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1WECANBEGINOURDISCUSSIONOF“POPULATIONASGLOBALISSUE”WITHWHATMOSTPERSONSMEANWHENTHEYDISCUSS“THEPOPULATIONPROBLEM”TOOMANYPEOPLEONEARTHANDATOORAPIDINCREASEINTHENUMBERADDEDEACHYEARTHEFACTSARENOTINDISPUTE,ITWASQUITERIGHTTOEMPLOYTHEANALOGYTHATLIKENEDDEMOGRAPHICGROWTHTO“ALONG,THINPOWDERFUSETHATBURNSSTEADILYANDHALTINGLYUNTILITFINALLYREACHESTHECHARGEANDEXPLODES”TOUNDERSTANDTHECURRENTSITUATION,WHICHISCHARACTERIZEDBYRAPIDINCREASESINPOPULATION,ITISNECESSARYTOUNDERSTANDTHEHISTORYOFPOPULATIONTRENDSRAPIDGROWTHISACOMPARATIVELYRECENTPHENOMENONLOOKINGBACKATTHE8,000YEARSOFDEMOGRAPHICHISTORY,WEFINDTHATPOPULATIONSHAVEBEENVIRTUALLYSTABLEORGROWINGVERYSLIGHTLYFORMOSTOFHUMANHISTORYFORMOSTOFOURANCESTORS,LIFEWASHARD,OFTENNASTY,ANDVERYSHORTTHEREWASHIGHFERTILITYINMOSTPLACES,BUTTHISWASUSUALLYBALANCEDBYHIGHMORTALITYFORMOSTOFHUMANHISTORY,ITWASSELDOMTHECASETHATONEINTENPERSONSWOULDLIVEPASTFORTY,WHILEINFANCYANDCHILDHOODWEREESPECIALLYRISKYPERIODSOFTEN,SOCIETIESWEREINCLEARDANGEROFEXTINCTIONBECAUSEDEATHRATESCOULDEXCEEDTHEIRBIRTHRATESTHUS,THEPOPULATIONPROBLEMTHROUGHOUTMOSTOFHISTORYWASHOWTOPREVENTEXTINCTIONOFTHEHUMANRACETHISPATTERNISIMPORTANTTONOTICENOTONLYDOESITPUTTHECURRENTPROBLEMSOFDEMOGRAPHICGROWTHINTOAHISTORICALPERSPECTIVE,BUTITSUGGESTSTHATTHECAUSEOFRAPIDINCREASEINPOPULATIONINRECENTYEARSISNOTASUDDENENTHUSIASMFORMORECHILDREN,BUTANIMPROVEMENTINTHECONDITIONSTHATTRADITIONALLYHAVECAUSEDHIGHMORTALITYDEMOGRAPHICHISTORYCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOMAJORPERIODSATIMEOFLONG,SLOWGROWTHWHICHEXTENDEDFROMABOUT8,000BCTILLAPPROXIMATELYAD1650INTHEFIRSTPERIODOFSOME9600YEARS,THEPOPULATIONINCREASEDFROMSOME8MILLIONTO500MILLIONIN1650BETWEEN1650ANDTHEPRESENT,THEPOPULATIONHASINCREASEDFROM500MILLIONTOMORETHAN4BILLIONANDITISESTIMATEDTHATBYTHEYEAR2000THEREWILLBE62BILLIONPEOPLETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDONEWAYTOAPPRECIATETHISDRAMATICDIFFERENCEINSUCHABSTRACTNUMBERSISTOREDUCETHETIMEFRAMETOSOMETHINGTHATISMOREMANAGEABLEBETWEEN8000BCAND1650,ANAVERAGEOFONLY50,000PERSONSWASBEINGADDEDANNUALLYTOTHEWORLDSPOPULATIONEACHYEARATPRESENT,THISNUMBERISADDEDEVERYSIXHOURSTHEINCREASEISABOUT80,000,000PERSONSANNUALLY1WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGDEMOGRAPHICGROWTHPATTERNISMOSTSUITABLEFORTHELONGTHINPOWDERFUSEANALOGYAAVIRTUALLYSTABLEORSLIGHTLYDECREASINGPERIODANDTHENASUDDENEXPLOSIONOFPOPULATIONBASLOWGROWTHFORALONGTIMEANDTHENAPERIODOFRAPID,DRAMATICINCREASECTOOMANYPEOPLEONEARTHANDAFEWRAPIDINCREASEINTHENUMBERADDEDEACHYEARDALONGPERIODWHENDEATHRATESEXCEEDSBIRTHRATESANDTHENASHORTPERIODWITHHIGHERFERTILITYANDLOWERMORTALITY2DURINGTHEFIRSTPERIODOFDEMOGRAPHICHISTORY,SOCIETIESWEREOFTENINDANGEROFEXTINCTIONBECAUSE_AONLYONEINTENPERSONSCOULDLIVEPAST40BTHEREWASHIGHERMORTALITYTHANFERTILITYINMOSTPLACESCITWASTOODANGEROUSTOHAVEBABIESDUETOTHEPOORCONDITIONSDOURANCESTORSHADLITTLEENTHUSIASMFORMORECHILDREN3WHICHSTATEMENTISTRUEABOUTPOPULATIONINCREASEATHEREMIGHTBEANINCREASEOF22BILLIONPERSONSFROMNOWTOTHEYEAR2000BABOUT50,000BABIESAREBORNEVERYSIXHOURSATPRESENTCBETWEEN8000BCANDTHEPRESENT,THEPOPULATIONINCREASEISABOUT80,000,000PERSONSEACHYEARDTHEPOPULATIONINCREASEDFASTERBETWEEN8000BCAND1650THANBETWEEN1650ANDTHEPRESENT4THEAUTHOROFTHEPASSAGEINTENDSTO_AWARNPEOPLEAGAINSTTHEPOPULATIONEXPLOSIONINTHENEARFUTUREBCOMPARETHEDEMOGRAPHICGROWTHPATTERNINTHEPASTWITHTHATAFTER1650CFINDOUTTHECAUSEFORRAPIDINCREASEINPOPULATIONINRECENTYEARSDPRESENTUSACLEARANDCOMPLETEPICTUREOFTHEDEMOGRAPHICGROWTH5THEWORD“DEMOGRAPHIC”INTHEFIRSTPARAGRAPHMEANS_ASTATISTICSOFHUMANBSURROUNDINGSSTUDYCACCUMULATIONOFHUMANDDEVELOPMENTOFHUMAN答案ABADA2MOSTOFUSARETAUGHTTOPAYATTENTIONTOWHATISSAIDTHEWORDSWORDSDOPROVIDEUSWITHSOMEINFORMATION,BUTMEANINGSAREDERIVEDFROMSOMANYOTHERSOURCESTHATITWOULDHINDEROUREFFECTIVENESSASAPARTNERTOARELATIONSHIPTORELYTOOHEAVILYONWORDSALONEWORDSAREUSEDTODESCRIBEONLYASMALLPARTOFTHEMANYIDEASWEASSOCIATEWITHANYGIVENMESSAGESOMETIMESWECANGAININSIGHTINTOSOMEOFTHOSEASSOCIATIONSIFWELISTENFORMORETHANWORDSWEDONTALWAYSSAYWHATWEMEANORMEANWHATWESAYSOMETIMESOURWORDSDONTMEANANYTHINGEXCEPT“IMLETTINGOFFSOMESTEAMIDONTREALLYWANTYOUTOPAYCLOSEATTENTIONTOWHATIMSAYINGJUSTPAYATTENTIONTOWHATIMFEELING”MOSTLYWEMEANSEVERALTHINGSATONCEAPERSONWANTINGTOPURCHASEAHOUSESAYSTOTHECURRENTOWNER,“THISSTEPHASTOBEFIXEDBEFOREILLBUY”THEOWNERSAYS,“ITSBEENLIKETHATFORYEARS”ACTUALLY,THESTEPHASNTBEENLIKETHATFORYEARS,BUTTHEUNSPOKENMESSAGEIS“IDONTWANTTOFIXITWEPUTUPWITHITWHYCANTYOU”THESEARCHFORAMOREEXPANSIVEVIEWOFMEANINGCANBEDEVELOPEDOFEXAMININGAMESSAGEINTERMSOFWHOSAIDIT,WHENITOCCURRED,THERELATEDCONDITIONSORSITUATION,ANDHOWITWASSAIDWHENAMESSAGEOCCURSCANALSOREVEALASSOCIATEDMEANINGLETUSASSUMETWOCOUPLESDOEXACTLYTHESAMEAMOUNTOFKISSINGANDARGUINGBUTONECOUPLEALWAYSKISSESAFTERANARGUMENTANDTHEOTHERCOUPLEALWAYSARGUESAFTERAKISSTHEORDERINGOFTHEBEHAVIORSMAYMEANAGREATDEALMORETHANTHEFREQUENCYOFTHEBEHAVIORAFRIENDSUNUSUALLYDOCILEBEHAVIORMAYONLYBEUNDERSTOODBYNOTINGTHATITWASPRECEDEDBYSITUATIONSTHATREQUIREDANABNORMALAMOUNTOFASSERTIVENESSSOMERESPONSESMAYBEDIRECTLYLINKEDTOADEVELOPINGPATTERNOFRESPONSESANDDEFYLOGICFOREXAMPLE,APERSONWHOSAYS“NO”TOASERIALSOFCHARGESLIKE“YOUREDUMB,”“YOURELAZY,”AND“YOUREDISHONEST,”MAYALSOSAY“NO”ANDTRYTOJUSTIFYHISORHERRESPONSEIFTHENEXTSTATEMENTIS“ANDYOUREGOODLOOKING”WEWOULDDOWELLTOLISTENFORHOWMESSAGESAREPRESENTEDTHEWORDS,“IFSUREHASBEENNICETOHAVEYOUOVER,”CANBESAIDWITHEMPHASISANDEXCITEMENTORRITUALISTICALLYTHEPHRASECANBESAIDONCEORREPEATEDSEVERALTIMESANDTHEMEANINGSWEASSOCIATEWITHTHEPHRASEWILLCHANGEACCORDINGLYSOMETIMESIFWESAYSOMETHINGINFREQUENTLYITASSUMESMOREIMPORTANCESOMETIMESTHEMOREWESAYSOMETHINGTHELESSIMPORTANCEITASSUMES1EFFECTIVECOMMUNICATIONISRENDEREDPOSSIBLEBETWEENTWOCONVERSINGPARTNERS,IF_ATHEYUSEPROPERWORDSTOCARRYTHEIRIDEASBTHEYBOTHSPEAKTRULYOFTHEIROWNFEELINGSCTHEYTRYTOUNDERSTANDEACHOTHERSIDEASBEYONDWORDSDTHEYARECAPABLEOFASSOCIATINGMEANINGWITHTHEIRWORDS2“IMLETTINGOFFSOMESTEAM”INPARAGRAPH1MEANS_AIMJUSTCALLINGYOURATTENTIONBIMJUSTKIDDINGCIMJUSTSAYINGTHEOPPOSITEDIMJUSTGIVINGOFFSOMESOUND3THEHOUSEOWNERSEXAMPLESHOWSTHATHEACTUALLYMEANS_ATHESTEPHASBEENLIKETHATFORYEARSBHEDOESNTTHINKITNECESSARYTOFIXTHESTEPCTHECONDITIONOFTHESTEPISONLYAMINORFAULTDTHECOSTINVOLVEDINTHEFIXINGSHOULDBESHARED4SOMERESPONSESANDBEHAVIORSMAYAPPEARVERYILLOGICAL,BUTAREJUSTIFIABLEIF_ALINKEDTOANABNORMALAMOUNTOFASSERTIVENESSBSEENASONESHABITUALPATTERNOFBEHAVIORCTAKENASPARTOFANORDERINGSEQUENCEDEXPRESSEDTOASERIESOFCHARGES5THEWORD“RITUALISTICALLY”INTHELASTPARAGRAPHEQUALSSOMETHINGDONE_AWITHOUTTRUEINTENTIONBLIGHTHEARTEDLYCINAWAYOFCEREMONYDWITHLESSEMPHASIS答案DBABC3ACONTROVERSYERUPTEDINTHESCIENTIFICCOMMUNITYINEARLY1998OVERTHEUSEOFDNADEOXYRIBONUCLEICACIDFINGERPRINTINGINCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSDNAFINGERPRINTINGWASINTRODUCEDIN1987ASAMETHODTOIDENTIFYINDIVIDUALSBASEDONAPATTERNSEENINTHEIRDNA,THEMOLECULEOFWHICHGENESAREMADEDNAISPRESENTINEVERYCELLOFTHEBODYEXCEPTREDBLOODCELLSDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASBEENUSEDSUCCESSFULLYINVARIOUSWAYS,SUCHASTODETERMINEPATERNITYWHEREITISNOTCLEARWHOTHEFATHEROFAPARTICULARCHILDISHOWEVER,ITISINTHEAREAOFCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSTHATDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASPOTENTIALLYPOWERFULANDCONTROVERSIALUSESDNAFINGERPRINTINGANDOTHERDNAANALYSISTECHNIQUESHAVEREVOLUTIONIZEDCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSBYGIVINGINVESTIGATORSPOWERFULNEWTOOLSINTHEATTEMPTTOTROVEGUILT,NOTJUSTESTABLISHINNOCENCEWHENUSEDINCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS,ADNAFINGERPRINTPATTERNFROMASUSPECTISCOMPAREDWITHADNAFINGERPRINTPATTERNOBTAINEDFROMSUCHMATERIALASHAIRSORBLOODFOUNDATTHESCENEOFACRIMEAMATCHBETWEENTHETWODNASAMPLESCANBEUSEDASEVIDENCETOCONVICTASUSPECTTHECONTROVERSYIN1998STEMMEDFORMAREPORTPUBLISHEDINDECEMBER1991BYPOPULATIONGENETICISTSRICHARDCLEWONTINOFHARVARDUNIVERSITYINCAMBRIDGE,MASS,ANDDANIELLHARTLCALLEDINTOQUESTIONTHEMETHODSTOCALCULATEHOWLIKELYITISTHATAMATCHBETWEENTWODNAFINGERPRINTSMIGHTOCCURBYCHANCEALONEINPARTICULAR,THEYARGUEDTHATTHECURRENTMETHODCANNOTPROPERLYDETERMINETHELIKELIHOODTHATTWODNASAMPLESWILLMATCHBECAUSETHEYCAMEFROMTHESAMEINDIVIDUALRATHERTHANSIMPLYFROMTWODIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSWHOAREMEMBERSOFTHESAMEETHNICGROUPLEWONTINANDHARTLCALLEDFORBETTERSURVEYSOFDNAPATTERNSMETHODSAREADEQUATEINRESPONSETOTHEIRCRITICISMS,POPULATIONGENETICISTSRANAJITCHAKRABORTYOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFTEXASINDALLASANDKENNETHKKIDDOFYALEUNIVERSITYINNEWHAVEN,CONN,ARGUEDTHATENOUGHDATAAREALREADYAVAILABLETOSHOWTHATTHEMETHODSCURRENTLYBEINGUSEDAREADEQUATEINJANUARY1998,HOWEVER,THEFEDERALBUREAUOFINVESTIGATIONANDLABORATORIESTHATCONDUCTDNATESTSANNOUNCEDTHATTHEYWOULDCOLLECTADDITIONALDNASAMPLESFORMVARIOUSETHNICGROUPSINANATTEMPTTORESOLVESOMEOFTHESEQUESTIONSAND,INAPRIL,ANATIONALACADEMYOFSCIENCESCALLEDFORSTRICTSTANDARDSANDSYSTEMOFACCREDITATIONFORDNATESTINGLABORATORIES1BEFOREDNAFINGERPRINTINGISUSED,SUSPECTS_AWOULDHAVETOLEAVETHEIRFINGERPRINTSFORFURTHERINVESTIGATIONSBWOULDHAVETOSUBMITEVIDENCEFORTHEIRINNOCENCECCOULDEASILYESCAPECONVICTIONOFGUILTDCOLDBECONVICTEDOFGUILTASWELL2DNAFINGERPRINTINGCANBEUNRELIABLEWHEN_ATHEMETHODSUSEDFORBLOODCELLCALCULATIONARENOTACCURATEBTWODIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSOFTHESAMEETHNICGROUPMAYHAVETHESAMEDNAFINGERPRINTINGPATTERNCAMATCHISBYCHANCELEFTWITHFINGERPRINTSTHATHAPPENTOBELONGTOTWODIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSDTWODIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSLEAVETWODNASAMPLES3TOGENETICISTSLIKELEWONTINANDHARTL,THECURRENTMETHOD_AISNOTSOCONVINCINGASTOEXCLUDETHELIKELIHOODTHATTWODNASAMPLESCANNEVERCOMEFROMTWOINDIVIDUALSBISARGUABLEBECAUSETWOINDIVIDUALSOFTHESAMEETHNICGROUPARELIKELYTOHAVETHESAMEDNAPATTERNCISNOTBASEDONADEQUATESCIENTIFICTHEORYOFGENETICSDISTHEORETICALLYCONTRADICTORYTOWHATTHEYHAVEBEENSTUDYING4THEATTITUDEOFTHEFEDERALBEREAUOFINVESTIGATIONSHOWSTHAT_AENOUGHDATAAREYETTOBECOLLECTEDFORMVARIOUSETHNICGROUPSTOCONFIRMTHEUNLIKELIHOODOFTWODNASAMPLESCOMINGFROMTWOINDIVIDUALMEMBERSBENOUGHDATAOFDNASAMPLESSHOULDBECOLLECTEDTOCONFIRMTHATONLYDNASAMPLESFORMTHESAMEPERSONCANMATCHCENOUGHDATAAREYETTOBECOLLECTEDFROMVARIOUSETHNICGROUPSTODETERMINETHELIKELIHOODOFTWODIFFERENTDNASAMPLESCOMINGFORMTHESAMEPERSONDADDITIONALSAMPLESFROMVARIOUSETHNICGROUPSSHOULDBECOLLECTEDTODETERMINETHATTWODNASAMPLESAREUNLIKELYTOCOMEFROMTHESAMEPERSON5NATIONALACADEMYOFSCIENCESHOLDSTHESTANCETHAT_ADNATESTINGSHOULDBESYSTEMATIZEDBONLYAUTHORIZEDLABORATORIESCANCONDUCTDNATESTINGCTHEACADEMYONLYISAUTHORIZEDTOWORKOUTSTANDARDSFORTESTINGDTHEACADEMYHASTHERIGHTTOACCREDITLABORATORIESFORDNATESTING答案CBABB4RACKET,DINCLAMOR,NOISE,WHATEVERYOUWANTTOCALLIT,UNWANTEDSOUNDISAMERICASMOSTWIDESPR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