高三英语语法总结：句子结构的一致性人教版.doc

高三英语语法总结：句子结构的一致性 人教版一. 本周教育内容：语法总结：句子结构的一致性二. 知识总结与归纳：（一）由and连接的两个名词或代词做主语：（1）这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物，谓语动词用复数形式。1. My brother and I have both seen that film.2. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.3. The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.4. Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.5. Joe and Bob are smart.（2）这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物，谓语动词用单数形式。1. The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.2. War and peace is a constant theme in history.3. One more knife and fork is needed.4. The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.5. Law and order has been established.6. Bread and butter is our daily food.7. Fish and chips is a popular fast food.8. The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.（3）这部分主语前面有each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。1. Each doctor and（each）nurse was given a new shirt.2. No sound and no voice is heard.3. Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake.4. Every minute and every second is precious.（二）由连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, 连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致，这就是就近原则。1. Either you or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.2. Neither he nor I have finished the experiment.3. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.4. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.5. George or Tom is wanted.注意：There be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。1. There arent any letters in the mail for you today.2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.（三）名词后面带有with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as, rather than短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例句：1. All but one were here just now.2. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.3. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.4. You as well as I are wrong.5. The teacher, as much as the parents, is to blame for the accident.6. The factory with all its equipment has been burnt.（四）动名词，不定式，主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。1. Reading is a great pleasure in life.2. To live means to create.3. That we need more time is obvious.4. What is needed is food and medicine.（五）表示时间，金钱，距离，重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：1. Three thousand miles is a long distance.2. Fifty kilogrammes is not too heavy to be carried.3. Eight hours of sheep is enough.（六）限定词短语all of; none of; a lot of; 以及分数/百分数+of .修饰名词构成的名词短语做主语时，谓语动词的形式由of 后面的名词形式决定。例句：1. None of this money is yours.2. None of these suggestions are very helpful.3. I dont think any of us wants to work tomorrow.4. Is there any more of this stuff ?5. Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.（七）集合名词group, class, family, army, enemy, team等名词的单，复数形式根据它们强调的内容而定。1. The class were all cheerful.2. The army is going to remain in this town.考点与解题思路主谓一致的考查在高考试题中主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时，遇到这样的题时，要牢记主谓一致的三个基本原则。具体掌握住主语部分的一些关键性的词汇。【典型例题】单项选择：1. E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.A. is playingB. have playedC. are playingD. play分析： A 带有as well as 短语的名词做主语时，谓语动词与这个名词的人称和数一致，不受as well as 短语内容的影响。E-mail是单数形式。2. Is there anybody in the classroom ?No, the teacher, together with the students _ to the playground.A. goB. wentC. has goneD. have gone分析：C本题考查的主谓一致的内容与上一题相同，从句子的语境判断，应当用现在完成时。3. Either John or his friends _ to blame for the bad results.A. areB. isC. wasD. has been分析：A eitheror.连接两个名词做主语时，其谓语动词与离它最近的名词的数和人称一致，本题中his friends 决定了谓语动词的形式。4. The conductor and composer _ by a crowd of people.A. are greetedB. is greetedC. greetsD. have been greeted分析：B 根据句意，主语部分的 The conductor and composer 是指一个人即：乐队指挥兼作曲家，所以主语的内容是单数形式。5. The trousers _ you well, madam.But the color _ me. A. fit; dont suitB. fits; doesnt suitC. fits; dont suitD. fit; doesnt suit分析：D trousers, clothes, glasses,等名词本身就是复数形式。谓语动词用复数形式。color 是单数，谓语用单数。6. The Smiths family, which _ rather a large one, _ very fond of their old house.A. were; wereB. was; wereC. were; wasD. was; was分析：B family指“家庭”为单数，指“家庭成员”为复数形式。第一空格前的which 指“家庭” 谓语用was. 第二空格后的fond of指“家庭成员喜欢他们的老房子”谓语为were 7. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been分析： D 当定语从句先行词是“one of +复数形式”时， 其后的从句谓语动词用复数形式。而当one之前有the only时， 定语从句则强调the only one，谓语动词用单数。另外，题目中的时间状语for three years表明从句的时态为现在完成时。8. Three fifths of the police _ in the school near the town.A. has trainedB. have trainedC. has been trainedD. have been trained分析：D 分数+名词做主语时，谓语动词的形式由分数所指的名词的形式（可数名词或不可数名词）决定，police 是集合名词为复数形式，根据句子意思，police 与train 为被动关系，应用被动语态。短文改错片段：1. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.分析：本句中主语Now my picture and the prize是复数形式，谓语动词is应改为are.2. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.分析：本句第一行，根据全篇内容的语境，应当是一般现在时，所以谓语动词talked改为talk.第二行：根据句意：我们下课后立刻又成了陌生人。Stranger应当与主语we一致，改为复数形式，strangers.3. But not all information are good to society.分析：主语information是不可数名词，are应改为is单项选择：1. Every boy and girl as well as some teachers who _ to visit the museum _ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.A. are; areB. is; isC. are; isD. is; are2. Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women _ a very shy girl with two bright eyes.A. wasB. areC. wereD. there was3. Mr. Bush, together with his wife and daughter _ going to Japan next week.A. areB. isC. will beD. would be4. Not the teacher but the students _ excited.A. isB. hasC. areD. have5. Not every one of the hundred students who took the test _ passed.A. hasB. haveC. isD. are6. John is _ of the students who _ able to get the first place.A. the one; areB. the only one; is C. one; isD. only one; are7. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _ all that I can spare to talk with you.A. areB. wasC. isD. were8. Which of the books do you think _ best among the best-sellers.A. sellsB. sellC. is soldD. are sold9. Has everyone in your class passed the driving test ?No, _only Yang Lin and I who _passed.A. it was; hasB. there are; haveC. It is; haveD. it is; has10. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A. Two fifth; isB. Two fifths; areC. Two fifth; areD. Two fifths; is完型填空：We may look at the world, around us, but somehow we manage not to see it until whatever weve become used to suddenly disappears. 1 for example, the neatly-dressed woman I 2 to Seeor look aton my way to work each morning.For three years, no matter 3 the weather was like, she was always waiting at the bus stop around 8:00 a. m. On 4 days, she wore heavy clothes and a pair of woolen gloves. Summertime 5 out neat, belted cotton dresses and a hat pulled low over her sunglasses. 6 , she was an ordinary working woman. Of course, I 7 all this only after she was seen no more. It was then that I realized how 8 I expected to see her each morning. You might say I 9 her.“Did she have an accident? Something 10 ?” I thought to myself about her 11 . Now that she was gone, I felt I had 12 her. I began to realize that part of our 13 life probably in-eludes such chance meetings with familiar 14 : the milkman you see at dawn, the woman who 15 walks her dog along the street every morning, the twin brothers you see at the library. Such people are 16 markers in our lives. They add weight to our 17 of place and belonging.Think about it. 18 , while walking to work, we mark where we are by 19 a certain building, why should we not mark where we are when we pass a familiar, though 20 , person?1. A. Make B. Take C. Give D. Have2. A. happened B. wanted C. used D. tried3. A. what B. how C. which D. when4. A. sunny B. rainy C. cloud D. snowy5. A. took B. brought C. carried D. turned6. A. Clearly B. Particularly C. Luckily D. Especially7. A. believed B. expressed C. remembered D. wondered8. A. long B. often C. soon D. much9. A. respected B. missed C. praised D. admired10. A. better B. worse C. more D. less11. A. disappearance B. appearanceC. misfortune D. fortune12. A. forgotten B. lost C. known D. hurt13. A. happy B. enjoyable C. frequent D. daily14. A. friends B. strangers C. tourists D. guests15. A. regularly B. actually C. hardly D. probably16. A. common B. pleasant C. important D. faithful17. A. choice B. knowledge C. decision D. sense18. A. Because B. If C. Although D. However19. A. keeping B. changing C. passing D. mentioning20. A. unnamed B. unforgettableC. unbelievable D. unreal阅读理解What exactly is a lie ? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue ? Or is it something ore than ? for example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you. You say, “I wish I could help you but Im short of money myself.” In fact, you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debts and you dont want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this. Is this really a lie ?Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really think it looks terrible. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intention of carrying out. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit（获利）or gain in some day.Research has also been one into the way peoples behavior changes in a number of small, apparently unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now.” They also tend to touch certain parts of the fave more often, in particular the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itch（痒）.Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book Manwatching calls “the mouth cover”. He says there are several typical forms of his, such as covering part of the mouth with fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth. Such a gesture can be understood as an unconscious（无意识的）attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying. Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation. It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things, and in particular the context（情境）in which the lie is told.1. According to Professor Jellison, a “white lie” appears to be a lie _.A. that are told to mean the opposite.B. that a liar tells unconsciously.C. that the teller tells to profit or gain some advantage from it.D. which is harmless and told so as not to hurt someone else.2. Research on lying suggests that women _.A. are more skilled at telling less serious lies than men doB. tell more lies than men doC. like to flatter（奉承）people more often than men doD. are better at telling lies at parties than men do3. One reason why people sometimes cover their mouths while lying is that _.A. they wish those words had not come out of their mouths.B. mouth is very sensitive to physical changes caused by lying.C. they are trying unconsciously to stop themselves from telling lies.D. they regret that their lies might hurt other peoples feelings.4. We can realize from the passage that _.A. certain gestures can be used as proof to judge whether a speaker is lying or not.B. politicians and businessmen lie more often than ordinary people.C. some gestures are proofs of lying only if they occur too often.D. there is no simple way to judge if people tell lies or not.短文改错My heart sank when I open the front door and saw1 _Mrs. Liu. Whatever she called, she stayed for hours 2 _and hours. But this time, she stayed for several hours3 _till nearly 6 oclock. I had had lots of homework4 _to do. I couldnt stand her more longer. So I tried 5 _to persuade her leave without feeling unhappy. I 6 _asked her that her husband had got home from 7 _job, and maybe he was worried about her because it was so8 _late. But, instead of leaving, she was phoned her 9 _husband to come round, too. What unwelcome visitor! 10_参考答案单项选择：1. C；who _ to visit the museum作为定语从句修饰some teachers，some teachers在从句中做主语，是复数形式，全句的谓语_ asked与主语Every boy and girl保持一致，是单数形式2. A；主语部分Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women是动名词形式，是单数形式，3. B；主语部分Mr. Bush, together with his wife and daughter中核心主语是Mr. Bush4. C；Notbut做主语，谓语动词的形式遵循就近原则。5. A；主语是Not every one of the hundred students who took the test，Not every one为核心主语。6. B；定语从句的先行词部分有the only one of，从句的谓语动词是单数形式7. C；ten minutes作为一个整体内容，做主语是单数形式8. A；全句的主语是Which of the books，为单数形式。9. C；这是强调句型，强调部分是全句的主语only Yang lin and I后面的