词性与词形变化.ppt

词性与词形变化 昂立智立方中学生昂立智立方中学生VIPVIP金桥中心金桥中心 2014 2014年年0404月月1818日日 词性的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可 以分成10个大类。 1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅 速地 5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三 7 冠词 article art. a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep. at 在. 9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦 前六类类叫实词实词 ，后四类类叫虚词词。 名词(表示人或物名称的词) 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词 。 专有名词：Beijing，China，the United States 普通名词：book，water（可数名词和不可数名词） 普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：gun 2）集体名词：family (以上两类属于可数名词) 3）物质名词：air 4）抽象名词：work (以上两类属于不可数名词) 代词可以分为下列九类： 1. 人称代词：They are my school mates. 2. 物主代词：Our friends have great concern for each other. 3. 反身代词：Take good care of yourselves. 4. 相互代词：We should help each other. 5. 指示代词：Who are these people? 6. 疑问代词：What are you doing? 7.不定代词： Do you know anything about it? 8. 连接代词：Do you know who did it? 9. 关系代词：She married Tony, who is a student too. 代词(代替名词的词) 形容词 (修饰名词等，说明事物或人的性质或特征的词) 形容词可分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类。 1)性质形容词：hot，good，wonderful 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词， 它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定 语、表语和补语。 2) 叙述形容词： afraid，alone，asleep 只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没 有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开 头的形容词都属于这一类。 形容词 1. I have a red apple. 2. The tall boy there is my brother. 3. Miss Chen is very kind in class. 4. That hungry man ate much food. 5. That young lady comes from the USA. 副词(主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子) 说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 时间副词: soon, then, today, tomorrow, afterwards , now 地点副词: here, there 程度副词: very, quite, rather 方式副词: beautifully, reluctantly, well 频度副词: often , frequently, always 动词 动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。 动词可分为行为动词 、系动词、助动词和情态动词 四类。 1. We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词 ) 2. We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约 。(have是助动词) 3. I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词) 4. She was beaten on the way home. (was是助动词) 5. You neednt have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词 ) 6. The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词) 数词 数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词 叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一、基数词 基数词写法和读法 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式： first1st second2nd thirty-first31st 三、数词的用法 1）倍数表示法 2）分数表示法 冠词 冠词分为三类： 定冠词: the 不定冠词: a / an 零冠词:/ 介词 按意义义英语语介词词可分为为： 1. 时间介词：at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until 2. 地点介词：at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside 3. 其它介词：by, with, about, except, instead of, due to 英语语介词词不可单单独使用，后面必须须跟名词词，动动名词词或 句子构成介宾结宾结 构等。 连词 不能独立担任句子成分，只起连接词与词，短语与短语 以及句与句的作用。 连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。 1. 并列连词：and，but, or, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) then 2. 从属连词：when ,where, because, if , as 词形转换 形容词变副词 动词变名词 动词变形容词 名词变形容词 形容词变副词 1. 一般情况下直接加-ly quick-quickly real-really helpful-helpfully 2. 以y结尾的,先将y改成i,再加-ly happy-happily busy-busily 3. 某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾和以-ue结 尾的形容词要先去掉e，然后再加-y或-ly。 true-truly terrible-terribly。 绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。 polite-politely, wide-widely 形容词变副词 4. 以ll结尾的词 只加-y full-fully 5. 以ic结尾的词 加-ally automatic-automatically 6. 副词还可以由形容词加前缀a-得来, loud (adj.) -aloud (adv.) 7. 部分名词加后缀也可变成副词，part-partly e.g.：It is partly her fault. 有部分是她的错。 注意：friendly；lovely；lively；lonely等词是形容词 而非副词 动词变名词 1.在词词尾加-er, -r, 双写加-er 或-or: A. play player, sing singer B. write writer, drive driver C. run runner, travel traveller D. visit visitor, invent inventor 2. 在词词尾加-ing: build building, begin beginning swim swimming, skate skating mean meaning, cross crossing 3.在词词尾加-ion 或去e加-ion: A. describe description produce production pollute pollutioncelebrate celebration educate educationgraduate graduation B. instruct instruction invent invention attract attractionsuggest suggestion 动词变名词 4. 在词词尾加-ment 结结尾 argue-argumentadvertise- advertisement govern government amuseamusement 动词变名词 5. 其他 know knowledgeplease pleasure practise practice die death succeed success weigh weight tour tourist product produce enter entrancefly flight discover discoveryfail failure behavebehaviorenjoy joy mix mixturearrive arrival 动词变名词 Quiz: wait dance win feel say decide organize invite discuss agree develop waiter dancer winner feeling saying decision organization invitation discussion agreement development 动词变形容词 1.词词尾加-ful: thank thankfulforget forgetful wonder wonderful 2. 词词尾变变y为为-i,加-ed: worry worriedsatisfy satisfied 3.词词尾加-able: enjoy - enjoyable suit suitable comfort - comfortable 动词变形容词 5.词词尾加-ing: interest interesting surprise surprising excite exciting develop developing frighten frightening relax relaxing 4.词词尾加-d或e-d: please pleased excite excited surprise surprised frighten frightened relax relaxed interest interested 动词变形容词 6.词词尾加-ive： attract-attractive act-active 7.其它： lose lostfool - foolish taste tastyeducate - educational break - broken speak - spoken wake awakedie - dead widen wide enable able sleep - sleepy / sleeping / asleep 动词变形容词 Quiz: pollute crowd develop succeed fry interest- enjoy die polluted crowded developed/developing successful fried interested/interesting enjoyable dead 名词变形容词 1.名词词加-y构成形容词词。 rain rainywind windy sun sunnyluck lucky noise noisyhealth healthy 2. 名词词加-ly构成形容词词。 friend friendly love lovely father fatherly (父亲般的） brother brotherly (兄弟般的) 名词变形容词 3. 名词词加-ful构成形容词词，表示肯定。 use useful （有用的，有益的） help helpful （有帮助的，有益的） harm harmful （有害的） care careful （小心的，仔细的） 4. 名词词加-less构成形容词词，表示否定。 use useless （无用的） help helpless （无能的，无用的） harm harmless （无害的） care careless （粗心的） 名词变形容词 5.在某些名词后加-ous构成形容词 danger dangerousfame famous 6.名词加-en构成形容词 wool woolen wood wooden gold golden 7.名词+ -able comfort-comfortable