外文翻译--奥氏体的分解.doc
DecompositionofAusteniteTheaustenitetopearlitetransformationisessentiallythedecompositionofausteniteintoalmostpureferriteandcementite.Attheequilibriumtemperature,thetransformationisimpossible,sincethefreeenergyoftheoriginalausteniteisequaltothatofthefinalproduct,pearlite.Thetransformationcanonlystartatacertainundercoolingwhenthefreeenergyoftheferritecarbidemixture(pearlite)islowerthanthatofaustenite.Thelowerthetransformationtemperature,thehigherthedegreeofundercoolingandthegreaterthedifferenceinfreeenergiesandthetransformationproceedsatahigherrat.Inthepearlitetransformation,thenewphasessharplydifferintheircompositionfromtheinitialphase;theyareferritewhichisalmostfreeofcarbon,andcementitewhichcontains6.67percentcarbon.Forthatreasontheaustenitetopearlitetransformationisaccompaniedwiththediffusion,redistributionofcarbon.Therateofdiffusionsharplydiminisheswithdecreasingtemperature,therefore,thetransformationshouldberetardedatagreaterundercooling.Thus,wehavecometoanimportantconclusionthatundercooling(loweringthetransformationtemperature)mayhavetwooppositeeffectsontherateoftransformation.Ononehand,alowertemperature(greaterundercooling)givesagreaterdifferenceinfreeenergiesofausteniteandpearlite,thusacceleratingthetransformation;ontheotherhand,itdiminishestherateofcarbondiffusion,andthusslowsdownthetransformation.Thecombinedeffectisthattherateoftransformationfirstincreasesasundercoolingisincreasedtoacertainmaximumandthendecreaseswithfurtherundercooling.At727(A1)andbelow200,therateoftransformationiszero,sinceat727thefreeenergydifferenceiszeroandbelow200therateofcarbondiffusioniszero(morestrictly,toolowforthetransformationtoproceed).AshasbeenfirstindicatedbyI.L.Mirkinin1939andthendevelopedbyR.F.Mehlin1941,theformationofpearliteistheprocessofnucleationofpearliteandgrowthofpearlitecrystals.Therefore,thedifferentrateofthepearlitetransformationatvariousdegreesofundercoolingisduetothefactthatundercoolingdifferentlyaffectstherateofnucleationNandtherateofcrystalgrowthG.AtemperatureA1andbelow200,bothparametersofcrystallizationNandGareequaltozeroandhaveamaximumatanundercoolingof150200.Itfollowsfromtheforegoingthatassoonastheconditionsarefavorable,I.e.austeniteisundercooledbelowA1,thediffusionofcarbonisnotzero,centersofcrystallizationappear,whichgiverisetocrystals.thisprocessoccurswithtimeandcanberepresentedintheformofsocalledkineticcurveoftransformation,whichshowsthequantityofpearlitethathasformedduringthetimeelapsedfromthebeginningofthetransformation.Theinitialstageischaracterizedbyaverylowrateoftransformation;thisiswhatiscalledtheincubationperiod.Therateoftransformationincreaseswiththeprogressinthetransformation.Itsmaximumapproximatelycorrespondstothemomentwhenrougly50percentofaustenitehastransformedintopearlite.Therateoftransformationthendiminishesandfinallystops.Therateoftransformationdependsonundercoolingthetransformationproceedsslowly,sinceNorGarelow;intheformercase,owingtoalowdifferenceinfreeenergies,andinthekineticcurveshavesharppeaks,andthetransformationisfinishedinashorttimeinterval.Atahightemperature(slightundercooling),thetransformationproceedsslowlyandthetimeoftheincubationperiodandthetimeofthetransformationproperarelong.Atalowertemperatureofthetransformation,i.e.adeeperundercooling,therateoftransformationisgreater,andthetimeoftheincubationperiodandofthetransformationisshorter.Havingdeterminedthetimeofthebeginningofaustenitetopearlitetransformation(incubationperiod)andthetimeoftheendoftransformationatvariousdegreesofundercooling,wecanconstructadiagraminwhichthelefthandcurvedeterminesthetimeofthebeginningofthetransformation,i.e.thetimeduringwhichaustenitestillexistsintheundercooledstate,andthesectionfromtheaxisofordinatestothecurveisthemeasureofitsstability.Thissectionisshortestatatemperatureof500600,i.e.thetransformationbeginsinshortesttimeatthattemperature.Therighthandcurveshowsthetimeneededtocompletethetransformationatagivendegreeofundercooling.Thistimeistheshortestatthesametemperature(500600).Notethattheabscissaofthediagramislogarithmic.Thisisdoneformoreconvenience,sincetheratesofformationofpearliteappreciablydiffer(thousandsofsecondsnearthecriticalpointA1andonlyoneortwosecondsatthebendofthecurve).Thehorizontallinebelowthecurvesinthediagramdeterminesthetemperatureofthediffusionlessmartensitetransformation.Themartensitetransformationoccursbyadifferentmechanismandwillbediscussedlater.DiagramsofthetypewediscussedareusuallycalledTTTdiagrams(timetemperaturetransformation),orCcurves,owingtothespecificshapeofthecurves.Thestructureandpropertiesoftheproductsofaustenitedecompositiondependonthetemperatureatwhichthetransformationhastakenplaces.Athightemperature,i.e.lowdegreesofundercooling,acoarsegrainedmixtureofferriteandcementiteisformedwhichiseasilydistinguishedinthemicroscope.Thisstructureiscalledpearlite.Atlowertemperatures,andtherefore,greaterdegreesofundercooling,moredisperseandharderproductsareformed.Thepearlitestructureofthisfinertypeiscalledsorbite.Atstilllowertemperature(neartheendoftheCcurve),thetransformationproductsareevenmoredisperse,sothatthelamellarstructureoftheferritecementitemixtureisonlydistinguishableintheelectronmicroscope.Thisstructureiscalledtroostite.Thus,pearlite,sorbiteandtroostitearethestructuresofthesamenature(ferrite+cementite)butadifferentdispersityofferriteandcementite.Pearlitestructuremaybeoftwotypes:granular(inwhichcementiteispresentintheformofgrains)orlamellar(withcementiteplatelets).Homogeneousaustenitealwaystransformsintolamellarpearlite.Therefore,heatingtohightemperaturesetsupfavorableconditionsfortheformationofamorehomogeneousstructureandthuspromotestheappearanceoflamellarstructures.Inhomogeneousausteniteproducesgranularpearliteatalldegreesofundercooling,therefore,heatingtoalowtemperature(belowAC3forhypereutectoidsteels)resultsintheformationofgranularpearliteoncooling.Theformationofgranularcementiteisprobablypromotedbythepresenceofundissolvedparticlesinaustenite,whichserveasadditionalcrystallizationnuclei.奥氏体的分解奥氏体向珠光体的转变本质上是奥氏体分解成纯净的铁素体和渗碳体。在平衡温度时,转变是不可能进行的,因为最初的奥氏体的自由能和最后产品,珠光体的自由能是相等的。当铁素体渗碳体混合物(珠光体)的自由能比奥氏体的低时,转变才能在一个特定的过冷下开始。较低的转变温度,较高程度的过冷度,并且较大的在较高的速度时的自由能和转变效益中的差异。在珠光体转变过程中,新形成相的成分明显不同于初相;新相为含碳量几乎没有的铁素体和含碳量为6.67的渗碳体。因此对珠光体转变的奥氏体是伴随着碳原子的扩散和再分布进行的。随着温度的增加,扩散的速度明显地降低,因此,这个转变应该在较大的过冷下缓慢进行。因此,我们可以得到一个重要结论即过冷(降低转变温度)也许对转变速度上有两个迥然不同的效果。一方面,较低的温度(较大的过冷)给奥氏体和珠光体的自由能提供一种较大的差异,因而加速了转变;另一方面,它减少了谈原子扩散的速度,因而减慢了转变。这种组合的效果是转变的速度首先增加,当过冷增加到某一个最大值然后减少与进一步过冷。温度在727(A1)和200以下时,转变的速度为零,因为哉727时自由能的差异为零和在200以下时碳原子的扩散速度为零(更严格地说,太低为了转变能进行)。在1939年首先由I.L.Mirkin提出的,然后在1941年由R.F.Mehl开发,