英语：动词不定式(总复习用)课件

,动词不定式,一、不定式结构作主语,To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory! 注：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 注：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there. It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.,注：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work.注：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如： Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its very nice of you to be so considerate. Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. It was careless of her to make such a mistake.,二、不定式结构作表语,1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram.,三、不定式结构作动词宾语,1“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, forget, mean, intend, begin, start,等，例如： Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock. I didnt expect to find you here.2“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如： I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do next / where to put it.,注 ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注 ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. 注意不定式符号的省略问题！,四、不定式结构作定语,1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如： Its time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation.2能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.,3某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如： He has a large family to support (= that he must support).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如： She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in.5有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.,五、不定式结构作状语,不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。,1表示目的： They ran over to welcome the delegates. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.注：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如： I stopped for him to speak to me. He opened the door for the children to come in. He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags. They sent a man to mend the window. He stood up to be seen better.,注：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如： He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. He went early in order not to miss the train. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.) To get the best results, use clean water.,2. 表示结果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义： Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 ,有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如： She woke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点： 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home. 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如： He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him., 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.),3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作） She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us.,六、不定式结构作宾语补足语,Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say. He believed the earth to be a globe. Did you see a young man enter the house?1只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词： 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。 What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady. 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。 We mustnt let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep. 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 He begged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.,含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。 He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。 He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again.其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。 He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the train to stop.,2既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set Did you see anyone enter the house? Dont imagine yourself to be always correct. We find him to be dishonest. He set the boys to carry water. Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.,注：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.,注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room?feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake? help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如： The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.,不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生,例如：Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there this summer. 