2016职称英语理工B所有文章带翻译王霞字典版 小抄版 已按字母排序方便查找.doc

t,t a sunshade for the planet地球防晒霜even with the best will1 in the world, reducing our carbon emissions is not going prevent global warming. it has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. at the same time, resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough.fortunately, if the worst comes to the worse2, scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves3. for the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. until now, that is. a growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale “geoengineering” projects that might be used to counteract global warming. “i use the analogy of methadone4,” says stephen schneider, a climate researcher at stanford university in california who was among the first to draw attention to global warming. “if you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab. but if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.basically the idea is to apply “sunscreen” to the whole planet. one astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool earth: launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the suns rays. its controversial, but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the earths surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. global climate models show that blocking just 1. 8 per cent of the incident energy in the suns rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. that could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more.a sunshade for the planet地球防晒霜 就算怀着最美好的愿望，仅仅减少二氧化碳的排放量还是不能制止全球变暖。很明显，即便采取最强硬的措施来控制排放，气候的变化无常仍能导致极速变暖和海平面上升。另一方面，受到政府和特殊利益群体的阻挠，气候学家往往不能将措施很快实施彻底。 幸好，如果被逼上绝路，科学家们还有最后几招。在大多数情况下，他们拒绝讨论这些施，害怕人们会因此沾沾门喜而使这个问题不能被彻底解决。至少目前是这样。越来越多的研究者相信一项大型的地质丁程建设可用来抵御全球变暖。斯坦福大学的一位气象学家stephen schneider最早提出气候变暖这项议题的学者之一。他说：“我把它比作美沙酮。如果你那里有一个海洛因瘾者，那么正确的治疗方法就是住院，接受长时间的康复治疗。拒绝正常住院治疗，那服用美沙酮是一种缓解海洛因毒瘾的有效方法。” 总体思路是给地球也涂上防晒霜。一个天文学家突发奇想，想借此冷却地球：发射亿万轻如羽毛的碟片进入太空形成巨大“云层”以阻碍太阳光。这个想法备受争议，但最近的研究表明，有些方法可以控制到达地球表面的阳光以抵消温室效应产生的气候变暖。全球气候模型表明，阻断百之一点八的太阳能刚好可以抵消大气中双倍的温室气体所引起的气候变暖现象。这个想法影响深远，因为即使采取最严格的控制气体排放措施，到本世纪末，二氧化碳量仍会翻倍。并且这种情况将再持续至少一个世纪。an intelligent car智能汽车driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. many human drivers have all (1) these and can control a fast-moving car. but how does an intelligent car control itself?there is a virtual driver in the smart car. this virtual driver has “eyes,”“brains”，“hands” and “feet”，too. the mini-cameras (2) on each side of the car are his “eyes,” which observe the road and conditions ahead of it. they watch the (3) traffic to the cars left and right. there is also a highly (4) automatic driving system in the car. it is the built-in computer, which is the virtual drivers “brain. ” his “brain” calculates the speeds of (5) other moving cars near it and analyzes their positions. basing on this information, it chooses the right (6) path for the intelligent cars, and gives (7) instructions to the “hands”and “feets”to act accordingly. in this way, the virtual driver controls his car.what is the virtual drivers best advantage? he reacts (8) quickly. the mini-cameras are (9) sending images continuously to the “brain”. it (10) completes the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds. however, the worlds best drier (11) at least needs one second to react. (12) besides, when he takes action, he needs one more second.the virtual driver is really wonderful. he can reduce the accident (13) rate considerably on expressway. in this case. can we let him have the wheel at any time and in any place? experts (14) warn that we cannot do that just yet. his ability to recognize things is still (15) limited. he can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.an intelligent car智能汽车开车需要目光锐利，耳朵灵敏，反应敏捷和手脑间的协作。许多人类司机这些条件都具备，并可控制一辆急速行驶的汽车。但一辆智能车如何进行自控?智能车中有一位虚拟驾驶员。这位司机同样有“眼”有“脑”有“手”有“脚”。车两侧的微型摄像头就是他的眼，负责观察车前方的路况。他们注意着车两侧的交通情况。