2016年职称英语考试职称英语理工B小抄王霞版理工B.doc

t,t inventor of led496el nino497smoking498engineering ethics499rescue platform499microchip research center created501moderate earthquake strikes england501whatis a dream?502dangers await babies with altitude504the biology of music504more than 8 hours sleep too much of a good thing506soot and sow：a hot combination507icy microbes508led lighting509how we form first impression510screen test511more rural research is needed512washoe learned american sign language513ford abandons electric vehicles福特放弃电动汽车514world crude oil production may peak a decade earlier than some predict世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值515citizen scientists 公民科学家516-motoring technology 汽车技术517 late-night drinking -在深夜饮咖啡 514-making light of sleep不要太在意睡眠519-sugar power for cell phones 用糖为手机发电520eiffel is an eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔521 an essential scientific process一个重要的科学过程522young female chimps outlearn their brothers年轻雌猩猩学习优于它们的弟兄518when our eyes serve our stomach我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口524 -florida hit by cold air mass纳佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击525invisibility ring隐形环526japanese car keeps watch for drunk drivers日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车527winged robot learns to fly 肋生双翅机器人学飞行528japanese drilling into core of earth日本人的地心旅行529a sunshade for the planet地球防晒霜530thirst for oil石油匮乏531musical robot companion enhances listener experience532explorer of the extreme deep深海探索器533-plant gas植物，沼气的又一来源534real world robots现实生活中的机器人 . . .535powering a city? its a breeze风力发电？轻而易举536underground coal fires a looming catastrophe537eat to live为生存而食538-male and female pilots cause accidents differently539driven to distraction分散注意力驾驶540sleep lets brain file memories睡眠促使记忆归档存储541ill be bach542-digital realm数码王国543-hurricane katrina卡特里娜飓风544mind-reading1 machine读心机545experts call for local and regional control of sites for radioactivewaste- 541一、mobile phones-移动电话542二、the worlds longest bridge548三、reinventing the table549四、the bilingual brain550五、a record-breaking rover（新增c）550六、dung to death551七、time in the animal world552八、watching microcurrents flow553九、 lightening strikes（新增b）553十、how deafness makes it easier to hear547【1】captain cook arrow legend(库克船长弓箭的传说)556【2】avalanche and its safety(雪崩和安全问题)557【3】增c giant structures(巨型建筑)557【4】animals “sixth sense”(动物的”第六感”)558【5】singing alarms could save the blind(警报器救盲人)558【6】car thieves could be stopped remotely(远程制止偷车贼)559【7】an intelligent car(智能汽车)560【8】增b why india needs its dying vultures(印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰)560【9】wonder webs(奇妙的网)561【10】chicken soup for the soul: comfort food fights loneliness（心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感）561inventor of led- led的发明者【近义词】 when nick holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes or leds, are used in everything from dvds to alarm clocks to airports. dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.【反义词】on april 23, 2004, holonyak received the $500,000 lemelson-mit prize at a ceremony in washington. this marks the 10th year that the lemelson-mit program at the massachusetts institute of technology（mit）has given the award to prominent inventors.【词源解析】anytime you get an award, big or little, its always a surprise, holonyak said.holonyak, 75, was a student of john bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. after graduate school, holonyak worked at bell labs. he later went to general electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches.【相关短语】later, holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. but while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, be wanted to generate visible light. the leds he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.【派生词】holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the university of illinois, said he suspected that leds would become as commonplace as they are today. but didnt realize how many uses they would have.【近义词】you dont know in the beginning. you think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. you just dont know, he said.【词源解析】the lemelson-mit program also recognized edith flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 lemelson- mit lifetime achievement award for her work on a new generation of molecular sieves that can separate molecules by size.【反义词】当nick holonyak着手用半导体合金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫led,使用范围覆盖从dvd到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他日用技术。2004年4月23日，holonyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予lemelson-mit项目的50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的lemelson-mit项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。【相关短语】“任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜。”holonyak说。holonyak，75岁，是20世纪50年代初期晶体管的发明者john bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，holonyak在bell实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在在家用减光开关中普遍使用。【词源解析】后来，holonyak开始研究何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。1962年他发明的led,现在的使用寿命可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，而且更环保、更经济。holonyak现在是伊利诺伊大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到led的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。【派生词】“开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道。”他说。lemelson-mit项目同样授予75岁的edith flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。【近义词】1holonyaks colleagues thought he would fail in his research on leds at the time when he started it.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the lemelson-mit prize sooner or later.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4holonyak believed that leds would become very popular in the future.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6edith flanigen is the only co-inventor of leds.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7the lemelson-mit prize has a history of over 100 years.aright bwrong cnot mentionedel nino-厄尔尼诺【近义词】while some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 el nino a few months in advance1, the columbia university researchers say their method can predict large el nino events up to two years in advance. that would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that el nino can produce in various parts of the world.【反义词】using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later el nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate el nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. the results were reported in the latest issue of the journal nature.【派生词】the researchers say their method is not perfect, but bryan cweare, a meteorologist at the university of california, davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 el nino is indeed predictable.”【相关短语】“this will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said weare. he added that the new method “makes it possible to predict el nino at long lead times3.” other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, weare said.【词源解析】the ability to predict the wanning and cooling of the pacific is of immense importance4. the 1997 el nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said david anderson, of the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts in reading, england. the 1877 el nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in india and china, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, anderson said.when el nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in china alone, according to a 2002 united nations report.