外文翻译--计算机辅助过程规划管理信息基础薄板.doc

附录2外语翻译（原文）ComputeraidedprocessplanningforsheetmetalbasedoninformationmanagementD.Lutters*,E.tenBrinke,A.H.Streppel,H.J.J.KalsLaboratoryofProductionandDesignEngineering,UniversityofTwente,POBox217,7500AEEnschede,NetherlandsAbstractDuringthelastfewyears,attentioninthemanufacturingcyclehasshiftedtowardsconcurrentengineering(CE).Withthis,theintegrationofthedifferentproductlifecycleprocesseshasbecomeafocusinbothresearchandindustry.However,itisobviousthattheintegrationofallmanufacturingprocesses,takingintoaccountalllifecycleaspectsfrominitialfunctionalrequirementstofinaldisposal,ishardlyfeasibleinthetraditionalway.Inthispaper,theexecutionofthemanufacturingcyclebasedoninformationmanagementisexplainedbydescribingthedevelopmentofagenericarchitectureforcomputeraidedprocessplanning.Thisarchitectureiselaborateduponforthefieldofsheetmetalmanufacturinginasmallbatchpartenvironment.2000ElsevierScienceS.A.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Concurrentengineering；CAPP；Architecture1.IntroductionIntheresearchpresentedhere,itisadvocatedthatthesheerintegrationofmanufacturingprocesseswithintheproductlifecycleisinsuf®cienttoachievetrueintegratedproductdevelopment.Forthispurpose,themainfocusshouldbeontheinformationthatisappliedandgeneratedinthesemanufacturingprocesses.Iftheinformationoftheseparateprocessescanbemadeavailableduringtheentiredevelopmentcycle,itcanbethebasisforthecontroloftheentiremanufacturingcycle.Inordertotakefulladvantageofthemodi®edroleofinformationintheproductdevelopmentcycle,adifferentattitudewithrespecttothemanufacturingprocessesisrequired.Oneofthemaindifferencesis,thatthephasesinthemanufacturingprocessbecomeinstrumentaltotheinformationrequiredinthemanufacturingprocess.Thisimmediatelyimpliesthatprocessesinthemanufacturingcyclehavetobedefinedasgenericasmuchaspossible.Forexample,itbecomespracticabletointerchangesystemsdevelopedfordifferentproducttypes(prismatic,sheetmetal,etc.).Moreover,iftheinterfacesofthemutualsystemscanbedefinedadequately,thesesystemscanbecomeindependentmodules,thatareabletoperformtheirtaskswithoutbeingdependentonapredefined,sequentialscenario.A®rstprerequisiteforthisistheabilitytoeffectivelymanagetheinformationthatbecomesthebasisofthemanufacturingprocess.2.Informationmanagement2.1.ManufacturingengineeringreferencemodelInordertobeabletodealwithdifferentviewsonamanufacturingsystem,thesystemisintroducedbymeansofareferencemodel.Areferencemodelrepresentsasystemasanorganisationintermsofitsstructureofrelativelyindependent,interactingcomponents,andintermsofthegloballydefinedtasksofthesecomponents2.ThemanufacturingengineeringreferencemodelproposedinthepresentcontextisshowninFig.1.Thismanufacturingengineeringreferencemodelisbasedonthemanufacturingplanning&controlreferencemodelintroducedbyArentsen1.However,adaptationshavebeenmade,inordertoemphasizetheequivalentimportanceofproducts,ordersandresourcesintheentiremanufacturingcycle4.Companymanagementisconcernedwiththecontrolofcustomerorders.Itisresponsibleforthestrategicdecisionsconcerningtherangeofproductswhichwillbeproducedandtheprocessesandresourceswhicharerequiredtothisend.Productengineeringreferstoalltheengineeringactivitiesrelatedtotheproductlifecycleofaspecifictypeofproduct.Itisconcernedwiththedesignanddevelopmentofaproducttypeanditsvariants,startingfromfunctionalrequirementsuptofinalrecycling/disposal.Orderengineeringaddressesthoseactivitiesthatrelateacustomerordertoaspecific(variantofa)product.Itisthetaskoforderengineeringtocomposeproductionordersandtodecidewhengivenbatchesofproductsmustbeprocessedandwithwhichresources.Theobjectiveoforderengineeringisthein-timeexecutionoftheproductionorders.Resourceengineeringreferstoall(lifecycle)aspectsoftheresources,requiredfortheexecutionoftheproductionactivities.Itthereforeincludesthespecification,design,development,acquisition,preparation,useandmaintenanceoftheresourcesofacompany.Productionisconcernedwiththeactualexecutionoftheplansgeneratedbytheengineeringtasks.Fromproduction,informationisfedbacktotheseengineeringtasks.Inthemanufacturingengineeringreferencemodel,informationmanagementisdiscernedasthekernel.Thisillustratestheopinionthattheavailabilityandaccessibilityofinformationispreferredoversheerdataexchange.2.2.InformationmanagementInrecognisingthefactthateachofthedepartmentsinacompanymakesmyriaddecisionsinordertogeneraterequiredinformation,itisobviousthatthereasoningbehindallthesedecisionscanhardlybetransferredtogetherwiththeinformation.Consequently,theneedforfeedbackandinterdepartmentalcommunicationincreases,whichmayleadtoextremelycomplexanduncontrollableflowsofinformationbetweentheseparatedepartments.However,providingthatinformationgeneratedbytheseparatedepartmentsisattachedtoanoverallandwidelyaccessiblemodel,thissituationmaychangeconsiderably.Inthiscase,insteadofpushinginformationfromonedepartmenttoanother,departmentscanpulltheinformationtheyrequireandaregivenaccessto.Hence,thefocuscanbeontheinformationinsupportofthecontrolofthemanufacturingprocesses,andforthisreason,thecourseofthemanufacturingprocessesmaybeguidedbytheuseof,andtheneedforinformation.Thetypesofobjectstheinformationisconcernedwith(orders,products,operators,etc.)canvaryconsiderably.Despitethisvariation,forthewaytheinformationisstructuredandattachedtoanoverallmodel,itisunimportantwhetherinformationbearsreferenceto,e.g.aproduct,amachineoritsoperator.Still,itisimportanttodistinguishbetweendifferenttypesofobjects,astheirdifferentsignificanceforthemanufacturingprocessesisapparent.Eachtypeofobjectcanbeattachedtoanoverallmodel,aso-calledinformationstructure.Inaccordancewiththethreepilesofthereferencemodel,threeoftheseinformationstructuresarediscerned(seeFig.2):productinformationstructure；orderinformationstructure；resourceinformationstructure.Becausethestructuresevolveindependentlyofeachother,whereasthewayoftheirmutualinteractionsremainsthesame,theentirerangeofmanufacturingenvironmentscanbeaddressed:fromengineer-to-ordertomassproduction.Forexample,inanengineer-to-orderenvironment,theorderinformationstructureandtheproductinformationstructureevolvealmostsimultaneouslyandtheresourceinformationstructureremainsrelativelyunchanged.Inamassproductionenvironment,theproductinformationstructureandtheresourceinformationstructurearedevelopedconcurrentlyandremainratherstatichenceforth.Subsequently,theorderinformationstructureisusedtospecifythechoiceofacertainproductvariant,andtodeterminetheleadtimeandotherlogisticconsequences.Thedifferentbehaviouroftheinformationstructuresindifferentmanufacturingenvironmentsimpliesthateachofthestructureshasitsownlifecycle.Inaimingfortheintegrationofprocesses,thelifecyclesmustbeorientedontheinformationcontainedintheinformationstructures,insteadofontheprocessesconcernedwiththisinformation.Inelaboratingthisconceptfortheproductinformationstructure,theproductlifecycleisorientedupontheproductinsteadofonthemanufacturingprocesses.Inthisway,informationmanagementaspartofthereferencemodel,consistsofanintegratedcollectionoftasksthatcanbeusedasabasistoinitiate,accompany,controlandevaluateallthemanufacturingprocessesinastructuredandtransparentway.Thesetasksarebasedontheinformationcontainedinthethreeinformationstructures,asisshowninFig.2.