初中英语从句小结.doc

从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序，而Is he a teacher? 主语 He 在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。)1.宾语从句宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.宾语从句的特点：宾语从句有自己的连接词 宾语从句用陈述语序 宾语从句的时态宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。宾语从句的语序;A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：I want to know if he can come tomorrowB.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：She asked me who had helped him.宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”A.主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)B.主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。如：He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth.2.状语从句2.1 时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词：when(当时候) while(当时候) as(当时候) after(在以后) before(在以前) as soon as(一就) since(自从到现在) till /until(直到才) by the time(到为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例：when当的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.2.2 原因状语从句：在一个句子中作原因语的句子。连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导。举例：I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.2.3 条件状语从句连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)举例：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2.4 目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词so that, sothat , in order that 引导。结果状语从句连接词 sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。举例：sothat 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.2.5 让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词： though, although.，whetheror not举例：Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。由下列词引导， 1. 由 that 引导（ that在口语中可省略）He said ( that) he would like to see the headmaster.She said (that ) she would leave a message on his desk.He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.2. 接连接代词或连接副词引导.(what .who .which . whose /where, when ,how ).Do you know what time the train leaves?Can you tell me which class you are in?I wanted to know where we should show our tickets.3. whether 或if 引导Lily wanted to know if it would rain the next day.She asked if they would go to the park this Sunday.*在选择疑问句中，或与or not 连用时，必须用whether而不能用if。 变宾语从句需要注意以下几点：a 时态变化： 主句是一般现在时，从句可以是任何时态 主句是过去时，从句必须是过去时态的一种 主句是将来时，从句必须是一般现在时。 B人称变化：不常用 如：He asked me.“Are you a teacher？” He asked me if I was a teacher。 C语序变化：Where is Mike ？ Do you know？ Do you know where Mike is ？Practise ：1 He said .The boy is a clever boy.2 He is sure. His team can beat them 3 He was afraid. It will be windy tomorrow.4 He said. The lost book was founded.5 He hopes . He will be able to pass the exam.6 He asked . When will the bus arrive？7 Mother asked her son . Whose pen are you using?8 The children said. We enjoy ourselves very much.9 The boy asked me . Have you heard any noise from outside?10. Do you know . Which way must we take to?11. I dont know . Why is he late for the meeting?12. Do you remember When did he die?13. Nobody knows When will he come back?14. Do you know What are they looking for?15. He asked me How long does it take to walk to school?16. Father asked me What is wrong with you?17. I didnt know He is going to have a boy.18. They never asked Will it be a boy or a girl?19. He didnt know population is a big problem.20. I thought He will come back soon.21. He asked me Which TV programme will you watch?22. I dont know Will it grow fast?23. Lily asked Can the man help them 24. Mother asked Do they have a cheaper one?25. She asked Lucy Do you need some more tea?26. The teacher asked us Do you have any questions?27. He asked What did Lucy say ?28. She didnt know Who was in the room?29. They wanted know What is in the stockings?30. He asked What is his present?31. He asked Did Jim have a good journey home?32. He wanted to know Was it warm in Moscow ?33. He asked Where is Jack?34. He wanted to know What has happened?35. He asked Is anybody hurt ?时间状语从句：常用下列词语 when 、after、 before 、as soon as 、(not )until 、since关于主、从句的时态关系与宾语从句一致1. I was doing my homework when he came in.2. I will write to you as soon as I get there .3. I will finish the cooking before my mother comes back.4. I didnt go to bed until my mother returned home 条件状语从句： 1.We wont go to the park if it rains tomorrow.2.If you have lost the book , you must pay for it .原因状语从句：常用下列词语 because , for , as , so 1. I am late because I missed the train.2. He was lazy so he didnt pass the exam.综合练习：用适当的词填空1. You can not go to the classroom _ they are having a lesson.2. _ they arrived at the theatre, the play had already begun.3. Tom speaks English _ well _ an Englishman .4. _ I was walking in the park , I met Tom 5. _ I had done my homework , I went home.6. _ she got home ,she began to wash her clothes.7. Toms mother had been a teacher _ she was twenty.8. I waited _ he had finished his work .9. You will study _ you study hard .10. _ he has time ,he will come and see us in Changchun.11. I dont like winter there _ it is very cold.3.no matter从句结构：no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序 或特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序如：No matter what happened, he would not mind.注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。4.定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.定语从句的连接词：连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that连接副词：when、where、why5.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词： that, whether ,if (不充当从句的任何成分)连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which连接副词：when, where, how, why如：That she was chosen made us very happy.初一英语语法总结初一英语语法虽然是从简单的一些日常用语出发的，但语法中常会有一些知识点看起来很细小，容易被忽视，但这些知识点掌握不熟练，往往会造成一些语法应用上的错误。因此在学习初一英语语法时，要认真、细心，不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。下面从几个方面，总结出了初一英语语法，如果要复习英语句法的同学，可以参考一下，一、初一英语语法词法1、名词A）、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或s。如：Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB）名词的格当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：一）单数在后面加s。如：brothers, Mikes, teachers二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers Day教师节, classmates; Childrens Day六一节, Womens Day三八节三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Bens room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mikes and Bens rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）2、代词项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称 单数 she her her hers herselfhe him his his himselfit it its its this that itself复数 they them their theirs these those themselves3、动词A） 第三人称单数当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes五）特殊的有：are-is, have-hasB） 现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于4、形容词的级我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三） 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worstlittle- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth二、初一英语语法句式1.