比较结构小结(历年重点考点).doc

使用 than 的常见语法难点一、后接人称代词用主格还是宾格由于than既可用作连词也可用作介词，所以当后接人称代词时，可用主格也可用宾格。通常认为在正式文体中多用主格，在口语或非正式文体中多用宾语。如：Everyone here is taller than I me. 这儿的每一个人都比我高。Her sister swims faster than she her. 她姐姐游泳比她快。但是，若人称代词之后跟有动词，则只能用主格。如：Everyone here is taller than I am. 这儿的每一个人都比我高。Her sister swims faster than she does. 她姐姐游泳比她快。注意：有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化。比较：I love you more than he (likes you). 我比他更爱你。I love you more than (he likes) him. 我爱你胜过爱他。二、后接动词用不定式还是动名词1. 当连接两个非谓语动词时，通常应使用一样的形式。如：It is much easier to get into debt than to get out of it. 借债容易还债难。He likes playing chess more than watching TV. 与看电视相比，他更喜欢下棋。比较：He thinks it is safer to drive himself than (to) let me drive. =He thinks that driving himself is safer than letting me drive. 他认为他自己开车比让我开车要更安全些。2. 若不是连接两个非谓语动词，则其后出现的动词通常用动名词形式(虽然也可用不定式，但不如用动名词普通)。如：There are worse calamities than failing your driving test. 比起你驾驶考试不合格来说，更大的灾难还多着呢。Nothing gives me more pleasure than listening to Mozart. 再没有比听莫扎特的乐曲更让我高兴的事了。 Nothing is more unpleasant than finding to find insects in your bath. 最使人不快的是在浴室里发现有虫子。 三、引导比较状语从句的时态问题若than引导的比较状语从句与主句动作不一致，可以根据情况使用适当的时态形式。如：He drives faster than he did a year ago. 他开车比一年以前快了。 The house is rather bigger than we thought. 这所房子比我们想的大得多。 若主句为将来时，than引导的从句可用现在时态表示将来，也可直接使用将来时态。如：Well probably drive faster than you do will. 我们开车可能会比你们快。 四、引导比较状语从句的倒装问题than引导比较状语从句时，从句语序通常不需倒装，但在正式文体中，有时也可倒装。如：City dweller have a higher death rate than country people do. =City dweller have a higher death rate than do country people. 城市居民死亡率比农村居民高。 五、引导比较状语从句且在从句中充当成分有时可引导一个从句并在从句中充当句子成分(主语、宾语、表语)，为便于理解，有时可视为than后省略了what：We dont want to do more than is necessary. 我们不想做不必要的事情。The pain was almost more than he could bear. 这样的痛苦几乎使他受不了。Shes not a very good manager she always spends more money than she earns. 她不大会理财总是入不敷出。 Life here is much easier than it used to be. 如今在此地生活比起从前可舒服多了。比较下面一句，than后的expected为省略结构：He returned three days earlier than (he was) expected. 他回来得比预料的要早三天。六、后接时间或条件状语从句若语义需要，有时其后可接when引导的时间状语从句以及if 引导的条件状语从句。如：You are a little fatter than when I saw you last. 你比我上次见你时胖点了。 Joe carries only nine pounds more than when he was twenty. 乔比他20岁时只重了九磅。 They work better together than if they are alone. 他们一起干比他们单干效果要好。七、同质比较还是异质比较than 通常用于两个不同的人或物在同一方面进行比较，但有时指的可能是同一个人或物在两个不同的方面进行比较，此时只用于morethan结构，而不能用 erthan的形式(即使是单音节也是如此)，这类结构通常可译为“与其不如”“有无”。如：Hes more fat than short. 与其说他矮不如说他胖。They are more brave than wise. 他们有勇无谋。If we tell him about it, it may do more harm than good. 倘若我们把情况告诉他，那可能弊多利少。八、与never (a) 连用时如何理解有时than与带有never (a) 的比较级结构连用，表示强调，通常表示最高级的含义。如：Ive never had a worse morning than today. 我哪一天早上也不像今天早上这样倒霉。 若意思明确，有时可省略than结构。如：He is fine, never better. 他很好，比以往任何时候都好。Ive never seen a finer bird. 我从未见过比这更美的鸟。Ive never found a better job. 这是我找到的最好的工作。九、than any other后接名词用单数还是复数than any other后接名词时通常用单数形式，很少用复数。如：He swims faster than any other student in his class. 他比班上的其他任何学生都游得快。More heat is lost through the head than any other part of the body. 从头部散发的热量比身体的其他任何部位都多。十、几组容易理解出错的than习语1.“no +比较级+than”与“not +比较级+than”(1) “no +比较级+than”用于否定两者，表示“与一样不”，其义大致相当于其中形容词或副词的反义词用于asas结构。