高考定语从句总结.ppt

Tom is a student in class 11. Tom has two brothers. We all like him Toms father is a famous journalist. 归纳： _ _ who whom whose 认识关系代词 Tom _ has two brothers is a student in class 11. Tom _ we all like is a student in class 11. Tom _ father is a famous journalist is a student in class 11. 关系代词：who, whom, whose, 在定语从句中指代人， 分别做主语、宾语、定语，做宾语时who可以替代whom, 也可以省略。 The book is very interesting. The book is about Iraq. I bought the book yesterday. The book _ is about Iraq is very interesting. The book _ I bought yesterday is very interesting. 归纳：_ _ _ which/that which/that 关系代词：that, which, 在定语从句中指代物， 做主语、宾语、表语。其中that,指代人和物都可以。 做宾语时可以省略。 认识关系副词 The day is a special day. I will never forget the day. She married him on that day. The day _I will never forget is a special day. The day _ she married him is a special day. The day _ she married him is a special day. that/which on which when 归纳：_when在定语从句中做时间状语。 Guilin is a beautiful place. I visited Guilin last year. Liu Sanjie lived in Guilin. Guilin _ I visited last year is a beautiful place. Guilin _ Liu Sanjie lived is a beautiful place. Guilin _ Liu Sanjie lived is a beautiful place. that/which in which where 归纳：_ Where在定语从句中做地点状语。 She gave me the reason. She was late for the reason. She gave me the reason _ she was late. for which whyShe gave me the reason _ she was late. 归纳：_ Why在定语从句中做原因状语。 区分关系代词that和which 关系代词的that用法 1.不用that的情况 a.在引导非限制性定语从句时: b.介词后不能用. 例如: We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2.只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a.在there be句型中, 只用that , 不用which. b.在不定代词, 如: anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时, 只用that, 不用which. c.先行词有the only, the very修饰时, 只用that d.先行词为序数词, 数词, 形容词最高级时, 只用that e.先行词既有人, 又有物时用that. f.先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时。 as, which引导的非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句， 相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子， 两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B。 which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。 That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子 并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时， 这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中 都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时， 从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的 关系代词只能用which.。 （3） as 多用于下列句型：the sameas, suchas, asas, as is known, as we have know As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词“ 结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? whose + n 表示所属关系，可变为n + of which/ whom， 表示部分关系时，也可用部分关系词 + of which/ whom. The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by the angry crowd. 1 定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关 系“的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说 明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必 须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中 作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that 在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连 接作用。试比较： 易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句 We all have heard the news _ our team won. We dont believe the news _ he told us yesterday. that (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容 ，that 在从句中不作任何成分) that/which (定语从句，that 作told 的宾语) 2 定语从句与状语从句。试比较： He left the key_ he had been an hour before. He left the place _he lived for many years. He is such a good teacher _all of us love and respect. where (where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where) where (where 引导定语从句，修饰the place) as (as 引导定语从句) He is such a good teacher _we all like him. 3 定语从句与主语从句。试比较： _is known to us all, paper was first made in China. _is known to us all that paper was first made in China. that (that引导结果状语从句,suchthat “如此 以致” As (as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置 于句首) It (it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句) 4定语从句与强调结构。试比较： It is the house _I met the young man. It was in the house _I met the young man. where (where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语 从句中作地点状语) that (本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.) 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。 及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词； 而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错 （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 (主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到 宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语， 又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点， 既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组， 可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中， 介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做 主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 归纳： 定语从句易错点 1. 易错点一：因为句子成分不明而出错，特别注意表时间的 先行词不一定用when，表地点的先行词不一定用where。 I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spend together. A. When; which B. What; that B. C. on which; when D. Which; when This is just the place _ I am longing to visit these years. A. that B. where C. in which D. to which 2、 易错点二：因为句子成分复杂，特别是出现插入成分而出错。 The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _ most uncomfortable. A. which I think it was B. which I think was B. C. which I think D. that I think was He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick at their studies. A.whom B. who C. when D. because 3、 易错点三：因为与what从句混淆而出错。 All _ is needed is a supply of oil. A. / B. that C. what D. which They came up with that bill, _ they say, would lead to a drop in the number of fresh college students unable to afford education. A. what B. that C.who D.which 4、易错点四：与强调句型或其他句型混淆而出错。 It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. A.that B. until C. before D. when Was it in hospital _ she lived for ten years _ she was trained to be a real nurse. A.that; which B. which; that C. where; that D. that; where 5、易错点五：因与同位语从句混淆而出错。 （判断下列从句属何种从句） The fact that we talked about is very important. _ The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. _ 6、易错点六：as引导的定语从句容易出错，特别是与主语从句 混淆而出错。（选词填空） As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health. _ is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. _ is known that the earth is round. As is known, the earth is round. 7、易错点七：因某些特殊句型的定语从句辨析不明而出错。 This is the best way _ has been used against pollution. A. where B. why C. which D. that Last term our maths teachers set such a difficult examination problem _ none of us worked out. A. that B. as C. so that D. which 8、易错点八：介词+引导词的定语从句容易出错，特别是因介词 的误选而出错。 The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom Because of the traffic jam _ I was caught, I was late for the meeting. A. by which B. in which C. that D. where Do you know the artist _ the judge gave a prize? Yes, he is the teacher _ I have been taught painting for 2 years. A. to whom; who B. to whom; by whom C. whom; who D. who; that 9、易错点九：因定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式而出错。 She is one of the few girls who _ passed the exam. A. was B. were C. has D. have She is the one of the few girls who _ passed the exam. A. was B. were C. has D. have 10、易错点十：分隔式定语从句结构复杂而出错。 The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 1. It is the young man _ looked for _ caught the murderer. A.that who B. that they C . they that D theywhich 2. Is this factory _ we visited last year? A. where B in which C. the one D at which 3. The book, the cover _ is broken, is not mine. A. of it B for C whose D of which 4. This is Mr Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell you. A . who B whom C. that D. x 5 Who _ has seen the TV film doesnt admire it? A . that B who C which D as 6 You can never imagine what great trouble I have had _ the patient who received a serious wound. A.treat B. to treat C treating D treated 7. This is the last time _ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 8. I dont like the way _ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 9._ we all know, swimming is a very good sport. A. Which B.That C.As D.Who 10.I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the farm _ you visited last week. A.when,where B.which,which C.when , which D.which , where 11.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A.these B.the C.that D.which 12.My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground