英语四六级翻译_translation （3）

大学英语四六级考试之翻译,阅卷统计显示，有相当一部分考生在词汇方面并没有多大障碍，但却仍然没能写出准确地道的译文，究其原因，主要有以下几点：这些考生只注重汉语意思的表达，而没有明白题目考查的重点；忽略了整个句子的结构和语法需要，单从句子的汉语意思出发；忽略了英语的表达习惯，只按照汉语的顺序直译出来。 针对以上问题，考生除了掌握必要的词汇以外，还要了解一些实用有效的避错秘诀，才能使自己的译文更加准确地道，最终博得高分。,一、首先要明确考查要点,每道汉译英题都有其考查重点，下笔翻译前要通读整个句子，思索该句子的考查重点是什么，明确出题人的意图之后再进行有针对性地翻译，这样才能写出准确地道的译文。,【例1】   （07-6-82）,82. The auto manufacturers found themselves _（正在同外国公司竞争市场的份额）. 【答案】competing against foreign companies for market share,【解析】本题考查现在分词作宾补用法的掌握。明确了这一考查要点，就可以很容易给出正确的译文。表示“与竞争”一般用compete against表达，注意介词against的用法。,二 理清句子结构再下笔,由于是补全句子，所以所给译文不仅要清楚地表达出括号内汉语的意思，还必须符合整个句子的结构需要，因此，在下笔翻译前考生要判断该句是简单句还是复杂句，分清句子的主干和修饰成分，然后根据结构需要给出正确的译文。,【例2】 （07-6-83）,83. Only in the small town _（他才感到安全和放松）. 【答案】can he feel safe and relaxed,【解析】本题考查倒装结构的掌握。当“only状语成份”位于句首时，句子结构要求部分倒装，故将情态动词can提到主语he的前面。如果在翻译之前没有理清句子结构，则很容易将本句译成正常语序。,三、不要受汉语语序影响,英语和汉语在语序的安排上存在很大差别，考生平时要注意培养英语的逻辑思维，汉译英时不要一味地按照汉语的顺序生搬硬套，要根据英语的语言习惯正确安排语序。,【例3】,Nobody thinks it advisable that the government  _（停止那条公路的建设）. 【答案】(should) stop the construction of the road,【解析】本题考查对虚拟语气的掌握。advisable意为“可取的”，与其连用的名词性从句中的谓语动词要用should do的形式，should常省。翻译本题时要注意根据英文表达习惯调整语序，如果按照汉语的语序直接译成stop the roads construction就不符合英文的表达习惯。,四、用词要简洁规范,汉译英时用词要简洁，译文以表达清楚为宗旨，译文中多余的词不但不能增强语言的表现力，反而使语言显得累赘，使表达显得不够清晰，因此汉译英时要尽量避免重复啰嗦。另外，用词要规范，尽量使用书面语言，避免使用成语、俚语和过于生僻的词语，也不要堆砌华丽的辞藻。,【例4】 （新06-12-75）,75. I prefer to communicate with my customers _（通过写电子邮件而不是打电话）. 【答案】via / by email instead of telephone,【解析】本题考查对介词by或via以及短语instead of用法的掌握。表示通过某种方式，可以用by或via；表示“代替，而不是” 常用介词短语instead of。需要注意的是，汉语中虽然有“写”和“打”，但按照英语习惯可不必将其译出，如果译成by writing email instead of making a telephone，不但不会更加准确地表达出汉语意思，反而会使表达显得累赘而且不够地道。,五、用词要准确贴切,汉译英时用词除了要简洁规范以外，还要能够准确贴切地表达出所给汉语的意思。考生在翻译某个汉语词汇时，往往在脑子会浮现出不止一个英文单词，但是一般来说，这些英文单词中只有一个是最符合此处的表达需要的，这就要求考生结合语境进行反复斟酌，从而选择出最能够准确贴切地表达出此处汉语意思的词汇。,【例5】,Human behavior is mostly a product of learning _ (然而，动物的行为主要依靠本能). 【答案】while animal behavior depends mainly on instinct /whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on instinct,【解析】本题考查对表示对比或相反情况的连接词的掌握。while或whereas都可以作为连词，表示前后的一种对比或相反的情况，意为"然而"。注意此处不要用however，尽管however也可以译成汉语的“然而”，但however表示的是一种强烈的转折关系，而不能强调前后情况的对比。,六、结合全句进行核查,翻译完成后，要通读全句，进行全面核查，这是不可缺少的一个重要环节，主要涉及以下几项内容：标点符号、大小写、单复数使用是否正确；译文与汉语是否完全对应，是否有多译或漏译单词的情况；译文时态与已给出的英文部分的时态是否一致、与所给汉语时态是否一致；译文与已给出的英文部分连在一起是否通顺、是否符合英语表达习惯。,七、注意合理分配时间,由于汉译英只有5分钟的时间，所以要合理分配各题时间，切忌在某一题上花费太长的时间，而最后耽误了其他几道题的翻译，或是最后由于时间紧张而出现单词拼写、单复数、大小写、标点等方面的失误。平时训练时，要注意控制时间，培养良好的翻译习惯。,评分原则及标准,1. 整体内容和语言均正确，得1分。2. 结构正确，但整体意思不确切、信息不全或用词不当，得0.5分。3. 整体意思正确但语言有错误，得0.5分。4. 整体意思完全错误，即使结构正确也不得分。5. 大小写错误及标点符号忽略不计。,解题思路,1, 首先根据语法判断待译部分在句中的功能，结构及形式，即在句中充当什么成分,用动宾短语,介宾短语还是名词性短语,是否要用从句,是否要倒装等2, 注意选词应尽量贴切,尤其要注意搭配是否正确,不要混用近义词和形近词.3, 翻译完成后再次通读句子，检查有无拼写,用词,语法或逻辑错误，检查句子(整句)是否完整，主谓是否一致,代词和名词是否一致,是否遗漏了结构词,介词等,并进行必要的修改和润色.,种常考语法要点归纳,. 比较结构1). On average, it is said, visitors spend only_ （一半的钱）in a day in Leeds as in London. 2)Americans eat_（两倍）protein as they actually need every day. 3) The number of the students in this city has _ (增加了6倍) in comparison with 2001.,half as much money,twice as much,increased 6 times,.用于表示“与相比”的短语Your losses in trade this year are nothing_（与我的相比）2) Since my childhood I have found that _( 没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力 ) 3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness so such_（而是他缺乏天分）,compared with mine/ in comparison with mine,nothing is more attractive to me than reading,as by his lack of talent,.状语从句包括： as though   即使 hardly/barely/scarcelywhen  一就  Hardly had we sat down at the table, when the phone rang.  no soonerthan    一就       No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang. now that    既然，由于        so that 结果/以致in that      因为，由于In case that/ for fear that/ lest   以防，万一，以免Unless     除非（才）  until 直到才Whetheror     不管是还是  as long as 只要   even if/though 虽然/即使,Examples:1)._（家也许很简陋）, theres no place like home, wherever he may go. 2)._（我们一到山顶）than we all sat down to rest. 3)._(既然你很熟悉作者的想法), try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can.4).Criticism and self-criticism is necessary _(由于他们能帮助我们找出和改正错误),Humble as it may be,in that it helps to find and correct our mistakes,Now that you are familiar with the authors ideas,No sooner had we reached the top of the hill,5） Give me your telephone number _(以备我需要你的帮助) 6）_（政府才能有效运行） unless it is free from such interference.7） The substance does not dissolve in water _（不管是否加热）8）_(要不是你们的帮助）,we would not  have succeeded.,in case I need your help,Government cannot operate effectively,whether (it is) heated or not,If it hadnt been for your help,.名词性从句  (主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句及同位语从句）1) In some countries, _（所谓的平等）does not really mean equal rights for all people. 2) _ （给我印象最深的） were her liveliness and sense of humor. 3）We couldnt _（就该怎么办达成一致）4) This is _ （鲁迅曾经住过的地方）,what is called “equality”,What impressed me most,agree on what should be done,where Lu Xun used to live,. 定语从句1) A good many proposals were raised by the delegates,_(正如预料的那样).2)The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _（正如经常发生在其他国家的情形一样）3) Im not accustomed to such luxury, _ (它简直是浪费钱).,as was to be expected,as is often the case in other countries,which is just a waste of money,分句关系代词只能用that，而不能用which的主要情况1）当先行词是all, anything, everything, nothing, something, few, little, much, none, 等不定代词时2）当先行词被序数词(the first, the second) 或形容词最高级所修饰时3）当先行词被the very, the only等词修饰时4） 当先行词是人而且有only, all, any等限定词时，其后用作分句主语的关系代词通常用 that (Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.),.虚拟语气）用于以下动词之后的 that 分句当中，分句动词用原型或者是should +原型   (order, command, demand, insist, maintain, request, require, ask, recommend, propose, suggest, move, desire, etc) ）以下形容词用于 It is +adj. +that 结构中，从句动词用原型或者是should +原型(advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fundamental, imperative, obligatory, important, necessary, proper, urgent, vital, proper,)3) 用在以下名词之后的that 分句当中，分句动词用原型或者是should +原型（decision, decree(法令，判决)，demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution, a pity, a shame, no wonder that,4）用于宾语从句中  wish5）用于某些特定结构中, 如   If only,     as though/if,   It is (high) time that  是时候做某事了 （Its time you went to bed.）    would rather+从句 -would rather后接句子时，句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气，具体用法为：    A.一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望， 如     Id rather you came next Saturday.          我宁愿你下星期六来。     Id rather you were happy. 我愿你快乐。    B.用过去完成时表过去的愿望， 如      Id rather you hadnt said it.         我真希望你没有这样说过。      Id rather you hadnt done that.          我宁愿你没这样做。