天津农学院应化专业英语期末复习题剖析.doc

专业英语期末复习题第一单元：The Roots of Chemistry一、单词短语1、be defined as（被定义为）2、molecule（分子） molecular（分子的）3、chemical process （化学过程）4、carry out （执行、进行）5、under ones control（在、的控制下）6、element（元素） elementary（基础的）7、combine（化合）8、break down （分解）9、decompose（分解）10、dissociate（离解）11、reduce（还原）12、neutralize（中和）13、replace（取代）14、Oxidize（氧化）15、表示“生成、反应”的英文：react、obtain、form、convert、produce、give、yield16、carbon（碳）17、hydrogen（氢）18、oxygen（氧）19、atom(原子)20、proton（质子）21、neutron（中子）22、electron（电子）23、atomic nucleus（原子核）24、positive charge（正电子）25、negative charge（负电子）26、energy level（能级）27、isotope（同位素）28、radioactive（放射性的）29、ionic bond (离子键)30、covalent bond（共价键）31、attraction（吸引力）32、repulsion（排斥力）33、distillation（蒸馏、n） distill（蒸馏、v） rectification(精馏)34、atomic reaction（原子反应）35、composition（构成）36、structure（结构）37、property（性质）二、课文句子翻译 1、what has been found indicates clearly that practical needs influenced the early development of chemistry， as was the case for the early development of mathematics. 答：已有事实清楚地表明：正如早期熟悉的发展一样，实际需要影响着化学的发展。 2、 Thus， the smallest particle of fire had the shape of a regular tetrahedron .of air a regular octahedron ; of water a regular icosahedron, and of earth a cube ( or regular hexahedron). 答：所以，火的的最小微粒具有正四面体性状，气的最小微粒具有正二十面体的性状，土的最小微粒具有具有立方体（或正六面体）。 3、Aristotle defined an element as simple body that other bodies can be decomposed into but one that is not itself capable of being divided into simpler bodies . 答：亚里士多德把元素定义成一个简单的物体，其他的物体能被分解成元素，而元素本身不能被分解成更简单的物体。 4、He classified several chemical process ， first mentioned mercury and was familiar with the technique if distillation. 答：她对数种化学过程进行了分类，第一个论及汞，并通晓蒸馏技术。 5、It is important to stress that chemistry as a science started only the second half of the seventeenth century when alchemy gradually transformed itself into the science now known as chemistry following the appearance of the book the Sceptical Chemist (London ,1661) by Boyle (1627-1691). 答：化学是在17世纪后半叶才开始被称为一门科学的，强调这一点很重要。因为当时炼金术才逐渐将其转变为科学，随着Boyle（1627-1691）所著的书the Sceptical Chemist（1661，伦敦）的出现。这种科学被看作是化学。三、课后习题翻译：1.(a)化学过程（chemical process）(b)自然科学（natural science）(c)蒸馏技术（the technique of distillation）2.正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等答：It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the and so on。 3.化学具有悠久的历史，事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到无记录时代以前。答：Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times。 4. 根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体。答：From the evaporation of water, people realized that liquids can turn into gases under certain conditions。 5.在你使用这种材料之前，你必须弄清它的各种性质。答：You must know the properties of the material before you use it. 6、Chemical is one of three fundamental natural science， the other two being physics and biology. Chemical processes have continually unfolded since the Big Bang and are probably responsible for the appearance of life on the planet Earth. One might consider that life is the end result of an evolutionary process in three step ，the first step being very fast and the other two rather slow. These steps are （I）physical evolution （the formation of chemical elements）;（II）chemical evolution（the formation of molecules and biomolecules）; and （III） biological evolution （the formation and development of organisms）答：化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。第五单元： The Periodic Table 一、单词短语1、in a dilemma(处于进退两难之地)2、the periodic table（元素周期表）3、mass（质量）4、atomic weight（原子量）5、iodine（碘）6、chlorine(氯)7、bromine（溴）8、sulfur（硫）9、selenium（硒）10、sodium（钠）11、lithium（锂）12、helium（氦）13、neon（氖）14、atomic number（原子序数）15、potassium（钾）16、period（周期）17、ionization energy（电离能）18、mercury（汞）19、copper（铜）20、silver（银）21、gold（金）22、group（族） family（族）23、transition group（过渡族）24、main group（主族）25、ion（离子）二、课文句子翻译1、As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed , we find ourselves in a dilemma .答：随着对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现自己处于进退两难之地。2、Among the approximately 60 elements known at that time ，the second and ninth showed similatr properties , as did the third and tenth , the fourth and the eleventh , the fifth and twelfth , and so on .答：当时已知的约60种元素中，第2种元素与第9种元素表现出相似的性质，第3种元素与第10种元素，第4种元素与第11种元素等也都具有相似的性质。3、Mendeleev, left a number of gaps in his table . Instead of looking upon those blank spaces as defects ,he boldly predicted the existence of elements as yet undiscovered.答：门捷列夫在他的周期表中留下一些空格，他非但没有将那些空格看做缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着未被发现的元素。