2015年职称英语理工类B级教材所有文章及译文牛津同义词词典版已编辑完毕直接打印.doc

microscopicmess341由于收纳了教材上所有文章和翻译，使得排版内容篇幅较长。如果你只想借此获取完形填空的15分，则可以考虑删除其中所有的中文翻译，这样篇幅可以减少一半左右。祝您好运！mmicroscopicmess389inventor of ledwhen nick holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys,his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or leds,are used in everything from dvds to alarm clocks to airports. dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.on april 23, 2004,holonyak received the$500,000 lemelson-mit prize at a ceremony in washington.this marks the 10th year that the lemelson-mit program at the massachgsetts institute of technology ( mit)has given the award to prominent inventors.anytime you get an award,big or little, its always a surprise. holonyak said.holonyak, 75, was a student of john bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. after graduate school, holonyak worked at bell labs.he later went to general electric,where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches.later, holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light.but while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light.the leds he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the university of illinois, said he suspected that leds would become as commonplace as they are today, but didnt realize how many uses they would have.you dont know in the beginning.you think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how.you just dont know. he said.the lemelson-mit program also recognized edith flanigen, 75 , with the$ 100,000 lemelsonmit lifetime achievement award for her work on a new generation of molecular sieves,that can separate molecules by size.led的发明者当nick holonyak着手用半导体合金制造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发明的发光二极管，或叫led，使用范围覆盖了从dvd到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。2004年4月23号，holonyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上接受了麻省理工学院lemelson项目的50万美元奖金。这是麻省理工学院lemelson-mit项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。“任何时候你得了奖，不论大小，总是一份惊喜。”holonyak说。holonyak，75岁，是上世纪50年代初期晶体管的发明者john bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，holonyak在贝尔实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在被普遍用于家用减光开关中。后来，holonyak开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要研究看得见的光。他在1962年发明的led，与白炽灯泡相比，寿命长十倍，对环境无污染，耗能少。holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到led的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。“开始的时候，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你说不出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。”他说。lemelson-mit项目同样授予75岁的edith flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是制造了新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。el ninowhile some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 el nino a few months in advance1, the columbia university researchers say their method can predict large el nino events up to two years in advance. that would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that el nino can produce in various parts of the world.using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later el nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate el nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. the results were reported in the latest issue of the journal nature.the researchers say their method is not perfect, but bryan c. weare, a meteorologist at the university of california. davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 el nino is indeed predictable.”“this will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said weare. he added that the new method “makes it possible to predict el nino at long lead times3.” other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, weare said.the ability to predict the warming and cooling of the pacific is of immense importance4. the 1997 el nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said david anderson, of the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts in reading, england. the 1877 el nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in india and china, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, anderson said.when el nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in china alone, according to a 2002 united nations report.while predicting smaller el nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.el nino tends to develop between april and june and reaches its peak between december and february. the warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years.the new forecasting method does not predict any major el nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.厄尔尼诺当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测 1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。研究人员使用计算机把 1980年初 2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至 1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在昀新的自然杂志上。研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家 bryan c.weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他们已并没有参加研究工作。weare说:“这会促使其他人去寻找里好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。 ”其他的方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国 reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的 david anderson说:以 1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约 200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响； 1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果剌激了季节性预报的发展。根据 2002年的联合国报道， 1991年初和 1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有 2亿人受到洪水的侵害。 然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。厄尔尼诺总是在 4月和 6月期间发展，在 12月初 2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在 9月初 12月之间变暖，并且每 2年到 7年出现一次。尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。smokingsince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. the trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. there is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. as smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. one point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. most lung cancer begins at this point.filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.抽烟自 1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康，证据的趋向是一致的，显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究确凿无疑地表明抽烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。这个领域的大部分研究人员部认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病而死亡的机率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的影响也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物质、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物，其集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。engineering ethicsengineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. at texas a&m university, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the national science foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. a small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at texas a&m, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.the increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the challenger disaster, the kansas city hyatt-regency hotel walkways collapse, and the exxon oil spill. as a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. this discipline will doubtles4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.the problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. they are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.