车中也有高度自动化的驾驶系统。这就是内置的电脑，也就是虚拟司机的大脑。这个大脑计算出车近旁正在运动车辆的速度，并分析它们的位置。基于这些信息，它为智能车选择最佳路径，并给出指示以让手脚做出相应运动。通过这样的方式，虚拟司机就对车辆实行了控制。虚拟司机的最大优点是什么?他的反应速度很快。微型摄像头不断向大脑发送图像数据。他完成图像处理的时间为100毫秒。然而，世界上最优秀的人类司机也至少需要1 秒钟的反应时间。当他作出行动时，又多需一秒。虚拟司机的确很棒。在高速公路上，他可大大减少事故发生率。鉴于此，我们是否可以让他在任何时间任何地点都驾驶汽车呢?专家们警告说我们现在还不能这样做。智能 车辨别事物的能力还很有限。目前，这种车只能在高速公路上行驶。car thieves could be stopped remotely远程制止偷车贼 speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. but he is in a nasty surprise. the car is fitted with a remote immobilizer and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine1off, he will not be able to start it again. for now, such devices 2 areonly available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. but remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, and 3should be available to ordinary cars in the uk 4intwo months. the idea goes like this. a control box fitted to the carincorporates5aminiature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a gps satellite positioning receiver. 6if the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicles engine management system and prevent the engine7beingrestarted. there are even plans for immobilizers 8that shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system. in the uk. an array of technical fixes is already making 9lifeharder for car thieves. “the pattern of vehicles crime has changed,” says martyn randall of thatcham, a security research organization based in berkshire that is funded in part 10 bythe motor insurance industry. he says it would only take him a few minutes to 11teacha novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. but only if the car is more than years old. modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine management computer will not 12allow them to start unless they receive a unique id code beamed out by the ignition key. in the uk, technologies like this 13have helpedachieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997. but determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. often by getting hold of the owners keys in a burglary. in 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the uk were taken using the owners keys double the previous years figure. remote-controlled immobilization system would 14put a major new obstacle in the criminals way by making such thefts pointless. a group that includes thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could goon the market sooner than the15customer expects.car thieves could be stopped remotely远程制止偷车贼超速驾驶在偷来的汽车里，偷车贼以为自己大获全胜。但是他马上就会又惊又恼。车上已经被装了远程制动装置，一个几英里以外的控制中心发来的无线信号将确保盗贼一旦启动引擎，他就不能再次发动汽车了。目前，这种装置只用于卡车队或者用于建筑工地的特殊车辆上。但是远程制动技术很快就会逐步应用到普通汽车上。并且应该在两个月之内用在英国的普通汽车上。计划是这样的。把一个集合有微型无绳电话，微量处理器，存储器以及全球定位系统的卫星接收器的控制盒子安装在汽车上。如果汽车被盗，一个被编码的无绳电话信号就会告诉这个装置停止车辆引擎控制系统来阻止弓i擎再次被启动。甚至还有一些人主张计划将制动装置装在运行着的车辆上，可是这样一来人们就会担心这个系统的安全性o在英国，一系列的技术装置已经让盗车贼步履维艰了。玛丁兰多来自位于贝克郡的一个由汽车保险工业投资成立的名为撒策姆的安全研究机构，他说，“车辆盗窃的手法已经有所改变。”他还声称只要是10年以上的汽车，他就能用几样简单的工具在几分钟之内教会一个新手怎样偷车。现代车却远没有这么简单，因为它们的引擎管理计算机装置只有接收到一个独一无二的由点火钥匙发送过来的身份密码才可以启动汽车。自1997年以来，在英国，技术人员已经利用此项技术帮助减少了31%的涉及车辆犯罪案。但是不死心的盗贼们却还在一直想方设法偷车。例如很多时候，他们在夜里盗走主人的汽车钥匙进而偷车。在2000年，英国12%的车辆被盗案是由于主人的钥匙被盗，这个数字比前一年增长了1倍远程控制的制动系统给盗贼设置了一个全新的障碍。包括撒策姆、公安部门、保险公司以及安全技术公司在内的一个群体已经为体系开发出了一些标准，它们将比顾客所预期的更早地被推广到市场上。chicken soup for the soul：comfort food fights loneliness心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感 mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries but according to a study in psychological science, theyre good for your heart and emotionsthe study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feelfor me personally ,food has always played a big role in my family, says jordan troisi, a graduate student at the university of buffalo, and lead author on the studythe study came out of the research program of his coauthor shira gabrielit has looked at non-human things that may affect human