,1) The professor required that _（我们交研究报告）2) It is highly desirable that a new president_（被任命） for this college.3)Some women _(本来能够挣一份很好的工资) in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.,we hand in our research reports,be appointed,could have made a good salary,4) But for his help, I _(我不可能这么早完成) 5)The victim _( 本来有机会活下来 ) if he had been taken to hospital in time .6) Its time_(采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.,would not have finished so early,would have survived,something was done/some measures were taken,.倒装结构）表示否定或限定意义的词或短语位于句首时a. seldom, rarely, never;      b. Hardly/Scarcely  when, No sooner  than;      c. 包含only的状语出现在句首;      d.当包含no的短语出现在句首, at no time, under no circumstances, in no way, on no account, on no condition, by no means, etc.）so, neither, nor引导的句子承前表示同类情况时）地点状语位于句首，动词是come, lie, stand, walk等,1) Not until the game had begun _（他才到达）the sports around.2) If you wont agree to our plan,_(他们也不会同意).3) He had understood nothing, _ (也没尝试着去) understand. 4) Only after I slapped him on the back _( 他才发现我并高兴得叫起来 ).,did he arrive at,neither will they,nor did he try to,did he notice me and shouted with happiness,.并列成分    and,    or,   nor,   but,    not but,        both and,    than,        not only but (also),         either or ,   neither nor      rather than  而不是 （instead of）I think Ill have a cold drink rather than coffee.    other than   (常用于否定句) 除以外（except）Ill be going away in June but other than that Ill be here all summer.,1) In fact, Peter would rather have left for San Francisco_ （而不愿待在纽约）2)In no country_ （除了在英国）, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.3)_（这两本书都不认为）the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.    neither of后接复数名词或代词，动词用单数和复数都可以，复数动词较正式。either or 亦同。,than stayed in New York,other than Britain,Neither of the two books hold,种常考词汇要点归纳,A. 接不定式或动名词的动词及短语以下单词或词组后接动名词 ing     anticipate,   appreciate,   consider,   deny,   dislike,   enjoy, favor,   mind,   practise,   report,   resent,   risk,   keep, imagine/fancy,   recall,   defend, ,   include，   involve, justify（证明正确；对 解释）, advise/suggest,   confess,       admit / acknowledge,      delay, postpone, put off,      excuse / forgive,    miss,     escape,   avoid,  tolerate,   resist,     give up,      dream of / about,  despair of （对丧失信心，感到绝望）,     object to,  feel like (想做某事),    count on （依靠, 指望）,  succeed in, insist on,     stick to,   persist in （坚持做某事）,   persevere in （坚持）,    look forward to, have (no) trouble / difficulty) in,以下单词或词组后接不定式 to do    refuse,   afford,   agree,   choose,   claim,   manage,   offer,   pretend,   promise,     swear to do (发誓，承诺去做某事), venture to do (小心谨慎地去做某事),                   guarantee to do保证去做某事,   decide/determine/resolve to do (决心去做某事),   desire/hope/wish,    expect,   以下单词或词组后接不定式 to do. 但是 to 省略   had better do   cannot but  do   may/might as well do  不妨做某事   would rather/sooner     ,1)Mr. Johnson preferred_. （别人给他重活干）2)She would appreciate_（收到来信）you sometime.3) I used _（以前抽烟抽得很凶）, but I gave it up three years ago.4) If you dont like to swim, you _（不妨待在家里）,to be given heavier work to do,hearing from,to smoke heavily,may as well stay at home,B.表因果关系的动词词组  lead to/result in  give rise to   使发生 The novels success gave rise to a number of sequels. 这部小说的成功带来就系列的续篇。  result from/arise from  originate in/from  be responsible for,.