如：He is no richer than a beggar.=He is as poor as a beggar. 他穷如乞丐。This one is no better than that one.=This one is as bad as that one. 这个与那个一样不好。(2) “not +比较级+than”的意思是“不比更”“不如”。如：He is not richer than you. 他不如你富有。This one is not better than that one. 这个不如那个好。2. no less than, no less.than 与 not less than(1) no less than 有两个意思：一是表示“多达”“有之多”，强调数量之多；二是表示“简直”“与没有差别”。如：We walked no less than three miles. 我们走了三英里之远。We won no less than 500 in a competition. 我们在一次比赛中就赢了500英镑。It is no less than robbery to ask for so much. 要这么多，简直跟抢劫没什么两样。(2) no less.than 意为“与一样”“不比差”，强调两者具有同等性。如：He is no less wise than you. 他跟你一样聪明(他并不比你笨)。A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is. 海豚与狗同样都是聪明的动物。(3) not less than 意为“不下于”“至少”。比较：He has no less than seven daughters. 他有七个女儿之多。He has not less than seven daughters. 他至少有七个女儿。3. no more than, no morethan与not more than(1) no more than表示“仅仅”“只有”“只不过”，强调程度低或数量少。如：He is no more than an ordinary English teacher. 他只不过是个普通的英文老师。He has no more than three shirts. 他只有3件衬衫。(2) not more than 表示“至多”，与at most同义。如：He has not more than three shirts. 他最多只有3件衬衫(含有或许还不到3件之意)。(3) no more.than 表示对两者都否定, 意为“既不也不”“同一样不”。如：He is no more a writer than a painter. 他既不是画家，也不是作家。A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 如同马不是鱼一样，鲸也不是鱼。more than 1. 表示“比多”“比更”。如：It was more expensive than I thought. 这比我预料的昂贵多了。Tim violin is more difficult than the piano. 拉小提琴比弹钢琴更为困难。John drove much more carefully than Tim did. 约翰开车比吉姆小心得多。注：more有时不用于构成比较级，而是本身就是比较级，此时其后可能接可数或不可数名词。如：His car cost much more money than mine. 他的小汽车所花的钱比我的多得多。There are many more people than we expected. 比我们想象的人要多得多。2. 表示“与其不如”。如：He is more lucky than clever. 与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。It is even more a poem than a picture. 与其说它是一幅画，倒不如说它是一首诗。注：该句型主要用于同一个人或物在两个不同性质或特征等方面的比较(比较级必须 more, 不能用加词尾 -er 的形式)。asas结构学习要点一、asas 结构的基本用法其基本意思为“与一样”，其中的第一个as副词，其后通常接形容词或副词(用原级)，第二个as可用作介词(后接名词或代词)或连词(后接从句)。使用时应注意以下几点：1. 在否定句中，第一个 as 也可换成 so：He doesnt study as so hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。2. 在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但若涉及数量或程度，可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“as many+可数名词复数+as”：Youve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。I havent got as much money as I thought. 我不像原来想像的有那么多钱。(R2/92)其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)：She is as good a cook as her mother. 她和她妈妈一样是位好厨师。也可说：She is a cook as good as her mother. 但不说：She is as a good cook as her mother. 或They are as good cooks as us.二、关于第二个as的词性第二个as后接从句时，该as通常为连词，但有时这个as还充当其后从句的主语或宾语，此时该as实为关系代词。如：I gave him as much as he could eat. 他能吃多少，我就给了他多少。Weve got food for as many people as want it. 我们的食物，无论多少人吃都够了。注：若第二个as用作连词引导一个表示将来意义的从句，则该从句可用现在时表示将来，也可直接使用将来时态。如：Well get there as soon as you do will. 你一到，我们就到。三、asas结构的修饰语该结构根据情况可用使用以下修饰语：(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 per cent等，并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后。如：He doesnt play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。This dress is twice as expensive as that. 这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。