2016年职称英语理工类 阅读判断小抄字典版包括ABC三级.doc

第二部分：阅读判断第一篇inventor of ledwhen nick holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes or1 leds, are used in everything from dvds to alarm clocks to airports. dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.on april 23, 2004, holonyak received the $500,000 lemelson-mit prize at a ceremony in washington. this marks the 10th year that the lemelson-mit program at the massachusetts institute of technology（mit）has given the award to prominent inventors.anytime you get an award, big or little2, its always a surprise, holonyak said.holonyak, 75, was a student of john bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. after graduate school3, holonyak worked at bell labs. he later went to general electric4, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches5.later, holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. but while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, be wanted to generate visible light. the leds he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the university of illinois, said he suspected that leds would become as commonplace as they are today. but didnt realize how many uses they would have.you dont know in the beginning. you think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. you just dont know, he said.the lemelson-mit program also recognized edith flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 lemelson- mit lifetime achievement award for her work on a new generation of molecular sieves that can separate molecules by size.词汇：semiconductor / ?sem?k?nd?kt?(r) /n半导体alloy / ?l?, ?l?/ n合金emit / ?m?t / v发射，发出diode / da?d/n二极管dim / d?m / adj灯光昏暗的incandescent / ,?nk?ndesnt / adj白炽的bulb / b?lb /n灯泡commonplace / k?m?nple?s / adj普通的molecular / m?(?)lekj?l?(r) / adj分子的sieve / s?v / n筛 注释： 1or：即2big or little：不论是大还是小3after graduate school：从研究生院毕业之后4general electric ：通用电气公司5house dimmer switches：家用减光开关练习：1holonyaks colleagues thought he would fail in his research on leds at the time when he started it.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the lemelson-mit prize sooner or later.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4holonyak believed that leds would become very popular in the future.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6edith flanigen is the only co-inventor of leds.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7the lemelson-mit prize has a history of over 100 years.aright bwrong cnot mentioned答案与题解： 1a第一段第一句就说：“when nick holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic.”2c通篇文章没有提到holonyak相信他的学生将获得lemelson-mit prize这件事。3b第四段说到发明晶体管的是holonyak的老师john bardeen，不是holonyak本人。4a第六段的句子“. he suspected that leds would become as commonplace as they are today .”就包含了popular的意思。5c通篇文章（包括第七段）没有提到“不要做你不感兴趣的事”。6c通篇文章没有提到edith flanigen是holonyak发明leds的合作者，更不要说是唯一的合作者。7b第二段说到，2004年是the lemelson-mit prize成立10周年，按此推算，the lemelson- mit prize是在1994年设立的。译文：led的发明者当nick holonyak着手用半导体含金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫 led，使用范围覆盖从 dvd到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。2004年 4月 23号，holoyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予 lemelson-mit项目的 50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的 lemelson-mit项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。“任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜。” holonyad说。holonyak，75岁，是 20世纪 50年代初期晶体管的发明者 john bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后， holonyak在 bell实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在家用减光开关中普遍使用。后来， holonyak开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。 1962年他发明的 led，现在的使用寿命可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，而且更环保、更经济。holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到 led的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。“开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道。”他说。lemelson-mit项目同样授予 75岁的 edith flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。 第二篇 el ninowhile some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 el nino a few months in advance1, the columbia university researchers say their method can predict large el nino events up to two years in advance. that would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that el nino can produce in various parts of the world.using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later el nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate el nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. the results were reported in the latest issue of the journal nature.the researchers say their method is not perfect, but bryan cweare, a meteorologist at the university of california, davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 el nino is indeed predictable.”“this will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said weare. he added that the new method “makes it possible to predict el nino at long lead times3.” other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, weare said.the ability to predict the wanning and cooling of the pacific is of immense importance4. the 1997 el nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said david anderson, of the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts in reading, england. the 1877 el nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in india and china, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, anderson said.when el nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in china alone, according to a 2002 united nations report.while predicting smaller el nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.el nino tends to develop between april and june and reaches its peak between december and february. the warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years.the new forecasting method does not predict any major el nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.词汇： el nino n厄尔尼诺现象equatorial / ,ekw?t?:r?l / adj赤道的occurrence / ?k?r?ns/ n发生meteorologist / ,mi:t?r?l?d?st/ n气象学家offset / ?fset / v抵消lead / li:d / adj领先的monsoon / m?nsu:n / n季风tricky / tr?k? / adj难以捉摸的注释：1 methods had limited success predicting predicting the 1997 el nino a few months in success的含义。2suggests：suggest在文中的意思是“表明，显示出”。3at long lead times：lead的意思相当于in advance。at long lead times的意思是“在领先很长的一段时间里”。4of immense importance = immensely important练习：1the method used by the columbia university researchers can predict el nino a few months in advance.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the columbia university researchers studied the relationship between the past el nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the columbia university researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past el nino occurrences.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4weares contribution in predicting el nino was highly praised by other meteorologists.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5according to a chinese report, the flooding in china caused by el nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million chinese people.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6it takes about eight months for el nino to reach its peak.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7a special institute has been set up in america to study el nino.aright bwrong cnot mentioned答案与题解： 1b文章第一段第一句说，哥伦比亚大学的方法can predict large el nino events up to two years in advance，而不是几个月。