如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如： Im glad to have seen your mother. (cf. Im glad to see you. ),七、不定式的完成式有下列用法,1构成复合谓语，如： He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.) She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.),2在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如： You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. (=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have done something for the people.3在某些动词后作宾语，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.4有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如： It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主语） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语） They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（复合宾语） She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （复合宾语）,如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。,八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法,1构成复合谓语，如： They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too.2在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如： We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3在某些动词后作宾语，如： He pretended to be listening attentively.4有时可以作主语或状语，如： I am glad to be working with you. (状语) Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主语),九、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如： They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been training as hard as the others. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.,当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。,十、 不定式的被动形式有下列用法,1作主语： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2作宾语： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3构成复合宾语： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4构成复合谓语： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5作定语： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6作状语： She was too young to be assigned such work.,十一、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）, 像啊/妄图蒙混过关可没什么那么容易/再狡猾狐狸也斗别过好猎手/以前爷那是念在您是壹介女流之辈份上/没跟您使出真本事/现在/您那各可恶、可厌、可恨诸人/爷别会再对您心慈手软/您/赶快收起那套骗人鬼把戏吧/爷可是比您多活咯二十多年/啥啊样人没见过？啥啊样鬼没什么会过？爷还真别信/您别过就是壹各小小诸人/还敢跟爷玩儿那壹套？您若老老实实/从实招来/爷谅您是初犯/会考虑对您从轻处罚/假设您还是那么壹意孤行/拒别认罪/爷可是没什么时间/也没什么好心情/陪您玩耍/水清被他那壹大套洋洋洒洒话语搞得莫名其妙：啥啊鬼把戏？难道她记别得以前事情就叫做鬼把戏？她又别想那样/她要是晓得自己是怎么回事儿/早就该干啥啊就干啥啊去咯/他没什么时间/没什么心情陪她玩/她更没什么时间/也没什么好心情陪他玩呢/有那闲功夫/她还别如躺在*上多睡会儿大觉呢/第1237章/败仗虽然水清心中忿恨别平/可是看着眼前那阵势/大老爷可是摆明咯别相信她/要想让人相信/她必须得拿出证据来/有力地证明自己/可是那魂儿长在自己脑袋里/看别见/摸别着东西/怎么证明给他看呢？水清那里冥思苦想找别出来壹各对策/他却认为她那是在想啥啊金蝉脱壳鬼花招/壹时更是怒别可遏/厉声说道：/您给爷放老实点儿/我/噢别/妾身/没什么别老实啊/那想别想来咯就是想别起来咯/那要别/您说壹各法子/说壹各让妾身能够证明是真丢咯魂好法子/妾身只要能办得到/壹定去给您证明/被水清将咯壹军/王爷简直是气得七窍生烟/从前他就领教过她诡计多端/现在别但与从前壹模壹样/甚至是有过之无别及/还敢说她没什么耍鬼花招/还说她啥啊都别记得咯/啥啊都别记得/她怎么还会将他壹军/弄得他哑口无言？从前在关于证明事情上/从来都是他要水清拿出实际行动来证明自己/现在水清居然主动出击/反过头来要他说出能够有效证明法子/他怎么想出啥啊证明法子？那魂儿长在她脑子里/能怎么证明？他又别可能敲开她脑袋去看壹看是真是假？想别出来壹各让她证明自己法子/又问别出来壹各所以然/还吃咯壹各大憋/生咯壹肚子怒气/那壹晚/他可真是背运到家咯/找别出让水清自我证明法子/又被她装疯卖傻地戏弄半天/没什么取得任何实质进展王爷简直就是气急败坏/刚刚他壹听排字琦说水清把魂儿给丢咯/第壹各反应当然如月影壹样认为她那是在装疯卖傻/于是壹怒之下拔脚就冲来怡然居兴师问罪/可是那小半各时辰交锋让他充分认识到/那各诸人真是诡计多端/竟然像各泥鳅似地/抓别到她壹点儿把柄/反而自己搞得那么被动/看来真是低估咯她能量/那壹次错误地估计咯形势/没什么充分认清任务艰巨性/没什么提前做好充分准备/自然是要吃咯败仗/别过好汉别吃眼前亏/他决定暂时偃旗息鼓/待回去想好对策之后/再来好好揭穿她鬼把戏：就让您像各跳梁小丑似地再蹦达几天/早晚有您认罪伏法那壹天/跟爷斗/您还真是嫩得别是壹星半点儿/拿定主意之后/他开口说道：/好啊/狐狸尾巴早晚有藏别住那壹天/爷有时间/也有好心情/静观您露出真面目那壹天/在那些日子里/您若是及时悔悟/爷还能会念在往日夫妻情分/网开壹面/留您点儿体面/假设您仍是壹意孤行/别撞南墙别回头/就休要怪爷别客气/说完/他没什么看任何人/直接抬脚就起身出发/排字琦目瞪口呆地经历咯全过程/到现在都没什么缓过神儿来/别过王爷都已经走咯/她自己也要赶快追上他脚步/第1238章/老丑月影壹见王爷要走/可是她家仆役还跟没事儿人似地跪在地上无动于衷/急得她赶快壹把拉起水清/急急地追在那两各人后面/恭送大驾离去/待主仆两人壹直送到院门口/总算是追上咯王爷/于是月影赶快拉咯拉水清/朝她使咯各眼色/然后率先开口道：/奴婢恭送爷和福晋/那壹回水清总算是开咯些窍/见月影刚刚特意拉咯拉她/于是也赶快有样学样儿地开口说道：/那各/那/妾身恭送爷和福晋/王爷当然是没什么理会/排字琦犹豫咯壹下/也没什么理会/继续紧随他步伐/水清壹见说咯老半天/没什么任何壹各人理会她们/心里很是别痛快：怎么连起码礼貌都没什么呢？还是大老爷呢/于是望着那两各人背影/水清撇咯撇嘴/小声地抱怨道：/小丫头/那就是您刚才跟我说起来那各/那各/我夫君？肯定别是我爹爹？怎么那么老啊/而且/怎么还那么丑啊/月影壹听水清那话/当即吓得腿都要软咯/顾别得失礼/慌忙伸手掩上水清嘴/然后小声地说道：/仆役/那是爷啊/您怎么能那么说爷呢/可是要被家法处罚啊/您还要别要命咯？/虽然水清是小声地抱怨/可是径自朝前走开那两各人全都听得壹清二楚/王爷自然是被气得当即恨别能立即掉头回来/好好对她实施壹顿家法处置/竟然敢说他又老又丑/她倒是长得跟天仙似/有啥啊用？可却是生咯壹副歹毒心肠/排字琦壹听水清那句话/也跟月影壹样/吓软双腿差点儿打咯壹各趔趄：那各年妹妹/简直是胆大包天啊/竟敢说出那么大别敬话来/由于被气得心口疼/本想立即调头回去与她理论/可是他脚步竟突然停滞咯壹下/他虽然恨别能立即对她实施家法处治/可是眨眼之间/他又立即想明白咯/那是她使出壹招计谋/她为咯将那出戏演得逼真/竟然装疯卖傻到咯那种地步/别惜以下犯上/做出如此惊世骇俗举动/来证明她自己所谓丢咯魂儿/好啊/刚才让她证明真是丢咯魂/她拿别出来证明法子/反将他壹军/要他自己说出来证明法子/害得他无功而返/而她真别愧是诡计多端江湖老手/才那么壹会儿/竟然就想出来证明法子/用那些胡言乱语、别恭别敬之话来证明她丢魂儿/别担狠狠地羞辱咯他/还让他根本没什么任何治她罪借口和理由/那各诸人/简直是好/您就继续当各跳梁小丑吧/继续装疯卖傻演戏吧/早晚有您哭那壹天/您越是想激怒爷/爷可越是别会上咯您当/爷会想出来让您自己主动乖乖自己露出狐狸尾巴法子/于是停咯壹步之后/他又重新抬脚/朝朗吟阁走去/排字琦紧跟在他身后/别晓得是继续陪他回书院/还是知趣儿地告退/最终排字琦还是决定跟着他回书院/晓得他被天仙妹妹气得着实别轻/若是让他壹各人回咯朗吟阁/怕别是又要掀起惊涛骇浪/第1239章/搜查没壹会儿两人就回到咯书院/王爷回去第壹