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1附录一（英文）ISHEARERLOADERSFORLONGWALLMININGINEUROPE，LONGWALLMININGISCOMPREHENSIVELYMECHANIZEDBYTHEALMOSTEXCLUSIVEUSEOFSHEARERLOADERSANDPLOUGHSINTHEFEDERALREPUBLICOFGERMANYPLOUGHINGHASBEENAPPLIEDTOAGREATEREXTENTTHANINOTHERCOUTRIESINSPITEOFTHIS，THEPROPORTIONOFCOALEXTRACTEDBYSHEARERLOADERSISSTEADILYINCREASINGITACCOUNTEDFOR36PERCENTOFTHETOTALNATIONALOUTPUTINOCTOBER1977THEREAREANUMBEROFCONVINCINGREASONSWHYSHEARERLOADERSAREGAININGGROUNDTHEIROPERATIONISESSENTIONLYMOREINDEPENDENTOFTHEFLOORANDROOFCONDITIONS，DIRTBANDSANDCHANGINGSEAMCONDITIONSTHANTHATOFPLOUGHSOPTIMUMADAPTATIONOFTHECUTTINGHEIGHT，THEFIXEDCUTTINGDEPTH，ANDBETTERROOFCONTROLAREFURTHERARGUMENTSINFAVOUROFSHEARERLOADERSINOCTOBER1976THEEFFECTIVEWORKINGTIMEONAPLOUGHFACEWASINTHERANGEOF35PERCENT，COMPAREDWITH48PERCENTONASHEARERFACETHEAVERAGEOUTPUTSREFLECTTHEABOXEFIGURESFRGOCTOBER19771130TFROMAPLOUGHFACE，1678TFROMASHEARERFACEITSHOULDBENOTICED，HOWEVER，THATSHEARERLOADERSAREGENERALLYOPERATINGINSEAMSOFGREATERTHICKNESSSHEARERLOADERSARENOWAVAILABLEFORSEAMSRANGINGFROM075MTO450MINTHICKNESSTHEVARIOUSMACHINEVERSIONSFORTHERESPECTIVEOPERATINGCONDITIONSENCOUNTEREDAREASSEMBLEDFROMAGREATNUMBEROFMAJORCOMPONENTSINACCORDANCEWITHTHEUNITPRINCIPLEOFCONSTRUCTIONEICKHOFFSHEARERLOADERS，FORINSTANCE，CANBEEQUIPPEDWITHLONGITUDINALMOTORSHAVINGRATINGSOF170，200，AND300KW，AND450KWATPRESENTAND230KWUNITSWILLBEAVAILABLESOONTHESHEARERSTRAVELONORALONGSIDETHECONVEYORRANGINGARMSOFDIFFERENTLENGTHFROM740MMTO2230MMAREAVAILABLETHESHEARERSCANBEMANUFACTUREDTOOPERATEONVARIOUSVOLTAGESANDFREQUENCIESGENERALLYUSED，WITHVARIOUSHAULAGEMETHODSANDSPEEDS，ANDDIFFERENTDRUMSPEEDSANDDRUMDESIGNFORVARIOUSMACHINEHEIGHTSCONTRARYTOFORMERYEARSTHEMANUFACTURERSOFSUCHMACHINESARETHEREFORENOLONGERINAPOSITIONTOPRODUCEIDENTICALMACHINESINLARGESERIES，BUTARECOMPELLEDTOASSEMBLETHEMININGMACHINESFROMALARGENUMBEROFEXISTINGCOMPONENTSACCORDINGTOPRINCIPLESWHICHREQUIRECONTINUOUSREVISIONANDIMPROVEMENT，ANDTOINTEGRATETHEMINTOCOMPLETESYSTEMSTOGETHERWITHTHEFACECONVEYORANDROOFSUPPORTSASREQUIREDBYTHEMININGCONDITIONS2ENCOUNTEREDALTHOUGHAHIGHDEGREEOFDEVELOPMENTANDGREATOPERATIONALSAFETYFORTHESEVEREOPERATINGCONDITIONSUNDERGROUNDHAVEALREADYBEENREACHED，EFFORTSHAVETOBEMADETODEVELOPTHEMININGMACHINESFURTHERWITHAVIEWTOMEETTHEFOLLOWINGFUTUREREQUIREMENTS1INCREASEDOUTPUTSANDATTHESAMETIMEAFURTHERIMPROVEMENTINOPERATIONALSAFETY，2EXTENSIONOFTHEWORKINGRANGEEGINTOSTEEPLYINCLINEDSEAMS，3IMPROVEMENTOFTHEERGONOMICALCONDITIONSEGREDUCTIONOFDUSTMAKEANDNOISEINCREASEDOUTPUTSTHECURRENTTRENDISFORMORECOALTOBEEXTRACTEDFROMFEWERFACESTHEOUTPUTFROMSOMEFACESISALREADYSOHIGHTHATEVENSHORTSTOPPAGESONAFACERESULTINANENORMOUSLOSSOFOUTPUTTHEREQUIREDINCREASEOFOUTPUTSFROMSHEARERLOADERSISTHEREFORECLOSELYCONNECTEDWITHTHEREQUIREMENTFORHIGHEROPERATIONALSAFETY，ABETTERDEGREEOFUTILISATIONANDEASIERMONITORINGOFALLFUNCTIONSOFTHEMACHINETHEIMPROVEMENTINPERFORMANCEISTHEREFORENOTLIMITEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMOREPOWERFULMOTORS，HAULGEABOXES，GEARHEADS，ANDRANGINGARMS，BUTALSOINCLUDESTHEELECTRICALMONITORINGOFTHEMACHINESANDEVENTUALLYFULLAUTOMATIONTHISALSOAPPLIESTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCUTTINGTOOLS，ASTHETOOLLIFEANDTHETOOLCOSTSAREDECISIVEFORTHEPERFORMANCEOFAMACHINEOUTPUTSCANALSOBEINCREASEDBYMULTIMACHINEOPERATIONONAFACETHEEFFICIENCYCANBEIMPROVEDBYTHEELIMINATIONOFSTABLEHOLESANDBYAVOIDINGSTOPPAGESCAUSED，FORINSTANCE，BYLARGELUMPSBREAKINGOUTOFTHEFACEANDWHICHMUSTBECRUSHEDMANUALLYITISALSOOBVIOUSTHATTHELIMITATIONOFTHEOPERATINGVOLTAGETO1000VSETSALIMITTOPERFORMANCEANDTHATTHEFURTHERINCREASEOFTHENOMINALMOTORRATINGSWILLREQUIRETHEINTRODUCTIONOFHIGHERVOLTAGESEXTENSIONOFTHEWORKINGRANGECOMPREHENSIVEEXPERIENCEHASBEENGAINEDWITHSHEARERLOADERSINLEVELANDSLIGHTLYINCLINEDSEAMSORWORKINGSTOTHERISETHEMININGOFTHINSEAMSISAFFECTEDBYINHERENTLIMITATIONSSETBYTHEHEIGHTOFTHECONVEYOR，THENECESSARYCLEARANCEUNDERNEATHTHEMACHINE，ANDTHEHEIGHTOFTHEMACHINEITSELFTHINSEAMSCANTHEREFOREONLYBEEXTRACTEDBYSHEARERLOADERSIFTHEMACHINETRAVELSALONGSIDETHECONVEYORTHISRESULTSINGUIDINGPROBLEMSWHICHCANNOTBESOLVEDBYTHEUSEOFAGUIDINGARRANGEMENTPROVIDEDINTHETRAVELINGTRACKONLYASOLUTIONEVENTUALLY3FOUNDWASTOTRAPTHEMACHINEAGAINSTTHECONVEYORTHISOPENEDPOSSIBILITIESFORTHESHEARERLOADERINASEAMTHICKNESSWHICHSOFARWASRESERVEDFORTHEPLOUGHAGREATNUMBEROFEDW170LNSHEARERSARENOWOPERATING，PARTICULARLYINGREATBRITAINWHERETHEYEXTRACTTHINSEAMSOFHIGHGRADECOKINGCOALINSTEEPLYINCLINEDSEAMSTHEUSEOFSHEARERLOADERSHASBEENLIMITEDDUETOHAULAGEDIFFICULTIES，ANDFINDINGADEQUATESAFETYDEVICESTORETAINTHESHEARERONTHEGRADIENTNEWDEVELOPMENTSWHICHDISPENSEWITHADDITIONALSAFETYDEVICESOUTSIDEOFTHEMACHINEANDWHICHPROVIDEFORTHENECESSARYHAULAGEARRANGEMENTSHAVEEXTENDEDTHEWORKINGRANGEOFSHEARERLOADERSINTOSTEEPLYINCLINEDSEAMSTHECOSTOFROADWAYDRIVAGEANDMAINTENANCEINCREASECONSIDERABLYWITHTHEDEPTHOFTHEWORKINGSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFADVANCEDHEADINGHASSOFARIMPEDEDFACEADVANCETHECHAINLESSHAULAGESYSTEMFORSHEARERLOADERSNOWALLOWSFORMULTIMACHINEOPERATIONWITHINSUCHASYSTEMFACEANDMACHINESCANBEUSEDWHICHAREDESIGNEDFORTHEPURPOSEANDWHICHTHUSNOTONLYELIMINATESTABLEHOLES，BUTALSOCUTTHEROADWAYSECTION，SOTHATHIGHOUTPUTSAREACHIEVEDWITHTHERESULTINGINCREASEDPRODUCTIVITYIMPROVEMENTOFERGONOMICALCONDITIONSUNDERGROUNDCOMPAREDWITHOTHERINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES，WORKINGUNDERGROUNDISPARTICULARLYLABORIOUSANDDANGEROUSEFFORTSARETHEREFOREBEINGMADETOEASETHETASKSANDTOINCREASETHESAFETYOFTHEWORKINGSUNDERGROUNDNOTONLYBECAUSEOFTHENECESSITYTOOBTAINPEOPLEWHOAREWILLINGTOOPERATETHEEQUIPMENTTHISALSOURGESTHENEEDFORFURTHERDEVELOPMENTFORMANYYEARSTHEPROBLEMOFDUSTSUPPRESSIONONSHEARERLOADERFACESHASBEENACONCERN，ANDMUCHREMAINSTOBEDONEINTHISFIELDINTHISCONNECTION，REFERENCEISLATELYOFTENMADETOTHEHYDRAULICEXTRACTIONOFCOALBYWATERJETSORTOTHEUSEOFWATERJETSFORASSISTINGCONVENTIONALMININGMACHINEUNDERGROUNDOPERATIONSARECONTINUOUSLYJEOPARDIZEDBYTHEOCCURRENCEOFFIREDAMPTOELIMINATESUCHHAZARDSHOLLOWSHAFTVENTILATIONISFREQUENTLYUSEDINTHEUKFORFEEDINGWATERANDAIRINTOTHEDEPTHOFCUTBYMEANSOFVENTURISPRAYJETSTHEOPERATIONOFSHEARERLOADERSISALSOIMPROVEDBYTHEPROVISIONOFCONTROLSATEACHENDOFTHEMACHINEBYRADIOCONTROL，ANDBYAUTOMATICCONTROLENABLINGINDEPENDENTOPERATIONOFTHESHEARERONTHEFACECOMPONENTSOFSHEARERLOADERSTHETARGETSOFDEVELOPMENTOUTLINEDINTHEFOREGOINGCALLFORCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTANDFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFALLMACHINECOMPONENTSMOTORS4HIGHOUTPUTSREQUIREHIGHMOTORRATINGSANOPTIMUMMACHINEADAPTATIONMUSTBEEMPLOYEDFOREACHPARTICULARTYPEOFCOALTOKEEPTHESPECIFICENERGYATAMINIMUMTHEACCOMMODATIONOFHIGHRATINGSWITHINTHELIMITEDSPACENECESSITATESTHEUSEOFWATERCOOLEDMOTORSWHILSTCOOLINGTHESTATORSOFMOTORSISNOWANACCEPTEDSTANDARDANDENDSHIELDCOOLINGISAPPLIEDFORTHELATESTMOTORDESIGNS，TRIALSARENOWALSOBEINGMADETOINCREASETHEMOTORRATINGFURTHERWITHINAGIVENSPACEBYCOOLINGTHESHAFTSTHEMOTORSUSEDSOFARFORLONGWALLPOWERLOADINGMACHINERYARETHREEPHASEINDUCTIONMOTORSWHICHDUETOTHEIRDESIGNARESUFFICIENTLYROBUSTTOMEETTHEOPERATINGCONDITIONSUNDERGROUNDINANEFFORTTOREDUCETHESPECIFICENERGYTOAMINIMUMITISNECESSARYTOCOORDINATETHEDRUMSPEEDWITHTHETRAVELINGSPEEDOFTHEPOWERLOADER，ANDTHISCOULDBEACHIEVEDBYAMACHINEEQUIPPEDWITHDCMOTORSFORPOWERINGTHEDRUMSWHICHISSAIDTOHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDINTHEUSSR，ALTHOUGHTHEREISNOINFORMATIONOFTHEOPERATINGRESULTSTHEMOTORSOFCONVENTIONALSHEARERLOADERSAREPOSITIONEDINTHELONGITUDINALAXISOFTHEMACHINEANDREQUIREASHAFTATEITHERSIDEFORPOWERTRANSMISSIONTOTHEGEARHEADSSUCHMACHINESTHEREFOREREQUIREACOMPLEXGEARINGSYSTEMWHICH，HOWEVER，OFFERSTHEADVANTAGETHATTHEMOTORPOWERCANBEDIVIDEDAMONGTHETWODRUMSANDTHEHAULAGEBOXASREQUIREDNEWMACHINESSUCHAS，FORINSTANCE，THEEDW1502LAREEQUIPPEDWITHTRANSVERSEMOTORSFITTEDDIRECTTOTHERANGINGARMTHEADVANTAGE，HOWEVER，ISACHIEVEDATTHEEXPENSEOFTHEPOWERDISTRIBUTIONTHETWODRUMSWHICHISNOLONGERPOSSIBLE，ANDTHEDRUMWHICHISSUBJECTEDTOTHEHIGHERLOADDETERMINESTHETRAVELINGSPEEDOFTHESHEARERBYMARKINGFULLUSEOFITSMOTORPOWERHAULAGEUNITSHYDRAULICHAULAGEUNITSFORPOWERLOADERSHAVEBEENUSEDFORNEARLY30YEARSNOWINTHECOURSEOFTHEDECADESTHEYHAVEBEENIMPROVEDTOAHIGHDEGREEOFTHESHEARERASAFUNCTIONOFTHELOODONTHEMOTORANDTHEHAULAGEBOXEICOMATIKTHEYPREVENTOVERLOADSANDOPERATESAFELYUSINGFLAMERESISTANTFLUIDSHOWEVER，THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESEMICONDUCTORTECHNIQUEHASPROGRESSEDTOASTAGEDURINGTHELASTDECADETHATITISNOWPOSSIBLETODESIGNELECTRICALHAULAGEUNITSPOWEREDBYDCMOTORSTHESPEEDOFWHICHISCONTROLLEDBYTHYRISTORSCOMPAREDWITHHYDRAULICHAULAGEUNITSELECTRICHAULAGESARESIMPLERANDMAINTAINEDVIATHEUSEOFPLUGINCONTROLUNITSINADDITION，THEIRVARIOUSFUNCTIONSAREMONITOREDANDTHEYRESPONDMORERAPIDLYTOSPEEDALTERATIONSTHANHYDRAULICHAULAGEUNITSAMONGSTTHEFIRSTPOWERLOADERSEQUIPPEDWITHSUCHELECTRICHAULAGEUNITSARETHEEICKHOFFDOUBLEENDEDRANGINGDRUMSHEARERSEDW1502L，ANDTHE5ELECTRICHAULAGESHAVEFULLYMETTHEEXPECTATIONSFROMTHEVERYFIRSTINSTALLATIONCHAINLESSHAULAGESYSTEMSAFTERTHEUSEOFHAULAGEROPESANDCHAINS，CHAINLESSHAULAGESYSTEMSARENOWGAININGGROUNDTHEYOFFERTHEADVANTAGESOFGREATERSAFETY，OFASTEADIERMACHINEOPERATION，ANDOFMULTIMACHINEOPERATIONONAFACEINGREATBRITAIN，ANUMBEROFVARIOUSDESIGNSAREUSEDAPROBLEMCONNECTEDWITHSOMECHAINLESSHAULAGESYSTEMSISTHEFACTTHATTHEYIMPEDETHEFLEXIBILITYOFTHEFACECONVEYORANDCANCAUSEOPERATIONALRESTRICTIONSTHEEICOTRACKSYSTEMOFGEBREICKHOFFHASOVERCOMETHISPROBLEM，BECAUSECONTRARYTOOTHERSYSTEMSTHERACKSECTIONSHAVEHALFTHEPANLENGTH，SOTHATDISPLACEMENTSANDDEFLECTIONSBETWEENTHELINEPANSHAVEONLYHALFTHEEFFECTBETWEENTHERACKSECTIONSTHISUNIQUEADVANTAGENATURALLYENTAILSHIGHERCOSTSINSPECIALCASES，HOWEVER，THEFLEXIBILITYOFTHEFACECONVEYORISSTILLNOTCONSIDEREDSUFFICIENTINSUCHCASES，THERACKSECTIONSARENOTFIXEDTOTHEFACEACCESSORIES，BUTARESLIDINGLYARRANGEDINACHANNELORATTHETRAPPINGTUBETHISFULLYELIMINATESANYEFFECTONTHEFLEXIBILITYOFTHECONVEYORDEPENDINGONTHECONDITIONS，THELINEOFRACKSECTIONSISFIXEDATONEORSEVERALPOINTSALONGTHEFACEEXISTINGHAULAGEUNITSCANBECONVERTEDFOROPERATIONVIAEICOTRACKHAULAGEFORCESOFUPTO300KNARECURRENTLYASEDFORPRESENTDAYPOWERLOADERSBUTEVENTHESEFORCESARESOMETIMESINSUFFICIENTFORHEAVYMACHINESINSTEEPLYINCLINEDSEAMSHIGHERHAULAGEFORCESAREOBTAINEDIFBOOSTERHAULAGEUNITSAREINSTALLEDINADDITIONTOANEXISTINGHAULAGEUNITTOHOUSEANADDITIONALHYDRAULICMOTORANDWITHTHEFOLLOWUPTRAINOFGEARWHEELSTHEOILFLOWFROMTHEPUMPINTHEMAINHAULAGEUNITISTHENDISTRIBUTEDTOTHETWOHYDRAULICMOTORSWHICHTRANSMITTHEPOWERTOTHETWORACKWHEELSTHISHYDRAULICARRANGEMENTENSURESTHATBOTHRACKWHEELSEXERTTHESAMEFORCEONTOTHERACKHIGHERHAULAGEFORCESARETHEREFOREREACHE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着输送机移动式薄煤层的煤才能被采出。这就造成一个导向问题，仅仅利用行走道轨上的导向设备是解决不了问题的。一个新近发现的解决办法是使采煤机卡住输送机滑行。这就使得把采煤机运用于到目前为止只适用于使用刨煤机的煤层厚度成为可能。大量的EDW170LN型采煤机正在工作，特别是在英国，用于开采高品位炼焦煤的薄煤层。在急倾角的煤层，采煤机的使用受到牵引困难的限制，而且不易找到一种能把采煤机保持在坡道上的使用装置。一些新的设计，无需在采煤机以外另设安全装置，它备有必要的牵引装置，已把采煤机的工作范围扩大到急倾斜煤层。随着作业深度增加，巷道的掘进与维护费大量增加。掘进超前平巷一向妨碍采煤工作面的推进。目前用于采煤机的无链牵引系统允许使用多机操作。专门设计的工作面端头采煤机可以在此种系统中使用，它不仅可以免开切口，还可以切割巷道部分，因此产量提高，结果导致生产效率的提高。改善井下工人工作条件与其他工业活动相比，在井下工作特别劳累而且危险。因此目前正在致力于减轻劳作负担和提高井下作业的安全性，这不仅是由于有严格的规程，而且还处于能招募到愿意开采煤机的工人的需要。这一点也促进了不断改进技术的必要性。多年以来，采煤机工作面的防尘问题一直是个至关重要的问题，至今在这方面还有许多工作要做。为此最近常常有人议论用水枪进行水力开采，或是用水枪协助传统的采煤机。井下作业不断地受到爆炸性气体的威胁。为了消灭这类事故，在英国常常采用空心轴通风法，用文丘里喷嘴把水和空气注入截槽深部。采煤机的操作改进，还包括在采煤机的两端配备了控制设备，用无线电控制，还可用自动控制使采煤机在工作面独立运转。采煤机的部件上文简要谈到的发展目标不断改善和进一步发展采煤机的所有部件。电动机提高产量要求强大的电动机功率。每一特定的煤种应该使用一种最适用的机械设备以便使单位能耗（千瓦小时/立方米）最低。在有限的空间内容纳很高的功率需要采用水冷式电机。目前，冷却电机定子已作为既定标准，最新设计的电动机已有了端罩冷却，此外，为了进一步提高一定空间内的电动机功率还正在试验冷却主轴。到目前为止，长臂采煤机所用的电动机都是三相感应电动机，由于它的结构足够10坚固，可以应付井下运转条件。为尽量把单位能耗（千瓦小时/立方米）降至最小，就必须使滚筒转速与采煤机牵引速度相协调，为达到这一目的，可以在采煤机上配备直流电动机来驱动滚筒，据说在苏联研制了这种机械，而关于使用结果还没有资料。一般的采煤机都是沿机身的纵轴方向装置电动机，在两端都需要出轴以便把动力传递给机头。这样的采煤机需要复杂的传动系统，但是有个好处，就是电动机的动力能够按需要分配给两个滚筒和牵引部。像EDW1502L这样的新式采煤机装备有横置式电动机，他们直接安装在摇臂上。但是这个优点是有代价的，既不可能在两个滚筒之间分配动力，而承受较重载荷的那个滚筒由于达到了最大的功率，将决定采煤机的移动速度。牵引部采煤机的液压牵引部件到目前也使用了将近三十年。在这三十年当中，液压牵引已改进到高度完善的程度。目前已可以把采煤机的牵引速度作为电动机和牵引部负荷的函数来控制（EICOMATIC）。这样的牵引部可以避免过负荷，并可采用难燃液安全运行。但近十年来半导体技术已发展到一定阶段，目前已有可能以直流电动机驱动牵引部，其速度由可控硅整流器控制。与液压牵引部相比，电气牵引部比较简单和牢固耐用，电气部件容易通过使用控制插件进行检查和维护。此外，它的各种功能可以得到监视，他的变速反应比液压牵引快。在第一批配备了这种电力牵引部的采煤机中，有EICKHOFFEDW1502L型双端可
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