4、atomic weights do not increase in precisely the same order as atomic numbers because both protons and neutrons contribute to the mass of an atom.答：因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。5、The discovery and use of metals over 5000 years ago moved civilization beyond the stone Age.答：五千多年前，金属的发现和使用将人类文明带出石器时代。二、课后习题1、选词填空： alkali metals alkaline earth metals chalcogens halogens metals noble gases nonmetals transition metals Certain groupings of elements in the periodic table aredesignated by special names. The heavy ，stepped ，diagonal line on the table divides the elements into two major classed . Those to the left of the line are called metals and those to the right ,nonmetals .Group IA elements are known as alkali metals ；Group IIA are alkaline earth metals；Group VIIA , halogens . Group VIA elements are known as the chalcogens. The group at the extreme right of the table contains the noble gases .All the group B elements are called transition metals.2、除汞以外所有的金属在室温下均为固体，而且它们的原子排列的很有规则，通常彼此靠得很紧，以便占有最小的空间。答:all metals are solid at room temperature except mercury, and the arrangement of their atoms are rules, usually rely on each other tightly in order to occupy the smallest space.3、直到1854年左右，铝才开始进行工业规模的生产。答：Until around 1854, aluminum start for industrial scale production.4、这两种元素不仅在常温下不起化合作用，即使在高温下也不发生明显的反应。答：These two elements not only does not have combined effect at room temperature, even if not obviously react at high temperature.5、二者都是无色气体，单像所有气体一样可以液化。答：Both are colorless gas, like all gas can be liquefied.6、这两种化合物的分离即便并非没有可能，也是十分困难的。答：The separation of the two compounds if not impossible, is also very difficult.第六单元：Nucleophilic Substitution:The SN2 and SN1一、单词短语1、substitution(取代反应)2、elimination（消除反应）3、replacement reaction（复分解反应）4、displacement reaction（置换反应）5、nucleophilic(亲核的)6、electrophilic(亲电的)7、nucleophilie(亲核试剂)8、electrophilie(亲电试剂)9、alkyl(烷基的)10、be converted to (反应为、被转换为)11、functional group （官能团）12、halides(卤素的)13、leaving group（离去基团）14、transition state（过渡态）15、intermediate（中间体）16、reactant（反应物）17、product（生成物）18、concentration（浓度）19、rate equation（速率方程）20、constant（常数）21、ether（醚）22、solvent（溶剂） solution（溶液） solvate(溶质)24、endothermic(吸热的)25、activation energy（活化能）26、exothermic(放热的) 二、课后习题选词填空 account for act on adapt to as well as attach to be classified as be known as compare with depend on dry up effect on go out such as the presence of 1、We can now easily account for many things, which were thought to be mysterious by the ancients2、the acid acts on the metal and a gas is given off.3、you should adapt yourself to new ways of looking at matters 4、electrolytes have more pronounced effect on colligative properties than do nonelectrolytes.5、if water in these lakes evaporated at the same rate as fresh water ,both would nearly dry up in a matter of year.6、both laks evaporated very slow compared with a fresh lake or even the ocean.7、a property that depends only on the relative amounts of solute and solvent is know as a colligative property.8、for example ,both NaCl (ionic) and HCl （polar covalent） are classified as electrolytes because they form ions in aqueous solution.9、when compounds such as NaCl and HCl are dissolved in water ,the effect is obvious.10、if the wires is cut ,the light goes out because the circuit is broken.11、when wires are attached to a charged battery and then to a light bulb ,the light shines brightly.12、glass and wood as well as pure water are examples or nonconductors of electricity.13、other substances resist the flow of electricity and are known as nonconductors or insulators.14、it has long been known that the presence of a solute in water may affect its ability to conduct electricity. 翻译：1、化学式（chemical formula） 结构式（chemical structural formula） 化学方程式（chemical equation） 可逆反应（reversible reaction） 放热反应（exothermic reaction） 复分解反应（double decomposition reaction）置换反应（displacement reaction）2、有时用等号代替箭头，这是我们假设反映的方向是从左到右。答：Sometimes use the equals sign instead of the arrow, at this time we assume that the reaction direction from left to right.3、这些化学反应以上述方式进行时有充分理由的。答：there are good reason why these chemical reactions are proceeded as show above .4、参与反应的各元素原子改变了相互之间的结合方式。答：Each atoms of elements involved in the reaction change the way in which the connect of each other.