高考短文改错知识点总结.doc

短文改错考情分析:1. 词类用法：考查不同词类的不同用法, 与语法填空中的词性转换考点相同。2. 辨析：只考many与much, here与there, some与any, ago与before等十分常见的词之间的混用, 这些词是稍有语感、不讲自会的, 千万别走入过去凡遇近义词必辨的误区。3. 其他：指不便归于某一语法项目的考点。2014课标卷Isomewhere everywhere 2014课标卷IIThey There (there be句型写成they be)2014大纲卷should able to should be able to (漏掉be，因able是形容词, 不能作谓语, 加be)2013课标卷Iremember much rememberwell /clearly (习惯修饰语，记得清楚，而非记得非常。)2013课标卷IIwas drank was drunk (过去分词拼写错误)2013大纲卷stand stand up (漏掉up)2012课标卷do wrong go wrong (可列到辨析类)2012大纲卷Icut off cut down (语境意义)2011大纲卷Ithink over think of(语境意义)2011大纲卷IIso +adj. + that写成so much +adj. +that (如此以致)；more than happy写成了better than happy (非常高兴)命题特点 用来命题的短文内容与学生的学习生活非常贴近，好像就是学生的习作。 长度均在100词左右。 这些材料都是记叙文。 新课标卷的设题通常是：1处多1个词，1处少1个词，8处错1个词。5. 要求考生添加或删除的词通常是虚词。 少了一个词，要求添加的词有： 冠词：in countryside in the countryside(2015课标I) As result As a result(2014课标I) 介词：listening music listening to music(2014课标II) 连词：He had, he was He had, and he was(2013课标I) 不定式符号：came see me came to see me(2007课标) 物主代词：Tom saw parents Tom saw his parents(2015课标II) 多了一个词，要求删除的词有：介词、冠词、连词、助动词、不定式符号to。 冠词：In a fact In fact(2013课标I) all kinds of the flowers all kinds of flowers(2014课标II) 介词：he lent to me lots of clothes he lent me lots of clothes(2011课标) 连词：AlthoughbutAlthough(2014课标I) 不定式符号：had better to stop had better stop(2009课标) 助动词：has brought brought(2010课标) Lots of studies have been shown Lots of studies have shown(2015课标I) 副词：so very much that so much that (2015课标II) 需要变形的词通常是名词、动词、形容词、副词。 所有考点都是最基本的语法知识、最常用的单词和短语的意义与用法，以及逻辑意义的连贯。没有超出中学课本中讲的语法内容。即只要掌握课本中讲的语法就足以应对考试了。短文改错与语法填空的异同：相同：主要考点基本相同。 名词、代词、冠词、介词、连词。 时态一致、主谓一致、非谓语动词、词类用法、比较等级。以上两个方面分别对应语法填空的纯空格题和给词题。备考内容：主要从以下十个方面入手。考点1：名词的数与格 在several, few, many, one of, a couple of, three, one and a half, a large number of, scores of, dozens of等词语后，或虽没有这些词但语境提示我们，本应接复数可数名词的，但文中却用了单数。如：For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and(hour hours)2014课标II 像advice, fun, homework, information, news, progress, equipment, furniture, baggage, luggage, jewellery, clothing等绝对不可数名词是没有复数形式的，但在文中却用了复数。如：It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. (luggages luggage)2011课标 本应用名词的所有格的，但文中没有用。如：When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes. (my friend my friends)2011课标考点2：指代一致 上下文的人称不一致。如：Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us with the wonderful meals. (them us) 2011大纲 上下文的单复数不一致。如：both of them have similar ideas Otherwise, it is impossible for him to help each other and to make their friendship last long. (him them)2014大纲 上下文的性别不一致。如：Before her leaving, I prepared a gift to show my best wishes to him. She said (him her) 2010大纲 人称代词格的误用。如：Li Mings parents invited I to spend two wonderful weeks in Qingdao with them (I me)2007课标 人称代词、反身代词、疑问代词等的错用。如：He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others (从句主语which是指the voice, 这种声音使“他”与别人分离, 故改himself为him)2013课标I考点3：冠词 基本用法：单数可数名词前，表示“一个/段/座/本”等时要用a或an；表示特指时用the。如：In other words, we would be separated for long time. (long time a long time)2010大纲Many countries in the world find they dont have enough water. To deal with a problem, I think, we should (a the，特指上文提到缺少“这个”问题)2012大纲So when I have the problem, I will turn to her for help. (the a) 2013大纲 固定短语中多用或少用冠词。