外文翻译--轴和齿轮的设计及应用.doc

英文原文：SHAFTANDGEARDESIGNAbstract:Theimportantpositionofthewheelgearandshaftcantfalterintraditionalmachineandmodernmachines.Thewheelgearandshaftsmainlyinstallthedirectionthatdeliversthedintattheprincipalaxisbox.Thepassingtoprocesstomakethemcanisdividedintomanymodelnumbers,usedingformanysituationsrespectively.SowemustbethemultilayerstotheunderstandingofthewheelgearandshaftinmanywaysKeywords:Wheelgear；ShaftIntheforceanalysisofspurgears,theforcesareassumedtoactinasingleplane.Weshallstudygearsinwhichtheforceshavethreedimensions.Thereasonforthis,inthecaseofhelicalgears,isthattheteetharenotparalleltotheaxisofrotation.Andinthecaseofbevelgears,therotationalaxesarenotparalleltoeachother.Therearealsootherreasons,asweshalllearn.Helicalgearsareusedtotransmitmotionbetweenparallelshafts.Thehelixangleisthesameoneachgear,butonegearmusthavearight-handhelixandtheotheraleft-handhelix.Theshapeofthetoothisaninvolutehelicoid.Ifapieceofpapercutintheshapeofaparallelogramiswrappedaroundacylinder,theangularedgeofthepaperbecomesahelix.Ifweunwindthispaper,eachpointontheangularedgegeneratesaninvolutecurve.Thesurfaceobtainedwheneverypointontheedgegeneratesaninvoluteiscalledaninvolutehelicoid.Theinitialcontactofspur-gearteethisalineextendingallthewayacrossthefaceofthetooth.Theinitialcontactofhelicalgearteethisapoint,whichchangesintoalineastheteethcomeintomoreengagement.Inspurgearsthelineofcontactisparalleltotheaxisoftherotation；inhelicalgears,thelineisdiagonalacrossthefaceofthetooth.Itisthisgradualoftheteethandthesmoothtransferofloadfromonetoothtoanother,whichgivehelicalgearstheabilitytotransmitheavyloadsathighspeeds.Helicalgearssubjecttheshaftbearingstobothradialandthrustloads.Whenthethrustloadsbecomehighorareobjectionableforotherreasons,itmaybedesirabletousedoublehelicalgears.Adoublehelicalgear(herringbone)isequivalenttotwohelicalgearsofoppositehand,mountedsidebysideonthesameshaft.Theydevelopoppositethrustreactionsandthuscanceloutthethrustload.Whentwoormoresinglehelicalgearsaremountedonthesameshaft,thehandofthegearsshouldbeselectedsoastoproducetheminimumthrustloadCrossed-helical,orspiral,gearsarethoseinwhichtheshaftcenterlinesareneitherparallelnorintersecting.Theteethofcrossed-helicalfearshavepointcontactwitheachother,whichchangestolinecontactasthegearswearin.Forthisreasontheywillcarryoutverysmallloadsandaremainlyforinstrumentalapplications,andaredefinitelynotrecommendedforuseinthetransmissionofpowerThereisondifferencebetweenacrossedhelicalgearandahelicalgearuntiltheyaremountedinmeshwitheachother.Theyaremanufacturedinthesameway.Apairofmeshedcrossedhelicalgearsusuallyhavethesamehand；thatis,aright-handdrivergoeswitharight-handdriven.Inthedesignofcrossed-helicalgears,theminimumslidingvelocityisobtainedwhenthehelixangleareequal.However,whenthehelixanglearenotequal,thegearwiththelargerhelixangleshouldbeusedasthedriverifbothgearshavethesamehandWormgearsaresimilartocrossedhelicalgears.Thepinionorwormhasasmallnumberofteeth,usuallyonetofour,andsincetheycompletelywraparoundthepitchcylindertheyarecalledthreads.Itsmatinggeariscalledawormgear,whichisnotatruehelicalgear.Awormandwormgearareusedtoprovideahighangular-velocityreductionbetweennonintersectingshaftswhichareusuallyatrightangle.Thewormgearisnotahelicalgearbecauseitsfaceismadeconcavetofitthecurvatureoftheworminordertoprovidelinecontactinsteadofpointcontact.However,adisadvantageofwormgearingisthehighslidingvelocitiesacrosstheteeth,thesameaswithcrossedhelicalgearsWormgearingareeithersingleordoubleenveloping.Asingle-envelopinggearingisoneinwhichthegearwrapsaroundorpartiallyenclosestheworm.Agearinginwhicheachelementpartiallyenclosestheotheris,ofcourse,adouble-envelopingwormgearing.Theimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoisthatareacontactexistsbetweentheteethofdoubleenvelopinggearswhileonlylinecontactbetweenthoseofsingle-envelopinggears.Thewormandwormgearofasethavethesamehandofhelixasforcrossedhelicalgears,butthehelixanglesareusuallyquitedifferentThehelixangleonthewormisgenerallyquitelarge,andthatonthegearverysmallBecauseofthis,itisusualtospecifytheleadangleontheworm,whichisthecomplementofthewormhelixangle,andthehelixangleonthegear；thetwoanglesareequalfora90-deg.ShaftangleWhengearsaretobeusedtotransmitmotionbetweenintersectingshaft,someofbevelgearisrequired.Althoughbevelgearareusuallymadeforashaftangleof90deg.Theymaybeproducedforalmostanyshaftangle.Theteethmaybecast,milled,orgenerated.Onlythegeneratedteethmaybeclassedasaccurate.Inatypicalbevelgearmounting,oneofthegearisoftenmountedoutboardofthebearing.Thismeansthatshaftdeflectioncanbemorepronouncedandhaveagreatereffectonthecontactofteeth.Anotherdifficulty,whichoccursinpredictingthestressinbevel-gearteeth,isthefacttheteetharetapered.Straightbevelgearsareeasytodesignandsimpletomanufactureandgiveverygoodresultsinserviceiftheyaremountedaccuratelyandpositively.Asinthecaseofsqurgears,however,theybecomenoisyathighervaluesofthepitch-linevelocityInthesecasesitisoftengooddesignpracticetogotothespiralbevelgear,whichisthebevelcounterpartofthehelicalgear.Asinthecaseofhelicalgears,spiralbevelgearsgiveamuchsmoothertoothactionthanstraightbevelgears,andhenceareusefulwherehighspeedareencountered.Itisfrequentlydesirable,asinthecaseofautomotivedifferentialapplications,tohavegearingsimilartobevelgearsbutwiththeshaftoffset.SuchgearsarecalledhypoidgearsbecausetheirpitchsurfacesarehyperboloidsofrevolutionThetoothactionbetweensuchgearsisacombinationofrollingandslidingalongastraightlineandhasmuchincommonwiththatofwormgearsAshaftisarotatingorstationarymember,usuallyofcircularcrosssection,havingmounteduponitsuchelementsasgears,pulleys,flywheels,cranks,sprockets,andotherpower-transmissionelements.Shaftmaybesubjectedtobending,tension,compression,ortorsionalloads,actingsinglyorincombinationwithoneanother.Whentheyarecombined,onemayexpecttofindbothstaticandfatiguestrengthtobeimportantdesignconsiderations,sinceasingleshaftmaybesubjectedtostaticstresses,completelyreversed,andrepeatedstresses,allactingatthesametimeTheword"shaft"coversnumerousvariations,suchasaxlesandspindles.Anaxleisashaft,witherstationaryorrotating,norsubjectedtotorsionload.Ashirtrotatingshaftisoftencalledaspindle.Wheneitherthelateralorthetorsionaldeflectionofashaftmustbeheldtocloselimits,theshaftmustbesizedonthebasisofdeflectionbeforeanalyzingthestresses.Thereasonforthisisthat,iftheshaftismadestiffenoughsothatthedeflectionisnottoolarge,itisprobablethattheresultingstresseswillbesafe.Butbynomeansshouldthedesignerassumethattheyaresafe；itisalmostalwaysnecessarytocalculatethemsothatheknowstheyarewithinacceptablelimitsWheneverpossible,thepower-transruissionelements,suchasgearsorpullets,shouldbelocatedclosetothesupportingbearings,Thisreducesthebendingmoment,andhencethedeflectionandbendingstress.AlthoughthevonMises-Hencky-Goodmanmethodisdifficulttouseindesignofshaft,itprobablycomesclosesttopredictingactualfailure.Thusitisagoodwayofcheckingashaftthathasalreadybeendesignedorofdiscoveringwhyaparticularshafthasfailedinservice.Furthermore,thereareaconsiderablenumberofshaft-designproblemsinwhichthedimensionareprettywelllimitedbyotherconsiderations,suchasrigidity,anditisonlynecessaryforthedesignertodiscoversomethingaboutthefilletsizes,heat-treatment,andsurfacefinishandwhetherornotshotpeeningisnecessaryinordertoachievetherequiredlifeandreliabilityBecauseofthesimilarityoftheirfunctions,clutchesandbrakesaretreatedtogether.Inasimplifieddynamicrepresentationofafrictionclutch,orbraketwoinertias11and12travelingattherespectiveangularvelocitiesWlandW2,oneofwhichmaybezerointhecaseofbrake,aretobebroughttothesamespeedbyengagingtheclutchorbrake.Slippageoccursbecausethetwoelementsarerunningatdifferentspeedsandenergyisdissipatedduringactuation,resultinginatemperaturerise.Inanalyzingtheperformanceofthesedevicesweshallbeinterestedintheactuatingforce,thetorquetransmitted,theenergylossandthetemperaturerise.Thetorquetransmittedisrelatedtotheactuatingforce,thecoefficientoffriction,andthegeometryoftheclutchorbrake.Thisisprobleminstatic,whichwillhavetobestudiedseparatelyforeathgeometricconfiguration.However,temperatureriseisrelatedtoenergylossandcanbestudiedwithoutregardtothetypeofbrakeorclutchbecausethegeometryofinterestistheheat-dissipatingsurfaces.Thevarioustypesofclutchesandbrakesmaybeclassifiedasfllows1.Rimtypewithinternallyexpandingshoes2.Rimtypewithexternallycontractingshoes3。Bandtype4.Diskoraxialtype5Conetype6.MiscellaneoustypeTheanalysisofalltypeoffrictionclutchesandbrakesusethesamegeneralprocedure.Thefollowingsteparenecessary1.Assumeordeterminethedistributionofpressureonthefrictionalsurfaces2.Findarelationbetweenthemaximumpressureandthepressureatanypoint3.Applytheconditionofstaticalequilibriumtofind(a)theactuatingforce,(b)thetorque,and(c)thesupportreactionsMiscellaneousclutchesincludeseveraltypes,suchasthepositive-contactclutches,overload-releaseclutches,overrunningclutches,magneticfluidclutches,andothers.Apositive-contactclutchconsistsofashiftleverandtwojaws.Thegreatestdifferencesbetweenthevarioustypesofpositiveclutchesareconcernedwiththedesignofthejaws.Toprovidealongerperiodoftimeforshiftactionduringengagement,thejawsmayberatchet-shaped,orgear-tooth-shaped.Sometimesagreatmanyteethorjawsareused,andtheymaybecuteithercircumferentially,sothattheyengagebycylindricalmating,oronthefacesofthematingelementsAlthoughpositiveclutchesarenotusedtotheextentofthefrictional-contacttype,theydohaveimportantapplicationswheresynchronousoperationisrequiredDevicessuchaslineardrivesormotor-operatedscrewdriversmustruntodefinitelimitandthencometoastop.Anoverload-releasetypeofclutchisrequiredfortheseapplications.Theseclutchesareusuallyspring-loadedsoastoreleaseatapredeterminedtoque.TheclickingsoundwhichisheardwhentheoverloadpointisreachedisconsideredtobeadesirablesignalAnoverrunningclutchorcouplingpermitsthedrivenmemberofamachineto"freewheel"or"overrun"becausethedriverisstoppedorbecauseanothersourceofpowerincreasethespeedofthedriven.Thistypeofclutchusuallyusesrollersorballsmountedbetweenanoutersleeveandaninnermemberhavingflatsmachinedaroundtheperiphery.Drivingactionisobtainedbywedgingtherollersbetweenthesleeveandtheflats.TheclutchisthereforeequivalenttoapawlandratchetwithaninfinitenumberofteethMagneticfluidclutchorbrakeisarelativelynewdevelopmentwhichhastwoparallelmagneticplates.Betweentheseplatesisalubricatedmagneticpowdermixture.Anelectromagneticcoilisinsertedsomewhereinthemagneticcircuit.Byvaryingtheexcitationtothiscoil,theshearingstrengthofthemagneticfluidmixturemaybeaccuratelycontrolled.ThusanyconditionfromafullsliptoafrozenlockupmaybeobtainedIntroducitonofMachiningHaveashapeasaprocessingmethod,allmachiningprocessfortheproductionofthemostcommonlyusedandmostimportantmethod.Machiningprocessisaprocessgeneratedshape,inthisprocess,Driversdeviceontheworkpiecematerialtobeintheformofchipremoval.Althoughinsomeoccasions,theworkpieceundernocircumstances,theuseofmobileequipmenttotheprocessing,However,themajorityofthemachiningisnotonlysupportingtheworkpiecealsosupportingtoolsandequipmenttocomplete.Machiningknowtheprocesshastwoaspects.Smallgroupoflow-costproduction.Forcasting,forgingandmachiningpressure,everyproductionofaspecificshapeoftheworkpiece,evenaspareparts,almosthavetospendthehighcostofprocessing.Weldingtorelyontheshapeofthestructure,toalargeextent,dependoneffectiveintheformofrawmaterials.Ingeneral,throughtheuseofexpensiveequipmentandwithoutspecialprocessingconditions,canbealmostanytypeofrawmaterials,mechanicalprocessingtoconverttherawmaterialsprocessedintothearbitraryshapeofthestructure,aslongastheexternaldimensionslargeenough,itispossible.Becauseofaproductionofspareparts,evenwhenthepartsandstructureoftheproductionbatchsizesaresuitablefortheoriginalcasting,Forgingorpressureprocessingtoproduce,butusuallyprefermachiningStrictprecisionandgoodsurfacefinish,MachiningthesecondpurposeistheestablishmentofthehighprecisionandsurfacefinishpossibleonthebasisofManyparts,ifanyothermeansofproductionbelongingtothelargescaleproduction,WellMachiningisalow-toleranceandcanmeettherequirementsofsmallbatchproduction.Besides,manypartsontheproductionandprocessingofcoarseprocesstoimproveitsgeneralshapeofthesurface.Itisonlynecessaryprecisionandchooseonlythesurfacemachining.Forinstance,thread,inadditiontomechanicalprocessing,almostnootherprocessingmethodforprocessing.Anotherexampleistheblacksmithpieceskeyholeprocessing,aswellastrainingtobeconductedimmediatelyafterthemechanicalcompletionoftheprocessing.PrimaryCuttingParametersCuttingtheworkpieceandtoolbasedonthebasicrelationshipbetweenthefollowingfourelementstofullydescribe:thetoolgeometry,cuttingspeed,feedrate,depthandpenetrationofacuttingtool.CuttingToolsmustbeofasuitablematerialtomanufacture,itmustbestrong,toughhardandwear-resistant.Toolgeometry-tothetipplaneandcutteranglecharacteristics-foreachcuttingprocessmustbecorrect.Cuttingspeedisthecuttingedgeofworkpiecesurfacerate,itisinchesperminutetoshow.Inordertoeffectivelyprocessing,andcuttingspeedmust