工程道德工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的 a&.m大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金，旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰，一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州 a&m大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城 hyatt-regency旅馆通道的坍塌以及 exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的，为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂，他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论，许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。rescue platformin the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the world trade center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. one idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter.1 the platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories.the idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a russian aerospace engineer， david metreveli, who has since2 moved to israel. metrevelis design, called the eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. the spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. the more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller.helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. escape baskets3 slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length.so far, metreveli has built a small-scale model of the eagle to test his idea. in the wake of4 september 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4-meter5 prototype, which he calls the eaglet.救生平台在世界贸易中心遭到恐怖袭击后，安全专家们正在努力寻找新方法，来从燃烧的摩天大楼上营救人们，其中的想法之一就是构建一个能够垂直升降并像直升机一样在空中盘旋的平台。该平台可沿摩天大楼上下移动，运送高楼受困人员。十多年前，一名俄罗斯航空航天工程师 david metreveli酝酿出垂直起落平台这一想法，随后移居以色列。 metreveli的设计方案命名为“老鹰”，需用两个喷气发动机来推动四个大型水平方向旋转的螺旋推进器。螺旋推进器快速旋转，生成必要的上升力，使平台升起。供给螺旋推进器的能量越多，平台升得就越高。要使平台侧向移动，则需要给螺旋推进器添加不等的能量。现在，人们有时还用直升机营救起火大楼中的被困人员，从直升机中抛出的就生篮在大楼旁摇摆，人们可以爬到里面去。不幸的是，由于悬挂救生篮的绳索在超出一定长度后就会非常不稳定，所以救生篮无法到达每一层楼。目前， metreveli已经建立起一个小型“老鹰”模型来检测自己的构思。“ 911”事件后， metreveji获得了足够的基金，开始构建一个较大规模的模型。该模型大小为 4米4米，他将之命名为“小鹰”。microchip research center createda research center has been set up in this far eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. the center, which will start out with about us $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology.the center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. the advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship chipmaker.1 currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments dont allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance.as mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.more than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of us dollars.5 the majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners mainly from japan and singapore.should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the us $14 million investment is still rather small. this country is developing comprehensive technologies. most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property owners. 微芯片研究中心成立为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。该中心将会应用自己的研究技术和设施，为本国芯片厂家开发新技术。这个国家名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使这个国家摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的技术的困境。由于许多外国政府担心先进技术会被用于军事目的，不允许这个国家的芯片生产厂家进口前沿技术，所以这些生产厂家处于一种被动局面。另外，由于这些芯片生产厂家必须向技术提供者支付高额的许可费，这也构成了他们决定要自力更生的一个重要原因。由于主流芯片生产技术每隔 35年就要进行更新换代，所以掌握了新技术的厂家就可以以较低的成本制造出较好的芯片，而那些耗费数十亿美元建立起的厂家，如果设备落后，也将会被生产商所淘汰。几个芯片厂正在建立之中，每个厂的造价都在几百万美元，其中大部分资金都流向了海外设备商和技术所有者主要是日本和新加坡。如果新建的芯片中心能在改变该国芯片行业的被动形势中起到重要作用，该国承认，一千四百万美元的投资仍是微不足道的。该国正在开发综合技术，大部分投资将用于与技术和知识产权所有者建立联盟。moderate earthquake strikes englanda moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast england on 28 april 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. several thousand people were left without power1 in kent county2. one woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.“it felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3” said the woman.the british geological survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a. m. and was centered under the english channel5, about 8.5 miles south of dover6 and near the entrance to the channel tunnel7.witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.“i was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me,” said hendrick van eck, 27, of canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of london. “i then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9. it felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down.”there are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in britain. the april 28 quake was the strongest in britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central england city of birmingham10.the countrys strongest earthquake took place in the north sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the richter scale11. british geological survey scientist roger musson said the quake took place on 28 april in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in london and was felt in france.12 musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of england. however, people should not be scared too much by this prediction. musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. this would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.中度地震袭击英国2007年 4月 28日英格兰东南部地区发生中度地震，一些房屋烟囱倒塌，许多居民半夜从睡梦中惊醒。肯特郡几千人遭遇断电，一名女子头部和颈部受了轻伤。“我感觉整个房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动。”该女子说。英国地质调查局说，本次里氏 4.3级的地震发生于上午 8点 19分，震中在英吉利海峡底部，位于多佛尔以前约 8.5英里处的海峡隧道入口附近。一些目击者看到郡中墙壁现裂缝，并有烟囱倒塌。当地居民说震动大约持续了 1015秒。“我当时躺在床上，觉得好像旁边有人从床上站起来。 ”住在伦敦东南部 60英里处的 27岁的 hendrick van eck说，“然后我听到有东西裂开的声音，而且越来越响。就好像有人在我床尾不停地并着脚跳。”这种规模的中度地震世界上每年都会发生几千次，但在英国仍非常少见。 4月 28日的地震是英国自 2002 年中部城市伯明翰里氏 4.8级地震以来昀强的一次。英国的地震昀高曾达到里氏 6.1级，1931年发生在北海。英国地质勘测所的科学家罗杰马森说， 4月 28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国昀大的地震，其中的一次发生在 1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。马森预言了英格兰的这个地区早晚还会发生地震，但他说人们不必对此产生太大恐惧，因为英国的现代地震预警系统应该能够侦测即将发生的地震，并在震前数小时内通知大家。这将使人们有时间撤离震区，并把损失降到最低。what is a dream?for centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. others, however,think that dreams are an important part of our lives. in fact,many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.before modem times,many people thought that dreams contained messages from god. it was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.the austrian psychologist, sigmund freud, was probably the first person to study dreamsscientifically.ln his famous book, the interpretation of dreams (1900) , freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. he believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.the swiss psychiatrist carl jung was on