陈述句肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词)b) He looks very young. (连系动词)c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)e) Theres a computer on my desk. (There be结构)否定陈述句 a) These arent their books. b) They dont look nice.c) Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate cant find her doll.e) There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.)2. 祈使句肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Lets learn English!c) Come in, please.否定祈使句a) Dont be late. b) Dont hurry.3. 疑问句1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.否定回答: a) No, he isnt. b) No, you cant. c) No, she doesnt. d) No, they dont. e) No, she isnt.2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 Its big./ Its small.3) 特殊疑问句 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is . 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? 问时间 Whats the time? (=What time is it?) Its a quarter to ten a.m.What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five oclock.When do you want to go? Lets go at 7:00. 问地方 Wheres my backpack? Its under the table. 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.Whats your favourite color? Its black. 问人物 Whos that? Its my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? 问东西 Whats this/that (in English)? Its a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 Whats your aunts name? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen.Whats your first name? My first names Ben.Whats your family name? My family names Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母 What letter is it? Its big D/small f.14 问价格 How much are these pants? Theyre 15 dollars.15 问电话号码 Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作) Whats he doing? Hes watching TV.17 问职业(身份) What do you do? Im a teacher.Whats your father? Hes a doctor.三、初一英语语法时态1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：Be 动词：Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker.情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I cant play the piano.行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They dont want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesnt have a watch.2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.Im playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? Im not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isnt writing a letter.Theyre listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They arent listening to the pop music.动词的时态:初中英语的动词时态主要有五种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,现在完成时.1. 一般现时的用法：主要由动词原形表示，但在第三人称单数时要在词尾加-s 。否定句和疑问句要用助动词do, does.A. 经常性或习惯性的动作。如The trees get green in spring . 。B现在特征或状态。如The Changjiang River is the longest in our country.He doesn t work in the factory .C.普遍真理。如The sun rises in the east . Five and two in seven .2现在进行时： 现在进行时是由助动词be 的人称形式加现在分词构成。 主要表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。如： Where are they swimming? They are swimming in the river. 有些动词的现在进行时表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。这些动词是：go ,come, leave ,start ,arrive , return ,work sleep,stay,play,do,have ,wear.She is coming to see me tomorrow.3 一般将来时： 主要表示将要发生的动作或情况。由助动词shall 或will加动词原形构成。/ be going to 加动词原形构成It wont rain tonight . I shall meet you at the station.He is going to have a swim tomorrow.4.一般过去时：由动词的过去式表示。表示在过去某个时刻发生的动作或情况。包括过去习惯性动作。如；Did you knock at the door just now? / He finished reading the book yesterday.5.现在完成时：由have的人称形式加过去分词构成A 到现在为止已经完成的动作。如：I have lent my book to Ann. 我把书借给了安。He has never seen a real tiger. 他从来没有见过真老虎。B、从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。如：She has lived here since 1991. 从一九九一年起她就住在这里。时 态 常用的时间副词一般现在时 every( year,otherday ,twodays,week,month) ,often ,always,usually ,sometimes, in the morning,in summer,on Sunday一般过去时 last week, just now,yesterday, yeaterday morning ,the day before yesterday,then,at that moment,(a few days) ago, 一般将来时 tomorrow, next month, in two days, 现在进行时 now 现在完成时 since ,for（one year.）, just, already, yet ,in the last five years, before.so far被动语态： 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。 Be有人称，数量和时态变化。一般现在时：be (is am are) +及物动词的过去分词一般过去时：be (was were)+ 及物动词的过去分词情态动词的过去分词：情态动词+be +及物动词的过去分词用动词的适当时态填空：1. Light_(travel)faster than sound. He _(get) up early in the morning 2. John usually _(go) home on Sunday morning.3. Cats _(like ) fish while dogs _ (like ).4. He always_(sleep) with his windows open.5. One tree _(not make) a wood. Two and three_(be ) five .6. I _(say ) you are wrong. Everything _(go )well in spring .7. He_(not wok) on Sundays. He _(take) a walk after supper.8. Lucy _(prefer) coffee to milk. Lily _(hate) traveling.9. Children _(love ) to play games. The boy _(look ) like his mother.10. The sun _(rise ) in the east and _(go) down in the west.11. Where _you _(go ) just now? I _(go) to the library.12. He_(live) in China last year, but he _(live) in Japan now. He _(live )therefor three months. He _(live) there by the end of this year.13. He _(pay) ten yuan for his new book yesterday. It _(cost) him so little.14. What _you _(wear )yesterday? I _(wear ) a blue skirt.15. He _(feel ) very tired last night ,he _(fall) asleep very quickly .16. He_(say )he _( will)write to me as soon as he came home.17. He _(take )his temperature half an hour ago.18. We _(win ) the league match last week, we _(be ) the winners.19. She _(keep)me waiting for an hour last night . She _(be )late.20. He _(find )it difficult to get to sleep. because he _(be)too glad.21. He _(read ) a book when I _(see) her .22. Great changes _(happen ) in the village last year.23. He _(drive ) to Shanghai last week, he _(choose )many presents for his family.24. Just now,he _(mistake ) me for Lucy.25. What _you _(do )now ? I _(look) for my pen .26. Look ,they _(read)over there， others _(dance)under the tall tree.27. Listen, someone_(sing)English songs next room.28. Its five oclock.I_(do )my homework, My brother _(play)games , my mother _(cook) supper, my father _(mend ) his car in the garden.29. Tom _(fly ) kites with his classmates on the hill now.30. Who _(wash ) clothes over there ? Its my mother.31. _you _(look ) for a ball? Yes.I am.32. He _always _(try )out his new ideas.33. The world population _(grow ) faster and faster .34. What _Lucy _(wear) today ? She _(wear)a dark blue skirt.35. _you _( make )a cake ? No. I_(make) dumplings.36. It_(rain )har