emotionssome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their favorite tv show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onestroisi and gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect by making people think of their nearest and dearest. in one experiment, in order to make participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themothers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. then, some people in each group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new foodfinally ,the researchers had participants complete questions about their levels of loneliness writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelybut people who were generally secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort foodwe have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to ussays troisithinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close othersin their essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the experience of eating food with family and friends. in another experiment, eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodthis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. throughout everyones daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our connections with others, troisi sayscomfort food can be an easy remedy for lonelinesschicken soup for the soul：comfort food fights loneli心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据心理科学一项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其 研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。 “就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，jordantroisi如是说。他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研究出自于他与shiragabriel合作的一个研究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。troisi和gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使 人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。 在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参 与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。 描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣 一些孤独感。troisi说道： “我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒 人们注意到他们的亲人。 ”在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。 在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以 前，因此他们不会记得。 “在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际 关系有关， 爽心食品可能是排遣孤独的便利食品”。troisi如是说。dangers await babies with altitude高海拔地区的婴儿有危险 women who live in the worlds highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. these babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.1 research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. but it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. to find out more, dino giussani and his team at cambridge university studied the records of 400 births in bolivia during 1997 and 1998. the babies were bom in both rich and poor areas of two cities: la paz and santa cruz. la paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while santa cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. sure enough, giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in la paz was significantly lower than in santa cruz. this was true in both high and low-income families. even babies bom to poor families in santa cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty la paz. “we were very surprised by this result,” says giussani. the results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of2oxygen before birth. “this may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child.3 says giussani. his team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies4. this is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of the body5. giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. people born in la paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. and newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.dangers await babies with altitude高海拔地区的婴儿有危险一项新的研究表明，住在世界高海拔地区的女人通常生下体重不足的婴儿。