如：In a fact, he even scared my classmates away (In a fact In fact)2013课标IAs result, the plants are growing everywhere. (As result As a result) 2014课标考点4：介词 常用介词的错用。如：Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities. (time for sth.做某事的时间) 2014课标II 固定词组中的介词误用。如：and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (with the help of在的帮助下) 2014课标I 固定词组中的介词漏用。如：（拓展）We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music. (listen to听) 2014课标II考点5：连词 although/though/while不与but连用；since /as/because不与so连用。如：Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease (去掉but或改为yet)2014课标I and与but用混。这是考得最多的微考点。如：The more friends we have, the more we can learn from one another, but the more pleasure we can share together. ( but and，前后没有转折关系) 2014大纲 and与or。All I had to do was to write a story or present it. (or and)2010大纲Whats more, we can go to work by bike once and twice a week (and or)2012大纲 so与or。We were warned not to cheat again so she would need to see our parents. (so因此or否则) 2013四川 after与before。Before waiting for about half an hour, I was beginning to get impatient. (Before After逻辑)2013陕西 which与what。That is which other teachers say. (which what所的) 2013辽宁 多用或少用连词。如：With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night. (去掉so)2013辽宁So if they had said was true, I would have a chance of winning the prize. (if后加what)2010大纲 错用that引导非限制性定语从句。如：Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 oclock at night. (that which)2013课标II考点6：时态一致 上下文的谓语动词都是过去时，突然出现一个现在时。如：She used to hold me I was only four when she passes away. (passes passed) 2013课标I 上下文的谓语动词都是现在时，突然出现一个过去时。如：Since then, we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As a result, the plants are growing everywhere. (had has) 2014课标I此外，无论是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，都要注意在平行结构中，动词形式的一致性，即“平行一致”。如在A and B或A, B and C中，A, B, C的形式要一致。如：both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other (trusting trust)2014大纲考点7：主谓一致 行为动词：主语是第三人称单数时，行为动词的一般现在时，其后加s。如：My dream school look like a big garden. ( look looks，主语是My dream school) 2014课标II have动词：主语是第三人称单数时，have的现在时(一般现在时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时)用has。主语不是第三人称单数时，现在时用have，过去时用had。Li Ming, together with his parents, have gone abroad. (have has，主语是Li Ming，注意：with sb.或together with sb.等介词短语是不能作主语的)（简单复习主谓一致） be动词：主语是第三人称单数时，be的现在时(一般现在时，现在进行时)用is，过去时(一般过去时，过去进行时)用was。主语是I，用am或was；主语是you或复数，用are或were。如：the only clothes I had was those I had on. (was were，主语是the only clothes)2011课标考点8：非谓语动词 一般说来，句中已有谓语动词，再出现动词，其前面又没有并列连词and ,but or时，该动词应为非谓语动词。我们应根据该非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分，以及它与逻辑主语的关系，来确定用具体的形式。 作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，通常改为ing形式或不定式。如：Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner (Have Having)2013课标II 熟记其后只能接ing或只能接to do作宾语的动词。如：Last year, she decided study abroad. (study to study，因decide to do sth.)2010大纲 介词后要用动词的ing形式。注意区分to是介词还是不定式符号。如：He isnt good at talk but he gets on well with other people. (talk talking，在介词at后) 2013大纲I look forward to see her again in the near future. (see seeing，在介词to后)2010大纲 一些固定短语或句式中的非谓语动词形式。如：She used to holding me on her knees (holding hold，因used to do sth.) 2013课标IWell, I had better to stop now. (to stop stop，因had better do sth.)2009课标make their friendship to last long. (to last last，因make sb. do sth.)2014大纲 根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定用-ing形式还是用-ed形式。如：We sat by the fire, have our barbecue. (have having，因we与have是主动关系)2014陕西Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake (Felt Feeling，因we与feel是主动关系)2013陕西 别混淆谓语动词与非谓语动词。如：but I tried hard to do it. Suddenly, Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her copy my answers. (去掉同位语my best friend, 显然，主语是Mary, 谓语是ask, 由前句谓语动词的时态可知, 用一般过去时, 故改asking为asked)2013四川考点9：词类的用法 形容词作定语、表语、补语, 但短文中却用了副词或名词。如：We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost! (wonderfully wonderful，作tomatoes的定语)2014课标IThe fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. (taste tasty，作表语)2014课标II found the test difficulty, but I tried hard to do it. (difficulty difficult作补语) 2013四川副词 作状语，修饰动词、形容词、全句，但短文中却用了形容词。如：Interesting, it had a connection with the British porcelain(瓷器) industry. (Interesting Interestingly，修饰全句) 2013课标IIIt was real a nice experience. (real really，修饰动词was)2011大纲II名词 作主语、宾语, 但短文中却用了形容词、动词等。如：He has ruined his healthy. (healthy health，作ruined的宾语) 2013辽宁This made for the grow in the porcelain industry. (grow growth，作介词for的宾语)2013课标II冠词，介词，形容词性物主代词，形容词后用名词。 -ed与-ing形容词的用法区别：-ing令人的(多为事)；-ed (人)感到的。如：I am awfully tiring (tiring tired，因我感到累)2013浙江My friend Nick told me a story about his experience back in the US, which was very interested. (interested interesting，指他的故事是“令人有趣的”)2010课标考点10：常用词辨析只考here与there, some与any, ago与before, many与much, very much与very或much, beside与besides, ever与never, either与neither, used to do sth.与be used to (doing) sth.等十分常见的词语之间的辨析。千万别遇到近义词就辨析，步入复习的岐途。如：Nearly five years before, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (before ago，相对说话时多久以前, 用ago；相对过去的某个时间或动作在多久之前才用before)2014课标IWe dont need to do so many homework. (many much，修饰不可数名词homework, 用much) 2014课标IIThe fruits are smallThere are so much that we often share them with our neighbors. (much many，替代可数名词fruits, 用many) 2014课标IBeside, Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day. (Beside Besides，因beside是介词, 意为“在的旁边”；而besides作介词时，意为“除之外”，作副词, 意为“此外, 而且”。注意，凡是介词，其后一定有宾语。而此处没有宾语，一定是用副词) 2014辽宁再次提醒：凡是用一两句话辨别不清的，或者说老师也要查资料才能弄清楚的，甚至去年查过资料，今年又得查资料才讲得清楚的那些所谓的同义词或近义词之间的辨析，是绝对不会考的。万万不可在这里浪费时间，用辨析的这几分钟去多读一遍英语短文或故事，享受其中的快乐吧。此外，多用be或少用be是写作中常见的错误，因此短文改错中可能出现。记住：作谓语的是行为动词时，如果不是进行时态或被动语态，不用be；如果句中谓语没有动词，但汉语意思又完整了时，要用be。如：Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the skythey were looked like rain! (因looked like中looked本身就是系动词, were是多余的, 应当去掉)2014陕西So real friendship should able to stand all sorts of tests. (因情态动词后要接动词原形, 而其后的able是形容词, 虽然意义完整, 还是要加be) 2014大纲又如，I very busy.(我很忙。)虽然汉语意思完整，但句中busy是形容词，无动词，要在I后加am。At that time, we in the classroom. (那时我们在教室里。)虽然汉语意思完整，但句中无动词，要加be，即在we后加were。解题指导解题前，须明确： 一个词：因只是多一词、少一词、错一词，因此，需要增加、减少、改动的都只是一个词。 四不改：不要求考生改标点符号、大小写、词序、纲外词，这四个方面不必考虑。解题中，可按以下步骤： 浏览全文，掌握大意。这一步非常重要，涉及单词和短语意思的题，以及上下文逻辑是否通顺的改连词的题，不明白上下文意思，是改不出来的。在这一步中，如遇到无需思考的明显错误，可以直接改过来。 分句阅读，认真纠错。逐句阅读，根据自己掌握的语法知识及上下文语义的衔接，结合上面提到的十个主要考点，认真纠错改错。具体思路可参考：动词形，名格数，特别留意形和副；逻辑连词常常考，冠词介词常光顾；代词注意性数格，词组句式须关注。 检查核对，攻克难点。改完后，再从头至尾认真看一遍，个别没有找出来的，对照考点，在这步完成。真题再现假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号（）, 并在其下面写出该加的词。删除: 把多余的词用斜线（）画掉。修改: 在错的词下画一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意: 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 只允许修改10处, 多者（从第11处起）不计分。1. 2015课标卷I When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green. Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are dying out. We must found ways to protect your environment. If we fail to do so, well live to regret it.本文谈到随着工业化的发展，环境受到了污染。1. think thought 指小时候“想”。2. 在countryside前加the 表示“在农村”习惯上说in the countryside。 3. or and 因“空气新鲜”与“山绿”是并列关系。4. on with 表示“随着”用with。5. 去掉shown前的been 因“研究”与“表明”是主动关系。6. seriously serious 在名词前作定语要用形容词。7. airs air 因air是不可数名词，没有复数形式。8. Much Many 修饰可数名词复数要用many。9. found find 在情态动词(must)后用动词原形。10. your our /the 前后都是第一人次。 2. 2015课标卷 II One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. It was very crowded. Tony saw a toy on a shop window. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop. After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing. Tony was scared and begun to cry. A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents. Mom said, “How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried. ” Tony promised her that this would never happen again. 作者叙述Tony跟父母去购物时走丢，后又找到父母的经历。1. parent parents 由下文的his parents were missing可知用复数。2. on in 据常识，玩具应在橱窗里面，故用in。3. 去掉so后的very 这是sothat结构，不用very。4. looks looking 介词after后面接动名词，故用looking。5. where that 或者去掉where宾语从句，从句的结构与意思完整，用that引导或省略that。6. begun began 因begin的过去式是began。7. telling told 与前面的saw是并列谓语，用told。 8. a the 特指上文提到的那家商店，用the。9. saw后面加his 指Tony的父母，故加his。 10. terrible terribly 修饰形容词(worried)用副词。3. 2013大纲卷 In my family, there are three peoples. My father is hardworking but goes to work in the field every day. He isnt good at talk but he gets on well with other people. My mother is very much kind and is friendly to everybody. So when I have the problem, I will turn to her for help. My friends say I am clever. When the teacher asks us very difficulty questions, Ill think quickly and stand to answer. At home, my father often thinks Im silly. He said if I decide to do something, it takes him much times to stop me. This is how I need to improve in the future. 4. 2012课标卷 I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive. From the time I was about four until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toy. I was happy when the toys worked, but when things did wrong, I got angry and broke it. For a while, parents bought me new toys. But before long, they began to see which was happening. When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train, my father said, “Thats it. No more toys to you.” My punishment lasted a year. Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience, I must make my toys to last. My attitude changed from then on.5. 2012大纲卷I Every one of us can make a great efforts to cut off the use of energy in our country. To begin with, all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need. That wont be easy, I know, but we have to start anywhere. Whats more, we can go to work by bike once and twice a week, and we can also buy smaller cars that burn little oil. Other way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home. For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television when no one else was there？6. 