【反义词】while predicting smaller el nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.【词源解析】 el nino tends to develop between april and june and reaches its peak between december and february. the warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years.【相关短语】the new forecasting method does not predict any major el nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.【派生词】1the method used by the columbia university researchers can predict el nino a few months in advance.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the columbia university researchers studied the relationship between the past el nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the columbia university researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past el nino occurrences.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4weares contribution in predicting el nino was highly praised by other meteorologists.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5according to a chinese report, the flooding in china caused by el nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million chinese people.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6it takes about eight months for el nino to reach its peak.aright b wrong cnot mentioned7a special institute has been set up in america to study el nino.aright bwrong cnot mentioned【词源解析】当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。研究人员使用计算机把1980年和2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在最新的自然杂志上。【反义词】研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的气象学家bryan c. weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他自己并没有参加研究工作。weare说：“这会促使其他人去寻找更好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能”。其他方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。【派生词】预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的david anderson说：以1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响；1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约4 000万人丧生，结果刺激了季节性预报的发展。【近义词】根据2002年的联合国报道，1991年和1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有2亿人受到洪水的侵害。然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。厄尔尼诺总是在4月和6月期间形成，在12月和翌年2月之间达到髙峰。气候总是在9月和12月之间变暧，并且每2 7年出现一次。尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。smoking-抽学派烟【近义词】since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. the trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.【反义词】 cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.【相关短语】 apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. there is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. as smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. one point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. most lung cancer begins at this point.【派生词】 filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.【词源解析】1it is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2smoking reduces ones life expectancy.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3smoking may induce lung cancer.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4there is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6nicotine is poisonous.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe.aright bwrong cnot mentioned【相关短语】自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康。证据的趋向是一致的，显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究确凿无疑地表明抽烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病而死亡的概率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的_响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。【反义词】除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的影响也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物质、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸人时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物，其集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。engineering ethics-工程道德【近义词】engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. at texas a&m university, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the national science foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. a small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at texas asm, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.【派生词】the increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the challenger disaster, the kansas city hyatt-regency hotel walkways collapse, and the exxon oil spill. as a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. this discipline will doubtless4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.【相关短语】the problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. they are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.【反义词】1engineering ethics is a compulsory subject in every institute of science and technology in the uniled states.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the number of students wishing to take the course of engineering ethics is declining at texas a&sm university.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the national science foundation involves itself directly in writing up material about ethical issues.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4it seems that medical ethics and business ethics are more mature than engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6many engineering professors may not have time to prepare material for class discussion on professional ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7it is likely that following this introductory passage, the author will provide the necessary material related to the topic of engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned【派生词】工程道德在全美的工程类院校里越来越受到关注。在得克萨斯州的大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金、旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰。一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州a大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。【相关短语】人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城hyatt-regency旅馆通道的坍塌以及exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的。为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学i科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂。他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论。许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。rescue platform-救生平台【近义词】in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the world trade center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. one idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter.1 the platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories.【反义词】the idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a russian aerospace engineer, david metreveli, who has since2 moved to israel. metrevelis design, called the eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. the spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. the more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller.【近义词】helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. escape baskets3 slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length.【派生词】so far, metreveli has built a small-scale model of the eagle to test his idea. in the wake of4 september 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4- meter5 prototype, which he calls the eaglet.【相关短语】1a rescue platform called t