这些婴儿在长大成人后患心脏病和中风的风险很大。研究暗示，在山区出生的新生儿低于平均体重。但是还不清楚这是由于在高海拔地区氧气不足，还是由于他们的母亲没有获得足够的营养许多住在高海拔地区的人相对比住在低海拔地区的人穷。为了了解更多情况，剑桥大学的dina giussani 和他的团队研究了1997年至1998年玻利维亚的400个新生儿的记录。这些婴儿出生于两个城市的富有和贫困地区：拉巴斯和圣克鲁斯。拉巴斯是世界上海拔最高的城市，海拔3.65千米，而圣克鲁斯低很多，海拔440米。当然，giussani发现拉巴斯的新生儿的平均出生体重明显低于圣克鲁斯的新生儿，无论高收入家庭还是低收入家庭都是如此。甚至圣克鲁斯的贫穷家庭的婴儿比拉巴斯的富有家庭的婴儿平均体重还要重。giussani说：“我们对这个结果感到吃惊。”这个结果表明在高海拔地区出生的婴儿出生前就缺氧。giussani说：“这可能会触发调节胎儿成长的荷尔蒙的释放或抑制。”他的团队还发现高海拔地区出生的婴儿通常有相对身体来说较大的头部。这可能是因为一个缺氧的胚胎会首先把充氧的血液输送到脑部，然后才送到身体的其他部位。giussani想要查出这样的婴儿在今后的生活中是不是更容易患病。例如在拉巴斯出生的人在成年之后更可能患心脏病。出生时体重轻是患冠心病的一个危险因素。头部相对身体较大的新生儿在今后的生活中通常更容易患高血压和中风。driven to distraction 分散注意力驾驶 joe coyne slides into the drivers eat, starts up the car and heads to town. the empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion, and coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. but even if he hadnt stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. she isnt real. neither is the town. and coyne isnt really driving. coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at old dominion university (odu) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel. the researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distractingor whether any distractions are offset by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations. “were looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said caryl baldwin, the assistant psychology professor leading the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues. the researchers just completed a study of the mental workload involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs. light traffic. preliminary results show that as people “get into more challenging driving situations, they dont have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment,” baldwin said. but the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. this next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers mental workload. “is it best if they see a picturethat shows their position, a map kind of display?” baldwin said. “is it best if they hear it?” navigational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route. “theyre very unforgiving,” baldwin said. “if you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.” that style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. but such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions, baldwin said. perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify systems to present some information in a way that makes sense for people who prefer the survey style, she said. interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, baldwin said. this explains the classic little thing of why men dont like to stop and ask for directions and women do, baldwin added. driven to distraction分散注意力驾驶 joecoyne滑进驾驶室，发动汽车朝城里开去。空荡荡的那段州际公路结束了，进入到拥塞的城市。这时，一个行人突然从coyne的车前穿过，他急忙紧急刹车。 但是，就算coyne来不及刹车，那个妇女也不会有事儿。因为，她是一个假人。整座城市也是假的。coyne并不是真的在开车。他只是在演示一个计算机操控的驾驶模拟器，帮助olddominion大学的研究者们检测车内导向系统如何影响开车人。 研究者们希望了解驾驶员在陌生环境里从这一系统提供的那些语音或书面的说明中得到的导路指南等益处是否抵消了这些东西引起的注意力不集中的问题。 主持研究的心理学副教授carylbaldwin说：“我们一直关注着驾驶员的表现和精神负荷”这包括驾驶员在对听觉和视觉提示做出反应时的反应时间和大脑活动。 研究人员刚刚完成了一项关于在不同环境中，如交通畅通或交通拥挤时驾驶员精神负荷的调查。baldwin说，初步的调查结果显示人们“在更富有挑战性的环境中驾驶时，并不会对周围环境的变化做出更大的反应。” 她说，两种提示的交替使用还是有效的。下一步，他们将测试为驾驶员提供导向信息的不同方法以及这些方法如何改变驾驶员的精神负荷。 baldwin说：“是给驾驶员看类似地图那样的显示图片好，还是让他们听到指示信息好呢？” 现在市场上的导向系统会给出点对点的方向信息，同时还会提供预定的路线。baldwin说：“这些系统通常不会原谅人的错误。如果驾驶员错过了一个转变，它们就会变得非常生气。” 这种提供方向信息的方式通常会使更喜欢笼统信息的驾驶员产生一种受挫感。baldwin说，笼统的信息却会使更喜欢线路批示的驾驶员感到困惑。 她说，也许，是系统制造商们应该允许驾驶员能够选择自己喜欢的指示方式，或者使系统能够为更喜欢调查信息方式的驾驶员提供有用的信息。 有意思的是，其他研究者表示60%的男性更喜欢这种提供调查信息的导向系统，而60%的女性则更喜欢线路指示系统。baldwin说，这也就可以解释那个为什么女人喜欢下车问路，而男人却不的经典例子。digital realm数码王国 in the digital realm, the next big advance will be voice recognition. the rudiments are already here but in primitive form. ask a computer to “recognize speech,” and it is likely to think you want it to “w