四、asas结构的省略在非正式场合(尤其是美国英语中)，有时可以省略第一个as。如：When over forty, he married a woman poor as himself. 他在40多岁时娶了一个像他本人一样穷的女人。另外，若意思明确，有时可省略第二个as及其后的相关词语。如：The pianos in that shop will be cheaper, but not as good. 那家商店的收音机会便宜些，但质量没那么好。常见比较结构的用法区别1. more and more与 the more, the more：前者表示“越来越”，后者表示“越，越”。如：Our country is getting more and more powerful. 我们国家越来越强大。The more we get together, the happier we will be. 人聚得越多，我们越快活。2. more than 与less than：前者“(指数量)多于”、“不只是”、“非常”等，后者表示“少于”、“比少”。如：Ive known him for more than 10 years. 我已认识他10多年了。He is more than a father to her. 他待她胜过父亲。She was more than kind to us. 她对我们很友好。It cost me less than 10 pounds. 我买它没要上10英镑。She eats less than she should. 她吃得比她应该吃的少。3. more than 与 lessthan：前者表示“比多，比更”，后者表示“比少，不如”。如：He has more books than me. 他的书比我多。He is more careful than the others. 他比其他人更仔细。I got less money than the others did. 我比别人得到的钱少。注：两者均可表示“与其不如”，但词序不同。如：(from )He is less a teacher than an expert. / He is more an expert than a teacher. / He is not so much a teacher as an expert. 与其说他是老师，不如说他是专家。4. “no+比较级+than”结构：这类结构的实际意思是对待比较的两个对象进行否定，相当于该原级形容词或副词使用asas结构的意思。如no better than = as bad as，意为“与一样不好”，no faster than = as slow as，意为“与一样不快”，no taller than = as short as，意为“与一样不高”等。5. no more than与not more than：两者均可表示数量，前者表示“仅仅”、“只有”(= only)，强调少；而后者表示“不多于”、“至多”(= at most)。如：It is no more than five miles to the station. 去车站只有5英里。It is not more than five miles to the station. 去车站最多5英里。(from )6. no morethan与not morethan：前者用于否定两者，意为“同一样不”(=neither . nor)；而后者只强调两者的程度不同，意为“不如”、“不及”(= not so . as)。如：Hes no more able to read Spanish than I am. 他和我都读不懂西班牙语。（=Neither he nor I am not read Spanish.）She is not more clever than he is. 她不如他聪明。（= She is not so clever as he is.）This film is not more interesting than that one. 这部电影不比那部电影更有趣。（This film is not so interesting as that one.）比较等级的特殊句型归纳(1) less/least +原级：表示降级的比较级或最高级。如：I am even less lucky. 我甚至更不走运。This is the least useful of the four books.四本书中这一本最无用处。(2) the+比较级, the+比较级：表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，意为“越就越”，前者相当于一个条件句，因此，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如(from )：The harder you work, the better result youll get.你学习越努力，成绩就越好。(3) the+比较级(+of the two)：表示“两者中较的那个人或物”。如：Tom is the taller of the two brothers.汤姆是两兄弟中个子较高的那个。(4) 比较级+and+比较级：表示“越来越”，单音节形容词或副词用“-er+and +-er”，如warmer and warmer越来越暧和；多音节形容词或副词用“more and more”如more and more beautiful越来越美。(5) 比较级+than any other+单数名词：表示最高级意义。如：Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class.(=Mike is the most intelligent in his class.)马克比他班上任何一个人都聪明。(6) 否定词语+比较级：表示最高级含义。如： Nothing is easier than this.(=This is the easiest thing.)没有比这更简单的了。(7) 否定词语+ soas：表示最高级含义。如(from )：Nothing is so easy as this.没有比这更简单的了。(8) more+形容词或副词+than：表示对同一人或物在不同方面进行取舍，意为“与其说倒不如”，不论形容词或副词的长短，一律用morethan。如：He is more hungry than tired.与其说他累了，倒不如说他饿了。(9) no +比较级+ than：表示对两者的否定，意为“和一样不”，与neithernor或“as+相反意义的形容词或副词+as”相当。如Tom is no taller than Mike. =Neither Tom nor Mike is tall. =Tom is as short as Mike.汤姆和迈克都不高(或一样矮)。比较：“not+比较级前+than”表示前者不如后者。Tom is not taller than Mike.汤姆不比迈克高。比较等级的常见句型归纳(1)两者相比，甲=乙，用“as +形容词或副词原级+ as”。如：He is as tall as I/me.他和我一样高。He got up as early as I did.他和我起得一样早。 注：当asas中间有名词时，名词要放在形容词之后。如：This is as good an example as the other is.这个例子和另外一个一样好。I can carry as much paper as you can.你能搬多少纸，我也能。(2)两者相比，甲乙，用“as/so+形容词或副词原级+as”。如：He cannot run so/as fast as you.他没你跑得快。Corn doesnt need as/so much water as rice.玉米不需要稻谷那么多水。(3)两者相比，甲乙，用“比较级形容词或副词+ than”。如：You are taller than I. 你比我高(from www.yygrammar)。He reads more careful than I.他比我看书更认真。(4)多者比较，用“the+最高级+比较范围”。如：Tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆是他班里个子最高。Kate wrote (the) most carefully of all.凯特是所有人中写得最认真的。摘自与比较级相关的习语(1) no more than =only只有，仅仅，只不过There are no more than a hundred people in the hall.大厅里只有100人。(2) not more than=at the most不超过，至多There are not more than a hundred people in the hall.大厅里至多100人。(3) no less than多达，不少于He made no less than500. 他赚了多达五百英镑的钱。He walks no less than five miles to school. 他上学至少要走五英里。(4) less than不到，不太，极不I wont take less than $5000 for my car.我的汽车低于5000美元不卖。The boys were less than happy about having a party. 开晚会男孩子并不很高兴。Doctors have been less than successful in treating this condition.医生在治疗这种病时极不成功。(5) more than多于，超过(=over, 后接数词)；不只是(=not only, 后接名词、动词或副词)；非常，十分(=very, 后接形容词、副词、动词或分词)；难以，完全不能(用于more thancan)“。He was more than seventy years of age. 他有七十多岁了。He more than smiled, but laughed.他不只是微笑而是大笑。They were more than glad to help.他们非常乐于帮忙。That is more than I can tell.那我就不知道了(from )。(6) more or less(=almost, nearly, about)基本上，差不多，大约The work is more or less finished.工作基本上完成了。The repairs will cost $30, more or less.修理费大约要30美元。(7) sooner or later迟早，早晚，总有一天(from )You should tell her because shell find out sooner or later.你还是告诉她吧，因为她早晚会发觉的。(8) whats more而且，此外，还有，更有甚者I missed the bus and had to walk home. Whats more, it was raining and I got all wet. 我赶不上巴士，不得不走回家，而且那时正在下雨，我全身都湿透了。(9) no soonerthan一就He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave again.他刚到就被支走了。关于“never+比较级”结构否定副词never与比较级连用有时可表示最高级的意义。如：I have never drunk better beer. 我从来没喝过这么好的啤酒。（相当于说：这是我喝过的最好的啤酒。）I have never met a kinder man. 我从来没遇见过这么仁厚的人。（相当于：这是我遇见过的最仁厚的人。）He had never spent a more worrying day. 他从来没有度过这样烦恼的日子。（相当于说：这是我度过的最烦恼的日子。）注：有时也可不用never而用其他否定词。如：No news could be more delightful to me. 这消息最令我高兴。如何理解nevera better的意思在英语学习中，经常会见到 nevera better 之类的用法，你知道它是什么意思吗？请看下面一题：How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _ voice.A. a betterB. a bestC. the betterD. the best 【陷阱】容易误选D，认为最高级前要用定冠词。【分析】其实此题最佳答案为A，该句可视为I have never heard a better voice than her voice 之省略，全句句意为“她唱得多好啊！我从未听过她这么好的声音”。请再看以下类似的实例：He is fine, never better. 他很好，比以往任何时候都好。This bird is really lovely. Ive never seen a finer one. 这只鸟真可爱，我从未见过这样好看的鸟。比较以下试题，情形也大致相同：(1) “Ive never found a better job.” “_.”A. I dont think soB. Too badC. CongratulationsD. Dont worry答案选C，Ive never found a better job可视为 Ive never found a better job than this job 之省略，句意为：我从来没有找到比这份工作更好的工作，即这是我所找到的最好的工作。(2) “What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, _. We couldnt have found a better place.”A. too bad B. sorryC. wonderful D. impossible答案选 C。We couldnt have found a better place 可视为We couldnt have found a better place than this place，其意为“我们不可能找到一个