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以下推荐几篇机械工程学实验、新生及成教和职校教学方法的论文，比较先进和直观，利用了多媒体手段来体现整体机械工程的全新概念：（原文未下载）A scenario design tool for helping students learn mechanicsProbing adults conceptual understanding and transfer of learning via problem posingGeography and paratactical interdisciplinarity Views from the ESRC NERC PhD studentship programmeA human robot interaction application for robotic educationPROBLEM-BASED LEARNING As noted above, intelligent tutoring systems rely on extensive and sophisticated cognitive task analysis to develop expert and student models; moreover, they are usually designed for individual learners. Like Sherlock, they tend to address well-structured problems in well-structured domains and build on a broad base of content knowledge. Problem-based learning (PBL) fills a different need, addressing ill-structured problems and/or ill-structured domains. Koschmann, Myers, Feltovich, and Barrows (1994) distinguished between an ill-structured domain, in which no single concept, or even a small number of conceptual elements, is sufficient for capturing the workings of a typical instance of knowledge application (Koschmann et al., 1994, p. 231), and an ill-structured problem. According to Korschman et al. (1994, summarizing Barrows & Feltovich, 1987), ill-structured problems have the following characteristics: -Defining the problem requires more information than is initially available; -the nature of the problem unfolds over time; -there is no single, right way to get that information; -as new information is obtained, the problem changes; -decisions must be made in the absence of definitive knowledge; and -there may never be certainty about having made the right decision. (p. 231, punctuation altered and formatting added) Problem-based learning integrates the learning of content and skills, utilizes a collaborative environment, and emphasizes learning to learn (as opposed to case-based learn by doing) by placing most of the responsibility for learning on the learner rather than providing a sophisticated pre-designed instructional system. The PBL model has been implemented in several areas of higher education, including medicine, business, education, architecture, law, engineering, and social work, as well as in high school (Savery & Duffy, in press). However, the best known applications of PBL are in medical schools, where it was developed in the 1950s, and whose graduates face particularly ill-structured problems in an ill-structured and ever-expanding domain that requires life-long learning skills. (See, e.g., Williams 1992, Savery & Duffy in press, and Koschmann et al. 1994 for critical overviews of the use of PBL in medical schools.) More than a hundred medical programs include a PBL option (Duffy, 1994). PBL combines the teacher-directed case method which is used extensively in law and business schools with the discovery-learning philosophy of Jerome Bruner (Lipkin, 1989; Schmidt, 1989). During the first two years of medical school, students in a PBL curriculum work in small self-directed groups to learn both content (basic science knowledge) and skills (examining and diagnosing patients, and metacognitive skills such as self-monitoring, reflections, and resource allocation). In lieu of traditional lectures and laboratory exercises, the problem-based curriculum presents a series of authentic patient problems; groups of five to seven students work intensely for about a week on each problem, diagnosing and learning to understand its causes. Authenticity is critical in motivating students and in avoiding the construction of fictional problems.with symptoms that cannot coexist (Williams, 1992, p. 404). The facts of the problem are presented, just as they were ini