常用短语 与动词有关take  into account/consideration    把考虑在内;   accuse sb of (doing) sth    因为某事控告/谴责某人; charge sb with sth     因为某事控告/谴责某人;             charge sb (money) for sth     收费，要价;               benefit by/from sth     得益于，得利于;               comment on sth / make comments on sth  对作评论;                                                                        concentrate (ones attention) on/upon  集中注意力于; focus on (doing) sth集中注意力于;,convince sb. of sth.    使确信，使信服 You need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job. 你要使他们相信你殷切希望得到这份工作。come/go into effect     生效;开始实施 New control come into effect next month. 下月开始实施新的管制措施take effect 开始起作用;见效; 生效;开始实施 The aspirins soon take effect. 阿司匹林药片见效快be entitled to (doing) sth   有资格/权利去做某事 You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65. 你到65岁就有资格享受养老金。)find fault with  批评,catch a glimpse of sth/sb看了一眼He caught a glimpse of her in the crowd. 他一眼瞥见她在人群里 inform sb of/about sth知会某人某事Please inform us of any changes of address. 地址若有变动请随时通知我们be/get involved in sth参与keep/hold pace (with)  与并驾齐驱，步调一致make sense   有意义，讲得通，合乎情理  It makes sense to do sthspend (time, money.) on sth / in doing sth 花时间/金钱在某事上have access to     有机会、权利、途径 Students must have access to good resources. 学生必须有机会使用好的信息资源,与形容词有关be accustomed /used to (doing) sth    习惯于 be ashamed of     对.感到羞愧be (well/fully) aware of    完全明白，意识到 be committed to    尽心尽力的; 忠诚于的be composed of     由构成be concerned about    担心的，忧虑的 be concerned with      关切的，关注的 be conscious of      意识到，注意到 be consistent with      与一致的，相符的,be content with     对感到满意 be critical of      对批评的，挑剔的(sb.) be familiar with (sth)    对熟悉 I am familiar with the voice. (sth./sb.)be familiar to (sb.)     对熟悉 The voice seems to be familiar to mebe ignorant of/about     对某事不了解，无知 Hes completely ignorant about modern technology. 他对现代科技一无所知be jealous of sb/sth    嫉妒,feel/be nervous about/of     因而紧张，焦虑，担忧be optimistic about    对感到乐观be relevant to     与紧密相关，切题的be sensitive to     对敏感的，体贴的，易生气的 be similar to     与相似be uneasy about/at sth      对感到不自在，担心be inferior to   比不上; 劣于  This model is technically inferior to its competitors. 这一款式在技术上比不上它的竞争者be superior to  占优势; 更胜一酬 This model is technically superior to its competitors. 这一款式在技术上超过了它的竞争者,介词词组on behalf of / on sbs behalf  代表某人 I would   like to thank you all on behalf of the teamin behalf of    为帮助某人 We collected money in behalf of the homeless. 我们为帮助无家可归者募捐。 in case  以防万一  Youd better take the keys in case Im out. 你最好带上钥匙以防我不在家。in case of   如果，假使   In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 如遇火险，即按警铃。)in charge of （或 take charge of） 主管，掌管   He has been in charge of the farm since his father passed away.,be in (out of) contact with    与有联系/失去联系 to a certain extent     在某种程度上 To some extent what she argues is true. 她的话在某种程度上是符合事实的。in favor of     赞同，支持 ; 看中，选择 He argues in favor of a stike. 他据理力争主张罢工。 He abandoned teaching in favor of a career as a musician. 他弃教从事音乐In support of     支持 He argues in support of a stike. 他据理力争主张罢工。in honor of    为纪念; 向表示敬意 This ceremony was held in honor of those killed in the explosion. 举行这个仪式来纪念爆炸中的死难者。,in particular   尤其，格外；特殊的，专门的He loves science fiction in particular. 他特别喜爱科幻小说。 She directed the question at no one in particular. 她的问题没有针对任何个人。on the point of    在 的时刻，关头  We were on the point of giving up. 我们当时几乎要放弃了。)to the point of 达到某种程度，近乎  He was rude to the point of being aggressive. 他粗鲁到蛮不讲理的地步。on purpose     故意地 for the sake of   为了的缘故；为获得某物   They stayed together for the sake of the children. 为了孩子，他们还待在一起。 She gave up smoking for the sake of her health. 为保持身体健康，她戒了烟。,in case      以防万一in case of     如果，假使in any case   无论如何，总之 in no case      决不，无论如何不 in the case of     就来说；至于 in this case       既然是这样 ,名词词组     a heart attack;        a tourist attraction （景点）;                                 heavy rain/snow/traffic;   opening/closing/degree/graduation ceremony;          severe punishment/pain/injuries/drought/storm    a case in point（一个恰当的例子; 明证） ;,历年真题解析 -2006.6,1. Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble _(找到去历史博物馆的路).  （finding the way to the history museum)关键采分点之一必然是看在答案中是否使用了动名词形式 2. _(为了挣钱供我上学)， Mother often takes on more work than is good for her.   (In order to to finance my education)动词的选择， 还可用raise money, support ，afford3. The professor required that _(我们交研究报告)。   (we hand in our research reports) 句型：虚拟语气require that sb. (should) do sth.,4. The more you explain, _(我愈糊涂).    (the more confused I am)掌握the more, the more 句型 ；另外confused的使用5. Though a skilled worker, _(他被公司解雇了).   (he was fired by the company )让步状语从句 ；关键采分点之一是看考生是否掌握though引导让步状语从句时，主句不应有but存在。,历年真题解析 -2006.12,1)Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to _(适应不同文化中的生活)    (adjust/adapt to life in a different culture    或者     adapt to living in different cultures)注意adapt to 后接动名词2)Since my childhood I have fond that _(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)   (nothing attracts me more than reading   或者    nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading ) "Nothing is morethan"和"Nothing is soas"都具有最高级比较的意思，指“没有比更”。,3)The victim _来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time. （would have had a chance of surviving; would have survived ）虚拟语气4)Some psychologists claim that people_(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)（are likely to/may/might feel lonely when (they are) away from home）5)The nations population continues to rise _(以每年1200万人的速度)（at a rate of 12 million per/a/each year ;    at the rate of 12 million people annually;     at an annual rate of 12,000,000;   by 12 million yearly） at a speed of (以的速度)；其二是数字1200万人的表达，也就是12个百万12 million 而million后面加上多余的复数s则是很多同学容易出现的错误。,历年真题解析 -2007.6,1) The finding of this study failed to_(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内)（take people's sleep quality into account ） take into account/consideration2) The prevention and treatment of AIDS is_（我们可以合作的领域）（the field (where) we can cooperate / the field in which we can cooperate）定语从句,3) Because of the leg injury, the athlete_(决定退出比赛）   （decided to quit the match） decide to do sth.;另外quit 的使用4) To make donations or for more information, please_（按以下地址和我们联系）（contact us at the following address） contact的用法5) Please come here at ten tomorrow morning_（如果你方便的话） （if it is convenient for you / at your convenience）,历年真题解析 -2007.12,1_（ 多亏了一系列的发明），doctors can treat this disease successfully. （Thanks to a series of new inventions ）2. In my sixties, one change I notice is that _(我比以前更容易累了).（I am more inclined to get tired than before ）3.Im going to pursue this course, _(无论我要做出什么样的牺牲) （no matter what kind of sacrifice I will make ）,4.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because_(它更加方便和省时)（the former is more convenient and time-saving ）5.Many Americans live on credi