外文翻译--生物质能量.doc
生物质能量能源是国民经济建设和人民生活的重要物质基础，在某种意义上，人类社会生产的发展史，就是人类能源开发利用史。随着世界人口的日益增长和社会经济的快速发展，人类在经历了以煤为主的第二代能源之后，以石油为主的第三代能源正面临着枯竭的危险。人类必须寻找到一种可经济开发、丰富、清洁的能源。因此，开发与利用新能源和可再生能源，已经成为世界性的能源建设发展的战略方向。目前，世界能源格局是以石油、天然气、煤炭等常规能源为主，包括水能风能、太阳能、潮汐能、地热能、核能、氢气能、生物能等能源在内的多种能源并存的状况。就煤、石油、天然气、地热能、核能等能源来说，不仅储量、开发量有限，而且是不可再生能源。水能、风能、潮汐能等可再生能源，虽然理论上是取之不尽，用之不竭的，但可经济开发的量并不大。单单依靠这些能源远远不能满足国民经济的发展需要。因此人们预言能量巨大、分布广泛、可以再生、污染小的生物质能将成为第四代能源的主流能源。生物质气化技术主要是以低质生物质为原料的气化技术，使低质生物质完成从固态到可燃气体的转化。低质生物质是以农作物秸秆为主，还可以使用玉米芯、木屑、柴草等。由于低质生物质的可再生性，因此，这项资源所产生的能源，称之为可再生能源。生物质气化技术的用途与城市管道煤气相同，燃烧稳定、热效率高、适用于炊事、取暖、锅炉等。该技术在农村的应用前途极其广阔，实现了“一人烧火，全村用气”的要求。我国是一个农业大国，每年生产的农作物秸秆约7亿吨，如此之大的资源除了一小部分用于畜牧外，其余的大部分以直接燃烧的方式将其浪费，既浪费了资源，又污染了环境。所以，合理有效的利用这项资源，是一件利国利民的大事。我国每年产生的农作物秸秆约折合35亿吨标准煤,充分利用这项资源会产生很大的社会效益和经济效益,主要表现在可以节约资源,保护环境,从而改变了农村传统的炊事方式，带动了相关产业的发展。生物质气化技术是一种热化学处理技术，通过气化炉将固态生物质转化为使用方便而且清洁的可燃气体，用作燃料或生产动力。生物质气化技术，就是生物原料在缺氧状态下加热反应的能量转换过程。生物质是由碳、氢等元素和灰分组成，当它们被点燃时，只供应少量空气，并且采取措施控制其反应过程，使碳、氢元素变成一氧化碳、氢气、甲烷等可烯气体，秸秆中大部分能量都转移到气体中，这就是气化过程。去除可燃气体中的灰分、焦油等杂质，通过供气系统将其送入农户家中，使用时打开阀门，点燃燃气灶具，就可以烧水做饭了。生物质秸秆气化技术是90年代初期在我国发展起来的，但由于其具有较好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。在短短的十年内得到了相当大的发展，目前我国已经成功开发了一些将生物质转化成可燃气体的技术。建立了380余处秸秆气化集中供气示范点，主要集中在山东、河南、江苏、河北、山西、北京、陕西。1近年来由于各级政府的大力支持，以固定下吸式气化炉为代表的秸秆气化技术已在农村地区得到推广应用，取得了良好的社会效益。我国是个农业大国，有丰富的农业废弃资源，但是其利用率却很低，且因不正当处置如焚烧而污染环境，随着我国生物质能气化技术的发展，其应用前景越来越广阔，特别是在气化发电和集中供气方面。目前国内已经成功开发了一些将生物质转化成可燃气的技术，采用固定床气化的，其所产气体的热值则可获得45MJ/M3，采用循环流化床气化的，其所产生的气体的热值则可获得7MJ/M3左右，而且中热值气化技术的实验研究在国内也已取得了较好效果，如广州能源研究所采用的氧气气化技术，其气体热值在10MJ12MJ/M3之间。4在我国，由于火力发电污染大，农村地区缺电严重，特别是偏远地区，生物质气化发电正是解决这一难题的最好方法。利用生物质气化发电既可以生产电能，同时也使农村废弃物得到了有效处理，因而不但有良好的社会效益，也减少了处理这些废弃物时造成的环境污染。BIOMASSENERGYQUANTITYTHEENERGYISTHENATIONALECONOMYCONSTRUCTIONANDTHELIVESOFTHEPEOPLEIMPORTANTMATERIALBASE,INSOMESENSE,THEHUMANSOCIETYPRODUCESTHEHISTORY,ISTHEHUMANITYENERGYDEVELOPMENTUSEHISTORYALONGWITHWORLDPOPULATIONSDAYBYDAYGROWTHANDSOCIALECONOMYSFASTDEVELOPMENT,THEHUMANITYINHASEXPERIENCEDAFTERTHECOALSECONDGENERATIONOFENERGYPRIMARILY,BYTHEPETROLEUMTHIRDGENERATIONENERGYSOURCESPRIMARILYISFACINGTHEDANGERWHICHDRIESUPTHEHUMANITYMUSTSEEKTOONEKINDMAYTHEECONOMICALDEVELOPMENT,RICH,THECLEANENERGYTHEREFORE,DEVELOPSANDUSESTHENEWANDRENEWABLESOURCESOFENERGY,ALREADYBECAMETHEWORLDWIDEBASISENERGYCONSTRUCTIONDEVELOPMENTTHESTRATEGICDIRECTIONATPRESENT,THEWORLDENERGYPATTERNISBYCONVENTIONALENERGYSOURCESANDSOONPETROLEUM,NATURALGAS,COALPRIMARILY,INCLUDINGTHEHYDROENERGYWINDENERGY,THESOLARENERGY,THETIDALENERGY,THEGEOTHERMALENERGY,THENUCLEARPOWER,THEHYDROGENCAN,ENERGYANDSOONBIOLOGICALENERGYMANYKINDSOFENERGYCOEXISTINGCONDITIONSONENERGYANDSOONCOAL,PETROLEUM,NATURALGAS,GEOTHERMALENERGY,NUCLEARPOWER,NOTONLYTHERESERVES,THEDEVELOPMENTQUANTITYARELIMITED,MOREOVERISTHERENEWABLEENERGYSOURCEHYDROENERGY,WINDENERGY,TIDALENERGYANDSOONRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCE,ALTHOUGHISINEXHAUSTIBLETHEORETICALLY,INEXHAUSTIBLE,BUTMAYTHEECONOMICALDEVELOPMENTQUANTITYNOTBEBIGSOLEDEPENDENCETHESEENERGYCANNOTSATISFYTHENATIONALECONOMYBYFARTHEDEVELOPMENTNEEDTHEREFORETHEPEOPLEPREDICTEDTHATTHEENERGYHUGE,DISTRIBUTEDWIDESPREAD,MAYREGENERATE,POLLUTESTHESMALLBIOMASSENERGYBECOMETHEFOURTHGENERATIONOFENERGYTHEMAINSTREAMENERGYLIVESTHEMATERIALGASIFICATIONTECHNOLOGYISMAINLYLIVESTHEMATERIALTAKETHEINFERIORITYASRAWMATERIALGASIFIEDTECHNOLOGY,CAUSESTHEINFERIORITYTOLIVETHEMATERIALTOCOMPLETEFROMTHESOLIDSTATETOTHEFLAMMABLEGASTRANSFORMATIONTHEINFERIORITYLIVESTHEMATERIALISBYTHECROPSSTRAWSTALKPRIMARILY,BUTMAYALSOUSETHECORNCOB,THESAWDUST,THEFIREWOODANDSOONASARESULTOFINFERIORITYBIOLOGYARCHERYTARGETRENEWABILITY,THEREFORE,THISITEMOFRESOURCESPRODUCETHEENERGY,CALLSITTHERENEWABLEENERGYSOURCELIVESTHEMATERIALGASIFICATIONTECHNOLOGYTHEUSEANDTHEURBANPIPELINECOALGASISTHESAME,THEBURNINGSTABILIZATION,THETHERMALEFFICIENCYHIGH,ARESUITABLEFORTHEKITCHENWORK,WARMUP,THEBOILERANDSOONTHISTECHNOLOGYWASEXTREMELYBROADINTHECOUNTRYSIDEAPPLICATIONFUTURE,REALIZES“ONEPERSONTOLIGHTAFIRE,THEENTIREVILLIAGEWITHWASMAD”THEREQUESTOURCOUNTRYISALARGEAGRICULTURALNATION,EVERYYEARPRODUCESTHECROPSSTRAWSTALKTHEAPPROXIMATELY700,000,000TONS,LIKETHISBIGTHERESOURCESUSEINRAISINGLIVESTOCKBESIDESASMALLPART,OTHERMAJORITIESBYDIRECTCOMBUSTIONWAYITSWASTE,BOTHHASWASTEDTHERESOURCES,ANDHASPOLLUTEDTHEENVIRONMENTTHEREFORE,REASONABLEEFFECTIVEUSETHISITEMOFRESOURCES,ARETHEIMPORTANTMATTERWHICHISBENEFICIALTOTHECOUNTRY,BENEFICIALTOTHEPEOPLEOURCOUNTRYPRODUCESEVERYYEARTHECROPSSTRAWSTALKAPPROXIMATELYCONVERTINTO350,000,000TONSSTANDARDCOALS,USESTHISITEMOFRESOURCESTOBEABLEFULLYTOHAVETHEVERYBIGSOCIALEFFICIENCYANDTHEECONOMICEFFICIENCY,MAINLYDISPLAYSINMAYTHENURSERESOURCES,PROTECTSTHEENVIRONMENT,THUSCHANGEDTHECOUNTRYSIDETRADITIONKITCHENWORKWAY,HASLEDTHERELATEDINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTLIVESTHEMATERIALGASIFICATIONTECHNOLOGYISONEHEATCHEMICALTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY,LIVESTHROUGHTHEGASIFIERTHESOLIDSTATETHEMATERIALTRANSFORMATIONFORTHEEASYTOOPERATEMOREOVERTHECLEANFLAMMABLEGAS,SERVESASTHEFUELORTHEPRODUCTIONPOWERLIVESTHEMATERIALGASIFICATIONTECHNOLOGY,ISBIOLOGICALRAWMATERIALHEATSUPTHERESPONSEUNDERTHEANOXICCONDITIONTHEENERGYCONVERSIONPROCESSLIVESTHEMATERIALISBYELEMENTSANDTHEASHCONSTITUENTANDSOONCARBON,HYDROGEN,WHENTHEYARELIT,ONLYSU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