BUTHEDIED,WITHINAFEWWEEKSOFTHEEXPULSIONOFTHEMEDICI,ON22NDJUNE1527,INHISFIFTYEIGHTHYEAR,WITHOUTHAVINGREGAINEDOFFICEYOUTHAET125146994ALTHOUGHTHEREISLITTLERECORDEDOFTHEYOUTHOFMACHIAVELLI,THEFLORENCEOFTHOSEDAYSISSOWELLKNOWNTHATTHEEARLYENVIRONMENTOFTHISREPRESENTATIVECITIZENMAYBEEASILYIMAGINEDFLORENCEHASBEENDESCRIBEDASACITYWITHTWOOPPOSITECURRENTSOFLIFE,ONEDIRECTEDBYTHEFERVENTANDAUSTERESAVONAROLA,THEOTHERBYTHESPLENDOURLOVINGLORENZOSAVONAROLASINFLUENCEUPONTHEYOUNGMACHIAVELLIMUSTHAVEBEENSLIGHT,FORALTHOUGHATONETIMEHEWIELDEDIMMENSEPOWEROVERTHEFORTUNESOFFLORENCE,HEONLYFURNISHEDMACHIAVELLIWITHASUBJECTOFAGIBEINTHEPRINCE,WHEREHEISCITEDASANEXAMPLEOFANUNARMEDPROPHETWHOCAMETOABADENDWHEREASTHEMAGNIFICENCEOFTHEMEDICEANRULEDURINGTHELIFEOFLORENZOAPPEAREDTOHAVEIMPRESSEDMACHIAVELLISTRONGLY,FORHEFREQUENTLYRECURSTOITINHISWRITINGS,ANDITISTOLORENZOSGRANDSONTHATHEDEDICATESTHEPRINCEMACHIAVELLI,INHISHISTORYOFFLORENCE,GIVESUSAPICTUREOFTHEYOUNGMENAMONGWHOMHISYOUTHWASPASSEDHEWRITESTHEYWEREFREERTHANTHEIRFOREFATHERSINDRESSANDLIVING,ANDSPENTMOREINOTHERKINDSOFEXCESSES,CONSUMINGTHEIRTIMEANDMONEYINIDLENESS,GAMING,ANDWOMEN；THEIRCHIEFAIMWASTOAPPEARWELLDRESSEDANDTOSPEAKWITHWITANDACUTENESS,WHILSTHEWHOCOULDWOUNDOTHERSTHEMOSTCLEVERLYWASTHOUGHTTHEWISESTINALETTERTOHISSONGUIDO,MACHIAVELLISHOWSWHYYOUTHSHOULDAVAILITSELFOFITSOPPORTUNITIESFORSTUDY,ANDLEADSUSTOINFERTHATHISOWNYOUTHHADBEENSOOCCUPIEDHEWRITESIHAVERECEIVEDYOURLETTER,WHICHHASGIVENMETHEGREATESTPLEASURE,ESPECIALLYBECAUSEYOUTELLMEYOUAREQUITERESTOREDINHEALTH,THANWHICHICOULDHAVENOBETTERNEWS；FORIFGODGRANTLIFETOYOU,ANDTOME,IHOPETOMAKEAGOODMANOFYOUIFYOUAREWILLINGTODOYOURSHARETHEN,WRITINGOFANEWPATRON,HECONTINUESTHISWILLTURNOUTWELLFORYOU,BUTITISNECESSARYFORYOUTOSTUDY；SINCE,THEN,YOUHAVENOLONGERTHEEXCUSEOFILLNESS,TAKEPAINSTOSTUDYLETTERSANDMUSIC,FORYOUSEEWHATHONOURISDONETOMEFORTHELITTLESKILLIHAVETHEREFORE,MYSON,IFYOUWISHTOPLEASEME,ANDTOBRINGSUCCESSANDHONOURTOYOURSELF,DORIGHTANDSTUDY,BECAUSEOTHERSWILLHELPYOUIFYOUHELPYOURSELFOFFICEAET254314941512THESECONDPERIODOFMACHIAVELLISLIFEWASSPENTINTHESERVICEOFTHEFREEREPUBLICOFFLORENCE,WHICHFLOURISHED,ASSTATEDABOVE,FROMTHEEXPULSIONOFTHEMEDICIIN1494UNTILTHEIRRETURNIN1512AFTERSERVINGFOURYEARSINONEOFTHEPUBLICOFFICESHEWASAPPOINTEDCHANCELLORANDSECRETARYTOTHESECONDCHANCERY,THETENOFLIBERTYANDPEACEHEREWEAREONFIRMGROUNDWHENDEALINGWITHTHEEVENTSOFMACHIAVELLISLIFE,FORDURINGTHISTIMEHETOOKALEADINGPARTINTHEAFFAIRSOFTHEREPUBLIC,ANDWEHAVEITSDECREES,RECORDS,ANDDISPATCHESTO第2页共74页HTTP//WWWEN8848COMCN/原版英语阅读网GUIDEUS,ASWELLASHISOWNWRITINGSAMERERECAPITULATIONOFAFEWOFHISTRANSACTIONSWITHTHESTATESMENANDSOLDIERSOFHISTIMEGIVESAFAIRINDICATIONOFHISACTIVITIES,ANDSUPPLIESTHESOURCESFROMWHICHHEDREWTHEEXPERIENCESANDCHARACTERSWHICHILLUSTRATETHEPRINCEHISFIRSTMISSIONWASIN1499TOCATHERINASFORZA,MYLADYOFFORLIOFTHEPRINCE,FROMWHOSECONDUCTANDFATEHEDREWTHEMORALTHATITISFARBETTERTOEARNTHECONFIDENCEOFTHEPEOPLETHANTORELYONFORTRESSESTHISISAVERYNOTICEABLEPRINCIPLEINMACHIAVELLI,ANDISURGEDBYHIMINMANYWAYSASAMATTEROFVITALIMPORTANCETOPRINCESIN1500HEWASSENTTOFRANCETOOBTAINTERMSFROMLOUISXIIFORCONTINUINGTHEWARAGAINSTPISATHISKINGITWASWHO,INHISCONDUCTOFAFFAIRSINITALY,COMMITTEDTHEFIVECAPITALERRORSINSTATECRAFTSUMMARIZEDINTHEPRINCE,ANDWASCONSEQUENTLYDRIVENOUTHE,ALSO,ITWASWHOMADETHEDISSOLUTIONOFHISMARRIAGEACONDITIONOFSUPPORTTOPOPEALEXANDERVI；WHICHLEADSMACHIAVELLITOREFERTHOSEWHOURGETHATSUCHPROMISESSHOULDBEKEPTTOWHATHEHASWRITTENCONCERNINGTHEFAITHOFPRINCESMACHIAVELLISPUBLICLIFEWASLARGELYOCCUPIEDWITHEVENTSARISINGOUTOFTHEAMBITIONSOFPOPEALEXANDERVIANDHISSON,CESAREBORGIA,THEDUKEVALENTINO,ANDTHESECHARACTERSFILLALARGESPACEOFTHEPRINCEMACHIAVELLINEVERHESITATESTOCITETHEACTIONSOFTHEDUKEFORTHEBENEFITOFUSURPERSWHOWISHTOKEEPTHESTATESTHEYHAVESEIZED；HECAN,INDEED,FINDNOPRECEPTSTOOFFERSOGOODASTHEPATTERNOFCESAREBORGIASCONDUCT,INSOMUCHTHATCESAREISACCLAIMEDBYSOMECRITICSASTHEHEROOFTHEPRINCEYETINTHEPRINCETHEDUKEISINPOINTOFFACTCITEDASATYPEOFTHEMANWHORISESONTHEFORTUNEOFOTHERS,ANDFALLSWITHTHEM；WHOTAKESEVERYCOURSETHATMIGHTBEEXPECTEDFROMAPRUDENTMANBUTTHECOURSEWHICHWILLSAVEHIM；WHOISPREPAREDFORALLEVENTUALITIESBUTTHEONEWHICHHAPPENS；ANDWHO,WHENALLHISABILITIESFAILTOCARRYHIMTHROUGH,EXCLAIMSTHATITWASNOTHISFAULT,BUTANEXTRAORDINARYANDUNFORESEENFATALITYONTHEDEATHOFPIUSIII,IN1503,MACHIAVELLIWASSENTTOROMETOWATCHTHEELECTIONOFHISSUCCESSOR,ANDTHEREHESAWCESAREBORGIACHEATEDINTOALLOWINGTHECHOICEOFTHECOLLEGETOFALLONGIULIANODELLEROVEREJULIUSII,WHOWASONEOFTHECARDINALSTHATHADMOSTREASONTOFEARTHEDUKEMACHIAVELLI,WHENCOMMENTINGONTHISELECTION,SAYSTHATHEWHOTHINKSNEWFAVOURSWILLCAUSEGREATPERSONAGESTOFORGETOLDINJURIESDECEIVESHIMSELFJULIUSDIDNOTRESTUNTILHEHADRUINEDCESAREITWASTOJULIUSIITHATMACHIAVELLIWASSENTIN1506,WHENTHATPONTIFFWASCOMMENCINGHISENTERPRISEAGAINSTBOLOGNA；WHICHHEBROUGHTTOASUCCESSFULISSUE,ASHEDIDMANYOFHISOTHERADVENTURES,OWINGCHIEFLYTOHISIMPETUOUSCHARACTERITISINREFERENCETOPOPEJULIUSTHATMACHIAVELLIMORALIZESONTHERESEMBLANCEBETWEENFORTUNEANDWOMEN,ANDCONCLUDESTHATITISTHEBOLDRATHERTHANTHECAUTIOUSMANTHATWILLWINANDHOLDTHEMBOTHITISIMPOSSIBLETOFOLLOWHERETHEVARYINGFORTUNESOFTHEITALIANSTATES,WHICHIN1507WERECONTROLLEDBYFRANCE,SPAIN,ANDGERMANY,WITHRESULTSTHATHAVELASTEDTOOURDAY；WEARECONCERNEDWITHTHOSEEVENTS,ANDWITHTHETHREEGREATACTORSINTHEM,SOFARONLYASTHEYIMPINGEONTHEPERSONALITYOFMACHIAVELLIHEHADSEVERALMEETINGSWITHLOUISXIIOFFRANCE,ANDHISESTIMATEOFTHATMONARCHSCHARACTERHASALREADYBEENALLUDEDTOMACHIAVELLIHASPAINTEDFERDINANDOFARAGONASTHEMANWHOACCOMPLISHEDGREATTHINGSUNDERTHECLOAKOFRELIGION,BUTWHOINREALITYHADNOMERCY,FAITH,HUMANITY,ORINTEGRITY；ANDWHO,HADHEALLOWEDHIMSELFTOBEINFLUENCEDBYSUCHMOTIVES,WOULDHAVEBEENRUINEDTHEEMPERORMAXIMILIANWASONEOFTHEMOSTINTERESTINGMENOFTHEAGE,ANDHISCHARACTERHASBEENDRAWNBYMANYHANDS；BUTMACHIAVELLI,WHOWASANENVOYATHISCOURTIN15078,REVEALSTHESECRETOFHISMANYFAILURESWHENHEDESCRIBESHIMASASECRETIVEMAN,WITHOUTFORCEOFCHARACTERIGNORING第3页共74页HTTP//WWWEN8848COMCN/原版英语阅读网THEHUMANAGENCIESNECESSARYTOCARRYHISSCHEMESINTOEFFECT,ANDNEVERINSISTINGONTHEFULFILMENTOFHISWISHESTHEREMAININGYEARSOFMACHIAVELLISOFFICIALCAREERWEREFILLEDWITHEVENTSARISINGOUTOFTHELEAGUEOFCAMBRAI,MADEIN1508BETWEENTHETHREEGREATEUROPEANPOWERSALREADYMENTIONEDANDTHEPOPE,WITHTHEOBJECTOFCRUSHINGTHEVENETIANREPUBLICTHISRESULTWASATTAINEDINTHEBATTLEOFVAILA,WHENVENICELOSTINONEDAYALLTHATSHEHADWONINEIGHTHUNDREDYEARSFLORENCEHADADIFFICULTPARTTOPLAYDURINGTHESEEVENTS,COMPLICATEDASTHEYWEREBYTHEFEUDWHICHBROKEOUTBETWEENTHEPOPEANDTHEFRENCH,BECAUSEFRIENDSHIPWITHFRANCEHADDICTATEDTHEENTIREPOLICYOFTHEREPUBLICWHEN,IN1511,JULIUSIIFINALLYFORMEDTHEHOLYLEAGUEAGAINSTFRANCE,ANDWITHTHEASSISTANCEOFTHESWISSDROVETHEFRENCHOUTOFITALY,FLORENCELAYATTHEMERCYOFTHEPOPE,ANDHADTOSUBMITTOHISTERMS,ONEOFWHICHWASTHATTHEMEDICISHOULDBERESTOREDTHERETURNOFTHEMEDICITOFLORENCEON1STSEPTEMBER1512,ANDTHECONSEQUENTFALLOFTHEREPUBLIC,WASTHESIGNALFORTHEDISMISSALOFMACHIAVELLIANDHISFRIENDS,ANDTHUSPUTANENDTOHISPUBLICCAREER,FOR,ASWEHAVESEEN,HEDIEDWITHOUTREGAININGOFFICELITERATUREANDDEATHAET4358151227ONTHERETURNOFTHEMEDICI,MACHIAVELLI,WHOFORAFEWWEEKSHADVAINLYHOPEDTORETAINHISOFFICEUNDERTHENEWMASTERSOFFLORENCE,WASDISMISSEDBYDECREEDATED7THNOVEMBER1512SHORTLYAFTERTHISHEWASACCUSEDOFCOMPLICITYINANABORTIVECONSPIRACYAGAINSTTHEMEDICI,IMPRISONED,ANDPUTTOTHEQUESTIONBYTORTURETHENEWMEDICEANPEOPLE,LEOX,PROCUREDHISRELEASE,ANDHERETIREDTOHISSMALLPROPERTYATSANCASCIANO,NEARFLORENCE,WHEREHEDEVOTEDHIMSELFTOLITERATUREINALETTERTOFRANCESCOVETTORI,DATED13THDECEMBER1513,HEHASLEFTAVERYINTERESTINGDESCRIPTIONOFHISLIFEATTHISPERIOD,WHICHELUCIDATESHISMETHODSANDHISMOTIVESINWRITINGTHEPRINCEAFTERDESCRIBINGHISDAILYOCCUPATIONSWITHHISFAMILYANDNEIGHBOURS,HEWRITESTHEEVENINGBEINGCOME,IRETURNHOMEANDGOTOMYSTUDY；ATTHEENTRANCEIPULLOFFMYPEASANTCLOTHES,COVEREDWITHDUSTANDDIRT,ANDPUTONMYNOBLECOURTDRESS,ANDTHUSBECOMINGLYRECLOTHEDIPASSINTOTHEANCIENTCOURTSOFTHEMENOFOLD,WHERE,BEINGLOVINGLYRECEIVEDBYTHEM,IAMFEDWITHTHATFOODWHICHISMINEALONE；WHEREIDONOTHESITATETOSPEAKWITHTHEM,ANDTOASKFORTHEREASONOFTHEIRACTIONS,ANDTHEYINTHEIRBENIGNITYANSWERME；ANDFORFOURHOURSIFEELNOWEARINESS,IFORGETEVERYTROUBLE,POVERTYDOESNOTDISMAY,DEATHDOESNOTTERRIFYME；IAMPOSSESSEDENTIRELYBYTHOSEGREATMENANDBECAUSEDANTESAYSKNOWLEDGEDOTHCOMEOFLEARNINGWELLRETAINED,UNFRUITFULELSE,IHAVENOTEDDOWNWHATIHAVEGAINEDFROMTHEIRCONVERSATION,ANDHAVECOMPOSEDASMALLWORKONPRINCIPALITIES,WHEREIPOURMYSELFOUTASFULLYASICANINMEDITATIONONTHESUBJECT,DISCUSSINGWHATAPRINCIPALITYIS,WHATKINDSTHEREARE,HOWTHEYCANBEACQUIRED,HOWTHEYCANBEKEPT,WHYTHEYARELOSTANDIFANYOFMYFANCIESEVERPLEASEDYOU,THISOUGHTNOTTODISPLEASEYOUANDTOAPRINCE,ESPECIALLYTOANEWONE,ITSHOULDBEWELCOMETHEREFOREIDEDICATEITTOHISMAGNIFICENCEGIULIANOFILIPPOCASAVECCHIOHASSEENIT；HEWILLBEABLETOTELLYOUWHATISINIT,ANDOFTHEDISCOURSESIHAVEHADWITHHIM；NEVERTHELESS,IAMSTILLENRICHINGANDPOLISHINGIT第4页共74页HTTP//WWWEN8848COMCN/原版英语阅读网THELITTLEBOOKSUFFEREDMANYVICISSITUDESBEFOREATTAININGTHEFORMINWHICHITHASREACHEDUSVARIOUSMENTALINFLUENCESWEREATWORKDURINGITSCOMPOSITION；ITSTITLEANDPATRONWERECHANGED；ANDFORSOMEUNKNOWNREASONITWASFINALLYDEDICATEDTOLORENZODEMEDICIALTHOUGHMACHIAVE