外文翻译合同中缔约过失责任的产生和发展.doc
TheEmergenceandDevelopmentofContractingFaultLiabilityAbstract:TheContractingFaultLiabilityasacivilcompensationliabilityoccurswhenonepartyviolatestheprecontractualobligationssubjecttobonafideprincipleandthentheotherpartyistobeentitledtothecompensationforthedamagestotherelianceonitsinterestsufferedthereby.ThesystemofthecontractingfaultliabilitywasputforwardbyaGermanjuristandwasfamedanimportantfindofjurisprudence.Reviewingthehistoryofliabilityfornegligenceincontracting,wecanfindsthatcaseandtheoryplayaveryimportantroleinitsdevelopment.Introduction:Intraditionalcontractlaw,contractrightsandobligationsbetweenthepartiesisonlykeptintheestablishmentandperformanceofcontractscompletedperiod.Ifthecontractualrelationshipdidnotexistornotsetup,itimpliesnoresponsibility.Thatis,”nocontracts,noresponsibility".Sointhecontract,ifonesidescontractisnotsetup,whichimpliesthefactthattherehavetoprotecttheinterestedpartieswholosssomething.Withthissituation,thefaultliabilitywascomeout.Thisarticlefocusesonit.TheEmergenceanddevelopmentofcontractingfaultliability:ItisgenerallyagreedthattheconceptoffaultliabilityhavealreadycameoutinRomelaw.Thereisafamoussaying:"contractisnolongerthesubjectofthepaymentisvoid."Atthispoint,ifthebuyerisingoodfaithandwithoutnegligence,inordertoprotectthesecurityoftransactions,inexceptionalcircumstancesthebuyertherighttoappealbasedonbuyerstogoodfaithlitigation,therequesttothesellerforcompensationforlossessufferedduetoaninvalidcontract.However,beforetheformationoftheancientRomanlaw,thereisnocontractualobligationandCulpacompletesystem.Thecompletetheoreticalandinstitutionalsystematizationofthingswasestablishedinthemoderntimes.ItisproposedbytheGermanjuristGarling.Intheyearof1861,JellingpublishedinVolumeIVof"Contractingonthefault-Contractnullandvoidanddamagesbeforetheestablishmentoftheharmed"inhis“GarlingdoctrineAnnualReport”.Inthearticle,hepointedoutthatGermanytooktoomuchemphasisonthewillofthegeneralcommonlawandthesubjectivewilloftheimportanceofpartydesired,butnotenoughtomeetthebusinessneeds.Forexample,offerorcommitmentisfailedtoconvey,thepersonorthesubjectwillaffecttheeffectivenessofthecontract,ifthecontractduetothefaultofoneofthepartiesandnotestablished,thepartyatfaultshouldtheotherpartybecauseofrelianceontheestablishmentofcontractlossesliability?Garlingreplied:"thepeoplewhoengagedincontractswereconcluded,fromacontractualobligationtotradeoutsidethescopeofthenegativeintoapositiveobligationontheleasearea,whichthusassumetheprimaryobligationliesincontractingtobefulfillingthenecessaryattention.Protectedbylaw,notjustanexistingcontractualrelationship,thecontractualrelationshipistakingplaceshouldbeincluded;otherwisetheleasedealwillbeout,andoutofprotection.Thepartiescreatedacontractualobligation,ifsuchaneffectbecauseoflegalobstaclestobeexcludedwhentheobligationwillbetoproducedamages.Therewillbeaso-calledcontractisinvalidpersons,refersonlytofulfilleffectdoesnotoccur,non-thathedidnothaveanyeffect.Inabrief,thepartiesmakethecontractsmeaninglessbecauseoftheirownreasonsdonotcontractwhobelieveditscontractualrightfortheeffectiveestablishmentoftherelativeshouldpayforthedamage."1ThisistheGarlingsContractingnegligencetheory,itisknownastheLawonthefindings.SincetheJellingtheoryputforwardthetheoryofcontractingnegligence,itisseriouslyconcernedbytheworld.Andthenitcarriedoutmoreextensiveandin-depthandsystematicresearchanditalsoincreasinglybysomecountries,legislationorjudicialpracticetoacceptthem.Inthe“GermanCivilCode"times,thescholarsbegintodiscussitonthequestionoffaultontheparties.Mostofthedraftersbelievesthatcontractingnegligencetheoryofliabilityisnoteasytoacceptandprescribedbyageneralprinciple,onlyinexceptionalcircumstancesshouldberecognized.So,in1900the"GermanCivilCode,"thedraftersofthetreatyonthefaultisnotfullyacceptedthetheory,onlyinthewrongtowithdraw(122),therightagent(179),fromtheoutsettheobjectivecannot(307),etc.islimitedadoptedwithintheframeworkofthisview,butthecontractingnegligencetheoryintheGermanjudicialpracticeanddoctrinehavebeendevelopedrapidlyandgraduallyformedafine,large,complexandwidescopeofapplication,theestablishmentofageneralizedprinciple.InJapan,thejurisprudencehasalsoacknowledgedtheresponsibilityofcontractingnegligencetheory.InJapansCasetofindthebasesofthefaultliabilityfromthetrustandthecityrealcreditprinciple,sothescopeofthisresponsibilityextendedtothefollowingareas:(1)Unabletoperformthecontractfromthebeginningsothatthecontractdoesnotholdorinvalid;(2)Thecontractshallonlyremaininthepreparationstageofnegotiation;(3)Contracteffectiveestablishmentofthesituation.Contractingfaultliabilityisaneffectiveestablishmentofthesituationofenoughtomatterifthetargetswereflawedandcontractorwhobreachofcontract.InGreeceandItaly,contractingfaultliabilitywasconcernedasageneralprinciple.Accordingto"GreekCivilCode"Article197,itstipulatesthat:"Whenconsultationsontheoccasionoftheconclusionofcontracts,thepartiesshouldhaveobligationtofollowthetradingpracticesandgoodfaith.""TheItalianCivilCode"section1337providesa"pre-negotiationsandcontractualresponsibility,"both"intheprocessofnegotiationandconclusionofcontracts,thepartiesshouldbebasedontheprinciplesofgoodfaith".InFrance,contractingfaultliabilityhasnotbeenincorporatedintotheCivilCode.Whenasimilarsituationoccurs,itwillbehandledinaccordancewiththetortlaw.Butinrecentyears,thejudicialpracticeshowsthatthecontractlawprinciplesofcontractisinvalidordoesnotholdthepartyatfaultwhentheresponsibilitytoprosecutecasesoccurfromtimetotime,suchasthepreparationprotocolprotection.IntheEnglishandAmericanlaws,thereisnocontractingfaultliabilityconceptinhistory.ButafterMansfieldincorporateddutyofgoodfaithintotheirlawswithwidespreadsupportsince1933,thecommonlawadmitscontractingfaultliability.In1933,Fuller,scholarintheUS,comesoutwith"amendswhendamagestrustinthecontractlaws"publishedinthe“YaleLawReview”.Thepaperwasdiscussedindetailwiththeexpectedbenefits,trustinterestsandtheperformancebenefits."TheUnitedStatesUniformCommercialCode,"alsoconfirmedthedutyofgoodfaiththatisloyaltothefact.Intherelaws,thetrustinterestsofthepartiestothecontractisaresultofthetrusteachotherspromisetopaythepriceorcharges."Cannotgobackonthepromise"istheirlawstoprotecttheinterestsofaprincipleoftrust.Theirlawsrequiresthecourtinestablishingtrustintheinterestsofthecompensationpromisedtopeoplewithoutregardtohowthesubjectivemeaning.Onlyconsiderthedefendantasapromise,whetherwecanmakeareasonablepersontobecometrusted.CONCLUSION:WemaydrawaconclusionthatcontractingfaultliabilityhasbecomeaintegratedsystemaccordingtotheregulationsmadeinmanycountriesforitbasedonGarlingsoriginaltheory.ComparedwiththeoriginaltheoryofGarling,thereareafewdevelopments.Thefirstistheexpansionofthescope.Contractingfaultliabilitycannotonlybeusedforthebeginningofcontractingbutalsobeapplicabletothecontractarerecognizedasinvalidandberevokedwheninbreachofitsoffertoavalidofferandshouldbearresponsibilityforthecaseofcontracting.Second,Garlingstheorythinkstheresponsibilityforcontractingnegligenceclaimsbasedoncontractualobligationsandfailstopointoutthestrictdifferencesbetweencontractualliabilityandcontractingliability.Butthemodernjurisprudencegenerallyconsidercontractingresponsibilityisanindependentresponsibilityandhasstrictdifferenceswithcontractualandtortiousresponsibility.Third,mostcountrieshaveacceptedtheresponsibilityofcontractingfaultliabilitytheory,whichthelaworcaselawhasclearlydefinedandreflected.Fourth,contractingfaultliabilitys"fault"notonlyincludes“notpayattentionfault”,butalsocontains“onpurpose”.