2a本题给出的信息是正确的，根据是第二段的第一句。3c第四段说到其他一些预测el nino的方法也有涉及sea-surface temperatures这一因素的，但是文章没有提到是谁首先用sea-surface temperatures测定法预测el nino的。4c文章中提到weare的地方是第三段、第四段，但都没有说到气象学家髙度评价weare在预测el nino方面做出的贡献。5b第六段说到，关于中国受灾的数据是根据一份2002年的united nations report作出的。6a第八段说，el nino一般开始于4月与6月之间，到12月与2月之间达到高峰，从发生到高峰经历的时间约为8个月。7c通篇文章没有提到美国成立了一个el nino研究所。 译文：厄尔尼诺当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测 1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。研究人员使用计算机把 1980年初 2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至 1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在最新的自然杂志上。研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家 bryan c.weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他们已并没有参加研究工作。weare说:“这会促使其他人去寻找里好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。 ”其他的方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国 reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的 david anderson说:以 1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约 200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响； 1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果剌激了季节性预报的发展。根据 2002年的联合国报道， 1991年初和 1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有 2亿人受到洪水的侵害。然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。厄尔尼诺总是在 4月和 6月期间发展，在 12月初 2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在 9月初 12月之间变暖，并且每 2年到 7年出现一次。尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。 第三篇 smokingsince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. the trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. there is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. as smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. one point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. most lung cancer begins at this point.filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.注释：1.life expectancy：预期寿命2.low tar tobacco：焦油含量低的烟草练习： 1. it is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned2. smoking reduces ones life expectancy.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned3. smoking may induce lung cancer.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned4. there is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned5. male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned6. nicotine is poisonous.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned7. filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe；a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned答案与题解：1. b 该题说的是：判断抽烟对健康是否有危害是容易的。但是，文章的第一句话是这么说的：自 1939年以来，进行了许多次研究，其目的都是为了判断抽烟对健康是否是一种危害。可以看出判断抽烟对健康是否是一种危害并不容易。2. a 该题说的是：抽烟会缩短人们的预期寿命。该题源于第一段最后一个句子中的子句： tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy抽烟会缩短人们的预期寿命。3. a 该题说的是：抽烟有可能诱发肺癌，文章的第二段和第三段都讲到了抽烟与肺癌的关系。4. c该题说的是：有证据说明乳腺癌是抽烟诱发的。文章没有提及乳腺癌与抽烟的关系。5. b 该题说的是：男性烟民死于心脏病的比率小子女性烟民死于心脏病的比率。文章没有直接比较男性烟民和女性烟民死于心脏病的比率，但有这么一句话： female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.据认为女性烟民并不把烟吸得很深，烟对她们的影响小子男性烟民。从中可以推断出的是：男性烟民死于心脏病的比率高于女性烟民死子心脏病的比率。因此该题的命题是错误的。6. a 该题说的是：尼古丁是有毒的。答案可在第三段找到。7. b 该题说的是：有了过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草，抽烟是安全的。文章的最后一段（也是最后一句 )是这么说的：据称，过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草在某种程度上使抽烟变得较为安全，但是它们只是略微减少危害而不是消除危害。因此该题的命题是错误的。译文：吸烟自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定吸烟是否危害健康。证据的趋向是一致的， 并且显示出吸烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究超出了所有合理的怀疑，表明吸烟与人的 预期寿命的缩短有关。这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为吸烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重荽原因，并且和人体其他某些 器官的癌症有关。吸烟的男性因心脏病的死亡率禽于不吸烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响 较小，因为她们不深吸烟。除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的作用也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物、 微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被玻入时，所有 这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这 一点。滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低危 害而不是消除危害。 第四篇engineering ethicsengineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. at texas a&m university, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the national science foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. a small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at texas asm, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.the increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the challenger disaster, the kansas city hyatt-regency hotel walkways collapse, and the exxon oil spill. as a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. this discipline will doubtless4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.the problem presented by this development is that tnost engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. they are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.词汇：ethics / e?ks /n道德规范culminate / k?lm?ne?t/ v达到顶点administrator / ?dm?n?stre?t?r/ n管理者implication / ,?mplike?n/ n含义syllabus / s?l?b?s / n课程大纲herein /,h?r?n / adv在这里注释：1. culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by . ：本句可理解为culminated in the creation of a new course . as well as in a project funded by，即a project前面省略了in。as well as的意思是and。2wishing to learn：wishing to learn .为现在分词短语，用作定语修饰students。3value dimension：价值范围，价值尺度4doubtless ：相当于doubtlessly，用作状语。5take ones place：确立自己的位置6quantitative concepts：以数字表达的概念 练习： 1engineering ethics is a compulsory subject in every institute of science and technology in the uniled states.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the number of students wishing to take the course of engineering ethics is declining at texas a&sm university.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the national science foundation involves itself directly in writing up material about ethical issues.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4it seems that medical ethics and business ethics are more mature than engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6many engineering professors may not have time to prepare material for class discussion on professional ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7it is likely that following this introductory passage, the author will provide the necessary material related to the topic of engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned答案与题解： 1c本文没有述及engineering ethics是一门必修课，也没有提到美国所有的理工院校都开设了这门学科。2b第一段最后一句谈到，想修这门学科的学生人数在不断增加，而本题却说在不断减少，所以给出的信息是错误的。3bthe national science foundation（全美科学基金会）只是为编写有关工程道德问题的教学材料提供经费，并没有亲自动手编写。因此，本题给出的信息是错误的。4a本题给出的信息是正确的。第二段有一句相关的句子：this discipline will doubtless take its place alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.从这个句子可以看到，medical ethics, business ethics和legal ethics都是well- established的，其地位也已确立了。engineering ethics这门学科的地位也将会确立下来。mature这个词是从本句的含义中引申出来的。5c通篇文章都没有提到教授离职的问题。6a本题给出的信息是正确的,根据是第三段的句子：many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time . in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material。7a本题给出的信息是正确的，根据是第三段的最后一句：hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance（希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助）。译文：工程道德工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的 a&.m大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金，旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰，一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州 a&.m大学的不懈努力予以了积极的