第七单元：the Nomenclature of Nnorganic Substances一、单词短语1、nomenclature(命名)2、inorganic（无机的）3、cation（阳离子）4、anion（阴离子）5、nitrogen(氮气)6、sulfuric acid（硫酸）7、phosphoric acid(磷酸)8、nitric acid（硝酸）9、ammonium nitrate( 硝酸铵)10、crystal（晶体化合物）二、课后习题NH4+ammonium ionCu2+copper(II) ionSr2+strontium ionCu+copper(I)ionFe2+iron(II) ionZn2+zinc ionH+Hydrogen ion;Pb2+lead(II) ionAl3+aluminum ionAg+silver ionMg2+magnesium ion;Cr3+chromium(III)ionBa2+Barium ionMn2+Manganese(II)ion;Fe3+iron(III) ionCa2+calcium ionHg2+mercury(II) ionCr2+chromium(II) ionSn2+tin(II) ionCOCarbon monoxideN2O5ditrogen trioxideCO2carbon dioxide;P2O5Diphosphorus pentoxideSO3sulfur trioxideCl2O7dichlorine heptoxideAsO43-arsenate ion;SO32-sulfite ionH-hydride ionAsO33-arsenite ionBr-bromide ionOH-hydroxide ionPO43-phosphate ionClO3-chlorate ionClO-hypochlorite ionPO33-phosphate ionCl-chloride ionIO3-iodate ionCO32-carbonate ionClO2-chlorite ionNO3-nitrate ionCrO42-chromate ionCN-cyanide ionI-iodide ionCr2O72-Dichromate ionF-fluoride ionNO3-nitrate ionO2-oxide ionHCO3-hydrogen carbonate ionNO2-Nitrite ionS2-sulfide ionHSO4-hydrogen sulfate ionClO4-perchlorate ion SO42-sulfate ionHSO3-hydrogen sulfite ionMnO4-permanganate ionFormulaOldnameFeO Ferrous oxideiron (II) oxideFe2O3Ferric oxideiron (III) oxideSn(OH)2Stannous oxidetin(II) hydroxideSn(OH)4Stannic oxidetin(IV) hydroxideHg2SO4Mercurous sulfatemercury (I) sulfateHgSO4Mercuric sulfatemercury (II) sulfateNaCLOSodium hypochloritesodium hypochloriteK2Cr2O7Potassium dichromatepotassium dichromateCu3(AsO4)2Cupric arsenatecopper(II) arsenateCr(C2H3O2)3Chromic acetatechromium(IV) acetateFormula of acidFormula and name of acid ionOld name Name of acidH2CO3CO32- ;carbonate ioncarbonic acidHClO2ClO2-; chlorite ionchlorous acidHClO4ClO4-; perchlorate ionperchloric acidHCNCN-; cyanide ionhydrocyanic acidHBrBr-; bromide ionhydrobromic acidH4SiO4 SiO44-;silicate ionsilicic acidH3AsO4AsO43-; arsenate ion;arsenic acid第十单元：Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons一、单词短语1、hydrocarbon（碳氢化合物） carbonhydrate(碳水化合物)2、alkane(烷烃)3、structural formula(结构式)4、substituent(取代基)5、alkane(烯烃)6、general formula（通式）7、isomerism(同分异构现象)二、课后练习1、2、第十一单元：Carboxylic and their derivatives一、单词短语1、derivatives（衍生物）2、carboxyl(羧基)3、carbonyl(羰基)4、hydroxyl(羟基)5、acid halides （酰卤）6、acid anhydrides(酸酐)7、esters(酯)8、amide (酰胺)9、ammonia（NH3）10、amine(-NH2)11、ammonium(NH4+)12、synthesis（合成）13、acetyl group (乙酰基)14、side effect（副作用） adverse effect（有害作用、不利作用）15、over-the-counter(非处方药) nonprescription analgesics(非处方的止痛剂)二、选词填空 be dependent on in general be different from on the contrary be make up of put together break down into stand for bring out such as consist of sum up divide by dozen or so1、when the collection of papers was first brought out ,it was well received by the reviewers.2、in the same way the dozen or so most common kinds of kinds of atoms can be put together in many millions of different ways to make molecules .3、elements are made up of tiny fundamental particles called atoms. Fundamental, as it is used here ,means that they cannot be further divided by any chemical metheods.4、each element has atoms that is different from the atoms of other elements.5、it would not be quite round; on the contrary it would consist of three parts represented by spheres.6、it is not to be summed up in a single product or word ,but in an idea or basic concept.7、the chemical symbol of an element may stand the element for.8、the rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by several factors such as temperature , concentration of reagents , particle size ,light ,and catalyst.9、all forms of life in earth are very dependent on chemical reactions or chemical changes.10、a chemical reaction occurs when elements and compounds react together to produce different compounds , or when compounds break down into simpler compounds or elements.三、汉译英11、同样，溶剂也可以不是液态物质，而是其他物质。答：Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others 12、以溶解度作为一个坐标，以温度作为另一个坐标所做的曲线图称为溶解度曲线。答：A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. 或The curve plot drawn by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.13、空气是混合物气体，含量最多的是以N2形式存在的氮答：Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N214、反应的方向和平衡的位置也受温度，压力，和其他条件的影响答： The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions. 15、氢对氧有着很强的亲和力，很容易与氧化合形成水。答： Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.四、英译汉Soon after Bohrs model was presented , it was discovered that the electron in an atom was much more complex than Bohr had suggested . experiments con