中英文翻译--单片机.doc

Single-chip1Thedefinitionofasingle-chipSingle-chipisanintegratedonasinglechipacompletecomputersystem.Eventhoughmostofhisfeaturesinasmallchip,butithasaneedtocompletethemajorityofcomputercomponents:CPU,memory,internalandexternalbussystem,mostwillhavetheCore.Atthesametime,suchasintegratedcommunicationinterfaces,timers,real-timeclockandotherperipheralequipment.Andnowthemostpowerfulsingle-chipmicrocomputersystemcanevenvoice,image,networking,inputandoutputcomplexsystemintegrationonasinglechip.Alsoknownassingle-chipMCU(Microcontroller),becauseitwasfirstusedinthefieldofindustrialcontrol.Onlybythesingle-chipCPUchipdevelopedfromthededicatedprocessor.ThedesignconceptisthefirstbyalargenumberofperipheralsandCPUinasinglechip,thecomputersystemsothatsmaller,moreeasilyintegratedintothecomplexanddemandingonthevolumecontroldevices.INTELtheZ80isoneofthefirstdesigninaccordancewiththeideaoftheprocessor,Fromthenon,theMCUandthedevelopmentofadedicatedprocessorpartedways.Earlysingle-chip8-bitorallofthefour.OneofthemostsuccessfulisINTELs8031,becausetheperformanceofasimpleandreliableaccesstoalotofgoodpraise.Sincethenin8031todevelopasingle-chipmicrocomputersystemMCS51series.Basedonsingle-chipmicrocomputersystemofthesystemisstillwidelyuseduntilnow.Asthefieldofindustrialcontrolrequirementsincreaseinthebeginningofa16-bitsingle-chip,butnotidealbecausethepricehasnotbeenverywidelyused.Afterthe90swiththebigconsumerelectronicsproductdevelopment,single-chiptechnologyisahugeimprovement.INTELi960SerieswithsubsequentARMinparticular,abroadrangeofapplications,quicklyreplacedby32-bitsingle-chip16-bitsingle-chiphigh-endstatus,andenterthemainstreammarket.Traditional8-bitsingle-chipperformancehasbeentherapidincreaseinprocessingpowercomparedtothe80storaiseafewhundredtimes.Atpresent,thehigh-end32-bitsingle-chipfrequencyover300MHz,theperformanceofthemid-90scloseontheheelsofaspecialprocessor,whiletheordinarypriceofthemodeldroppedtooneU.S.dollars,themosthigh-endmodels,only10U.S.dollars.Contemporarysingle-chipmicrocomputersystemisnolongeronlythebare-metalenvironmentinthedevelopmentanduseofalargenumberofdedicatedembeddedoperatingsystemiswidelyusedinthefullrangeofsingle-chipmicrocomputer.InPDAsandcellphonesasthecoreprocessingofhigh-endsingle-chiporevenadedicateddirectaccesstoWindowsandLinuxoperatingsystems.Morethanadedicatedsingle-chipprocessorsuitableforembeddedsystems,soitwasuptotheapplication.Infactthenumberofsingle-chipistheworldslargestcomputer.Modernhumanlifeusedinalmosteverypieceofelectronicandmechanicalproductswillhaveasingle-chipintegration.Phone,telephone,calculator,homeappliances,electronictoys,handheldcomputersandcomputeraccessoriessuchasamouseintheDepartmentareequippedwith1-2singlechip.Andpersonalcomputersalsohavealargenumberofsingle-chipmicrocomputerintheworkplace.Vehiclesequippedwithmorethan40Departmentofthegeneralsingle-chip,complexindustrialcontrolsystemsandevensingle-chipmayhavehundredsofworkatthesametime!SCMisnotonlyfarexceedsthenumberofPCandotherintegratedcomputing,evenmorethanthenumberofhumanbeings.2single-chipintroducedSingle-chip,alsoknownassingle-chipmicrocontroller,itisnotthecompletionofalogicfunctionofthechip,butacomputersystemintegratedintoachip.Speakingingeneralterms:asinglechiphasbecomeacomputer.Itssmallsize,lightweight,cheap,forthelearning,applicationanddevelopmentoffacilitiesprovided.Atthesametime,learningtousetheprincipleofsingle-chipcomputertounderstandandstructurethebestchoice.Single-chipandcomputeruseisalsosimilartothemodule,suchasCPU,memory,parallelbus,aswellastheroleandthesameharddiskmemory,isitdifferentfromtheperformanceofthesecomponentsarerelativelyweakinourhomecomputeralot,butthepriceislow,thereisgenerallynomorethan10yuan.canuseittomakesomecontrolforaclassofelectricalworkisnotverycomplexissufficient.Weareusingautomaticdrumwashingmachines,smokehood,VCDandsooninsidethehomeappliancescanseeitsshadow!.Itismainlyaspartofthecorecomponentsofthecontrol.Itisanonlinereal-timecontrolcomputer,control-lineisatthescene,weneedtohaveastrongeranti-interferenceability,lowcost,andthisisoff-linecomputer(suchashomePC)Themaindifference.Bysingle-chipprocess,andcanbeamended.Throughdifferentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparticularthespecialuniquefeatures,thisistheneedtochargeotherdevicescandoagreateffort,someofitisalsodifficulttomakegreateffortstodoso.AfunctionisnotverycomplicatediftheUnitedStatesthedevelopmentofthe50sseriesof74or60duringtheCD4000seriestogetthesepurehardware,thecircuitmustbeabigPCBboard!However,iftheUnitedStatesifthesuccessful70sseriesofsingle-chipmarket,theresultwillbedifferent!Simplybecausetheadoptionofsingle-chippreparationprocessyoucanachievehighintelligence,highefficiencyandhighreliability!Becauseofthecostofsingle-chipissensitive,sothedominantsoftwareorthelowestlevelassemblylanguage,whichisinadditiontothelowestlevelformorethanbinarymachinecodeofthelanguage,sincesuchalow-levelsowhyshouldweuse?ManyoftheseniorslanguagehasreachedalevelofvisualprogrammingWhyisitnotinuse?Thereasonissimple,thatis,single-chipcomputerasthereisnohomeofCPU,alsonotashardasthemassstoragedevice.Avisualizationofsmallhigh-levellanguageprogram,evenifthereisonlyonebuttonwhichwillreachthesizeofdozensofK!ForthehomePCsharddriveisnothing,butintermsofthesingle-chipmicrocomputerisunacceptable.Single-chipintheutilizationofhardwareresourceshavetodoveryhigh,sothecompilationoftheoriginalwhilestillinheavyuse.Thesametoken,ifthecomputergiantsoperatingsystemandapplicationsrunuptogetthehomePC,homePCcannotaffordtosustainthesame.Itcanbesaidthatthetwentiethcenturyacrossthethree"power"ofthetimes,thatis,theelectricalera,theelectronicageandhasnowenteredthecomputerage.However,suchacomputer,usuallyreferstoapersonalcomputer,orPC.Itconsistsofthehost,keyboards,displaysandothercomponents.Thereisalsoatypeofcomputer,nothowmostpeoplearefamiliarwith.Thiscomputerissmarttogiveavarietyofmechanicalsingle-chip(alsoknownasmicro-controller).Asthenamesuggests,thesecomputersystemsuseonlytheminimumofanintegratedcircuittomakeasimplecalculationandcontrol.Becauseofitssmallsize,areusuallychargedwithpossessionofmachineinthe"belly"in.Itinthedevice,likethehumanmindplaysarole,itiswrong,theentiredevicewasparalyzed.Now,thissinglechiphasaverywidefieldofuse,suchassmartmeters,real-timeindustrialcontrol,communicationsequipment,navigationsystems,andhouseholdappliances.Onceavarietyofproductswiththeuseofthesingle-chip,willbeabletoplaysothattheeffectivenessofproductupgrading,productnamesoftenadjectivebeforetheword-"intelligent,"suchaswashingmachinesandsointelligent.Atpresent,sometechnicalpersonneloffactoriesorotheramateurelectronicsdevelopersfromengagingincertainproducts,notthecircuitistoocomplex,thatisfunctionalandeasytobetoosimpleimitation.Thereasonmaybetheproductnotonthecardsortheuseofsingle-chipprogrammablelogicdeviceontheother.3single-chiphistorySingle-chip70wasborninthelate20thcentury,experiencedaSCM,MCU,SoCthreestages.Single-chipmicro-computer1.SCMthat(SingleChipMicrocomputer)stage,ismainlyasingleformtofindthebestofthebestembeddedsystemsarchitecture."Innovationmodel"tobesuccessful,laytheSCMwiththegeneral-purposecomputers,acompletelydifferentpathofdevelopment.Inembeddedsystemstocreateanindependentdevelopmentpath,IntelCorporationcredit.Thatis,2.MCUmicrocontroller(MicroControllerUnit)stage,themaindirectionoftechnologydevelopment:expandingtomeettheembeddedapplications,thetargetsystemrequirementsforthevariousperipheralcircuitsandinterfacecircuits,tohighlightthetargetofintelligentcontrol.Itcoversallareasrelatedwiththeobjectsystem,therefore,thedevelopmentofMCUinevitablyfallontheheavyelectrical,electronicsmanufacturers.Fromthispointofview,IntelsdevelopmentgraduallyMCUhasitsobjectivefactors.MCUinthedevelopment,themostfamousmanufacturerswhenthenumberofPhilipsCorporation.Philipsinembeddedapplicationsforitsenormousadvantages,theMCS-51fromtherapiddevelopmentofsingle-chipmicro-computertothemicrocontroller.Therefore,whenwelookbackatthepathofdevelopmentofembeddedsystems,IntelandPhilipsdonotforgetthehistoricalmerits.3.Single-chipisanindependentembeddedsystemsdevelopment,totheMCUanimportantfactorinthedevelopmentstage,isseekingapplicationstomaximizetheon-chipsolution；Therefore,thedevelopmentofdedicatedsingle-chipSoCformedanaturaltrend.Withthemicro-electronicstechnology,ICdesign,EDAtoolsdevelopment,basedonthesingle-chipSoCdesignapplicationsystemswillhavegreaterdevelopment.Therefore,theunderstandingofsingle-chipmicro-computerfromasingle,monolithicsingle-chipmicrocontrollerextendstoapplications.4single-chipapplicationsAtpresent,single-chipmicrocomputertoinfiltrateallareasofourlives,whichisverydifficulttofindtheareaofalmostnotracesofsingle-chipmicrocomputer.Missilenavigationequipment,aircraftcontrolonavarietyofinstruments,computernetworkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,arewidelyusedinavarietyofsmartICcard,limousineciviliansecuritysystems,videorecorders,cameras,thecontrolofautomaticwashingmachines,aswellasprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpet,etc.,whichareinseparablefromthesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Nottomentionthefieldofrobotautomation,intelligentinstrumentation,medicalequipmenthasbeen.Therefore,thesingle-chiplearning,developmentandapplicationtoalargenumberofcomputerapplicationsandintelligentcontrolofscientists,engineers.ingle-chipwidelyusedininstrumentsandmeters,householdappliances,medicalequipment,aerospace,specializedequipmentandtheintelligentmanagementinareassuchasprocesscontrol,generallycanbedividedintothefollowingareas:1.InthesmartapplicationofinstrumentationSingle-chipwithsmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,control,andexpansionflexibility,miniaturizationandeaseofuse,widelyusedininstrumentation,thecombinationofdifferenttypesofsensors,canberealized,suchasvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,flow,speed,thickness,angle,length,hardness,element,measurementofphysicalpressure.SCMmakesuseofdigitalinstrumentation,intelligence,miniaturizationandfunctionalthantheuseofelectronicordigitalcircuitryevenstronger.Forexample,precisionmeasurementequipment(powermeter,oscilloscope,andanalyzer).2.IntheindustrialcontrolMCUcanconstituteavarietyofcontrolsystems,dataacquisitionsystem.Suchasfactoryassemblylineofintelligentmanagement,intelligentcontrolofthelift,allkindsofalarmsystems,andcomputernetworksconstituteasecondarycontrolsystem.3.IntheapplicationofhouseholdappliancesItcanbesaidthatalmostallhomeappliancesareusingthesingle-chipcontrol,electricricefromfavorable,washingmachines,refrigerators,airconditioners,colorTVandotheraudiovideoequipment,andthentotheelectronicweighingequipment,allkinds,everywhere.4.OncomputernetworksandcommunicationapplicationsinthefieldofGenerallywiththemodernsingle-chipcommunicationinterface,canbeeasily