2012大纲卷II Dear Editor, Im writing to tell you opinion about water saving. Water is important. We, as well as animal, cannot live without water and neither agriculture or industry can go without it. Yet it seemed water is becoming less and less. Many countries in the world find we dont have enough water. To deal with a problem, I think, we should first go all out to plant trees though trees will help save water. Next, not drinking water should be left running. Third, we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath water, for which is quite a lot, and that will save much water. Sincerely, Li Hua7. 2011课标卷 My summer travel started terribly. I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou. I was going to visit a friend here, and after that, I would go to Xiamen for long holiday. I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag from the floor, and then I realized that someone had stolen it. Luckily, I had all my money on my pocket,but the only clothes I had was those I had on. It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. When I finally arrived at myfriend he lent to me lots of clothes. I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last.记述作者一次旅行开始时被偷走了行李，后来朋友送了衣服给作者，他感到很开心。1. buy buying 因句中已有谓语(was)，动词buy应为非谓语，因I与buy是主动关系，故用-ing形式作状语。2. here there 习惯上说“去那里”“来这里”即go there, come here，而不说“去这里”“来那里”。3. 在for后加a因可数名词holiday是单数，前面应有限定词；表示“一个” 长假，填a，与for a long time类似。4. but and 因“买票”与“转身”是先后紧接着发生的两个动作，顺承关系，无转折意义，故用and。5. on in 钱“在口袋里”，用in。6. was were 句中(that) I had是定语从句，主句主语是clothes，复数，故was改用were，才主谓一致。7. luggages luggage 因luggage或baggage(行李)是不可数名词，没有复数形式。表示几件行李，要借用piece，如“三件行李” 说three pieces of luggage。8. friend friends 指到达“我朋友的家(my friends home)”，其中home可省略。又如：a butchers (shop)肉铺，a tailors (shop)裁缝店，a barbers (shop)理发店，a doctors (office)诊所，my sisters (home)我姐姐家，其中shop, office, home等表示处所的词都可以省略，直接用名词所有格表示。9. 去掉lent后的to由lend sb. sth.(借给某人某物)可知，不用to。但如果将sth.放到前面，则用to，即lend sth. to sb.。10. feel felt 上文谓语动词都是用一般过去时，而feel却用一般现在时，时态不一致。8. 2011大纲卷I One of my unforgettable memory of my school in Xinjiang is that of lunches we brought from our homes. I hold my lunch-box in my hand when I was going to school. The smell from it was very good. Since the lunch bell finally rang, my friends and I met under a tall tree and had our lunches. My best friend, Aigulie, was used to share her Nang to me. Nang is a specially kind of cake in Xinjiang. I like them very much. Now Aigulie and I study at different colleges or we can only see each other during the summer vacation. I think over her a lot and I miss the food and the good time we had together.作者对中学时光与当时从家带去的午餐的回忆与思念。1. memory memories 因one of后面的名词要用复数形式。2. lunches前加the 因lunches后有定语从句修饰，特指从家里带到学校的午餐。3. hold held 讲述过去的事情。4. Since When 表示“当午餐的铃终于响起时”。5. 去掉used前的was 因表示“过去常常做某事”，是used to do sth.。6. to with 因share sth. with sb.(同某人分享某物)是固定搭配。7. specially special 因kind在这里是名词，意为“种类”，修饰名词应用形容词作定语。8. them it 替代前句中的a special kind of cake，是单数。9. or and 前后不是选择关系。10. over of 表示常常“想起”用think of。而think sth. over意为“慎重思考”。9. 2011大纲卷II Dear George, Its been a week after we left your family and we are now back home. Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us for the wonderful meals. After we said goodbye to you, we went to Washington D. C., where we stayed for three days. My brother was so much fond of the