外文翻译一种通过刺激学习者动力来增加学习效率的以网络为基础的电子学习体系.doc

外文文献原文及翻译Aweb-basede-learningsystemforincreasingstudyefficiencybystimulatinglearnersmotivationAbstract：DuetotheopportunitiesprovidedbytheInternet,moreandmorepeoplearetakingadvantageofdistancelearningcoursesandduringthelastfewyearsenormousresearcheffortshavebeendedicatedtothedevelopmentofdistancelearningsystems.Sofar,manye-learningsystemsareproposedandusedpractically.However,inthesesystemsthee-learningcompletionrateisabout30%.Oneofthereasonsisthelowstudydesirewhenthelearnerstudiesthelearningmaterials.Inthisresearch,weproposeaninteractiveWeb-basede-learningsystem.Thepurposeofoursystemistoincreasethee-learningcompletionratebystimulatinglearnersmotivation.Theproposedsystemhasthreesubsystems:thelearningsubsystem,learnersupportsubsystem,andteachersupportsubsystem.Thelearningsubsystemimprovesthelearnersstudydesire.Thelearnersupportsubsystemsupportsthelearnerduringthestudy,andtheteachersupportsubsystemsupportstheteachertogetthelearnersstudystate.Toevaluatetheproposedsystem,wedevelopedseveralexperimentsandsurveys.Byusingnewfeaturessuchas:displayoflearnersstudyhistory,changeofinterfacecolor,encouragefunction,rankingfunction,self-determinationofthestudymaterials,andgroupingoflearners,theproposedsystemcanincreasethelearningefficiency.Keywords：Web-basedsystems,E-learning,IncreaseoflearningefficiencyStimulatinglearnersmotivation.Groupingoflearners1IntroductionDuetotheopportunitiesprovidedbytheInternet,moreandmorepeoplearetakingadvantageofdistancelearningcourses.Duringthelastfewyearsenormousresearcheffortshavebeendedicatedtothedevelopmentofdistancelearningsystems(Nakabayashietal.,1999；Katayama&Kambayashi,1999；Ohkawaetal.,2000；Satoetal.,1999).Consequently,manylargeprojectssuchasCALAT；CALsurf；WebCAI；TheUniversityoftheAir；CaliforniaVirtualUniversity；WIDEUniversity；Ogawaetal.,(1999)；andDAI-XWebCollegehavebeenestablised.However,inthesesystemsthee-learningcompletionrateisabout30%.Oneofthereasonsisthelowstudydesirewhenthelearnerstudieslearningmaterials.Therefore,itisveryimportanttostimulatelearnersmotivationduringthestudy.Recently,severaldistancelearningsystemsthatconsiderthelearnerscapabilityandunderstandinghavebeenproposed(Matsumotoetal.,1999；Tamakietal.,2000；Kuwabaraetal.,2000).InMatsumotoetal.(1999),anevaluationsystemofhistoricaldata,basedonlearningenvironmentandsupportedbyeducationalsoftwarerecordisproposed.Inthissystem,reappearanceandanalysisarecarriedoutonlyforhistoricallearningdataandnotforrealeducationsystemwithindividualstudentadvancementcontrol(MESIA).ThesystemisabletokeeptheteacheroperatingcostlowandtoofferfineeducationbythecooperationofComputerAssistedInstruction(CAI)andteacher.Thesystemisabletorecognizethelearnerswhoneedassistance,butitsmainpurposeistosupporttheteacher,notthelearners.Inourpreviousworks(Koyamaetal.,2001,2002；Barolli&Koyama,2004,2005),weproposedanagentbaseddistancelearningsystemtodeliverappropriatestudyingmaterialstolearnersandstimulatelearnersmotivationbyusingmentalactionofcolor(Tatsuno,1995；JCRI,1993).Inordertoofferasuitableandefficientstudyforlearners,inthiswork,weproposeaWeb-baseddistancelearningsysteminordertoincreaselearnersefficiency.Theproposedsystemhasthreesubsystems:learningsubsystem,learnersupportingsubsystemandteachersupportingsubsystem.Thepurposeofoursystemistoincreasethee-learningcompletionratebystimulatinglearnermotivation.Toevaluatetheproposedsystem,wedevelopedseveralexperimentsandsurveys.Theevaluationshowsthatbyusingnewfeaturessuchas:displayoflearnersstudyhistory,changeofinterfacecolor,encouragefunction,rankingfunction,self-deter-minationofthestudymaterials,andgroupingoflearners,theproposedsystemcanincreasethelearningefficiency.Thepaperisorganizedasfollows.Thesystemstructureisintroducedinthenextsection.InSection3,wepresenttheevaluationmethodfortheproposedsystem.InSection4,wediscusstheevaluationresults.InSection5,wecomparethefunctionsoftheproposedsystemwithMESIA.Finally,wegivesomeconclusionsandfutureworkinSection6.2ProposedsystemstructureTheproposedsystemisbuiltonWorldWideWeb(WWW).Inordertohaveawiderangeofapplications,weuseonlystandardfunctions.Therefore,thesystemcanbeeasilyusedwithoutdependingonthecomputerenvironment.TheproposedsysteminterfaceisshowninFig.1andthesystemstructureisshowninFig.2.ThepageoutputisgeneratedbyusingJSP.Forthesystemlogic,weuseJavaandJavaServletandasrelationaldatabasesystemisusedPostgreSQL.JavaProgrammingisusedasthestudymaterial.Theproposedsystemhasthreesubsystems:learningsubsystem,learnersupportingsubsystemandteachersupportingsubsystem.Thelearningsubsystemincludesthestudyingmaterials,examinationexercises,andsomefunctionstostimulatelearnersmotivation.Thelearnersupportingsubsystemsupportsthelearnerswhentheyhaveproblemsduringthestudy(inthissubsystemareimplementedsomeinteractionfunctions).Theteachersupportingsubsystemhassomefunctionstogetthestudysituationoflearnersandtogivehintsfromtheteachertoimprovethelearningefficiency.Theproposedsystemworksinthefollowingway.Atthebeginning,thelearnerstartstostudythelearningmaterials.Theteacherchecksthelearningsituationandbasedonthatdecideshowtosupportthelearner.InthelearnersupportsubsystemisimplementedtheWindowsMessenger(WM).Usingthemessenger,theteacherandlearnercancommunicatetogether.Ifthelearnerunderstandstheproblemheaskedtheteacher,hegoesbacktothelearningsubsystemandstartsagainlearningprocess.2.1LearningsubsystemTheinterfaceofe-learningsystemisshowninFig.3andthee-learningflowisshowninFig.4.Atthebeginning,thelearnerloginstothesystem.Next,ifthelearnerunderstandsthetext,hestartstodotheexercises.Then,theobtainedresultsandrankingareshowninthecomputerdisplay.Afterthat,thelearnerdecidesthenextitemstostudy.Ifthelearnerdoesnotunderstandsomepartsofthetext,thelearnermovestothelearnersupportsubsystem,whenunderstandsallthetextgoesbacktothelearningsubsystem.2.2TeachersupportingsubsystemInthissubsystem,thepersonwhoisregisteredasteachercanenterthesystembyusingtheregisteredloginandpassword.Byusingthissubsystem,theteacherisabletojudgethelearningsituationofthelearners.Theteachercancheckthefollowingitems.&Thelearnerswhoareusingthesystem.&Theitemswhicharefinished.&Thelearnerhasproblemsduringthestudyornot(isthelearnerusingthelearnersupportingsystemornot).&TheFAQofthelearnersupportsubsystem.&TheBulletinBoard(BB)ofthelearnersupportsubsystem.Iftheteacherfindsthatastudentisusingthelearnersupportsubsystem,byusinge-mail,theteachercancommunicatewiththelearner.ItisalsopossibletocommunicatewiththelearnerbyusingWM.ThemaininterfaceoftheteachersupportingsubsystemisshowninFig.5.Thispageisdividedintwoframes.Theleftframeshowsthelearnerswhoareloggedinthesystem.Theyareshowninatableform.Thetableshowsthefollowinginformation.&Thelearnersareonlineornot.&Thepresentstudyitem.&Thelearnerswhoareusingornotthelearnersupportsubsystem.Itshouldbenotedthatthetableischangedinarealtimeifalearnerentersorleavesthesystem.Also,whentheloginnameofalearnerinsidethetableisclicked,thedetailedinformationofthelearnerisdisplayedinthemainframe.Thisinformationincludes:&Loginname,&ThelearnernameinJapanese(Furigana),&Learnere-mailaddress,&Learnerpresentlearningstate,&Thestudyhistory.Ifalearnerhasproblemsduringthestudy,theteachercanusethee-mailandWMtocommunicatewiththelearner.ByusingWM,itispossibletohavevoicechatorvideochat.Also,becausetheFAQandlearnersupportsubsystemarelinkedinthispage,theycanbereferrediftheyareneeded.TheBBcanbeusedbyteachertoexplainthecontentthatthelearnersdonotunderstand.2.3LearnersupportingsubsystemThelearnersupportingsubsystemisusedtohelpthelearnerswhentheyhaveproblemsduringthestudy.Thissubsystemincludes:&FAQ,&BB,&Thelistofpersonswhocancommunicatetogether.ThelearnercaninvestigatebyFAQwhetherthereareanswersofpreviousquestionsrelatedwiththecontentthatthelearnerisstudyingornot.Iftherearenotanswersaboutthepreviousquestions,thelearnerwaitsuntiltheanswerwillbeshownintheBB.IfthelearnerneedstheanswerinarealtimeheentersintheMemberList.Then,thepresentlearnercanselectamemberwhoansweredthequestionsintheprevioustestandcommunicatewithhimusingWM.InFig.6isshownthemainpageofthelearnersupportsubsystem.2.4InteractivefunctionsTheproposedsystemhasthefollowingcommunicationmodes.&Communicationbetweenstudents.&Communicationbetweenthestudentandteacher(questionmode).&Communicationbetweentheteacherandstudent(explanation).Allthesecommunicationsaredoneinthesynchronousmode.However,byusingthee-mailthesystemcanofferalsoasynchronousmodecommunication.Thus,theproposedsystemdifferentfromotherimplementede-learningsystemscansupportthelearnersandteacherstocommunicatewitheachotherinsynchronousandasynchronousmodes.3ProposedsystemevaluationmethodInordertoevaluatetheproposedsystem,weusedsomequestionnairesandaskedthelearnershowthesystemperformedandespeciallyhowthesystemstimulatedthelearnersmotivation.Fortheexperiment,tenstudentsandtwoprofessorsofourlaboratoryusedthesystemandthenwepreparedthreequestionnairesasshowninTables1,2and3.