高中必修五第一单元单词总结.doc

1. discover & inventinvent v. 发明，发明原先不存在的东西.Who invented the steam engine? 谁发明了蒸汽机?discover v. 发现，探索或揭示早就客观存在着事物。Columbus discovered America in 1492.哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。Who discovered radium? 谁发现了镭?characteristic countable usually plural性格，特征characteristic of n a baby discovering the physical characteristics of objectsdistinguishing characteristic (=one that separates someone or something from others of the same type) n Violent images are a defining characteristic of his work.Character n.1 all somebodys qualities countable usually singular the particular combination of qualities that makes someone a particular type of person characteristic: n He has a cheerful but quiet character.n Children grow up with a mixture of character traits (=character qualities) from both sides of their family.n his temper and other character flaws (=bad qualities)n in character/out of character (=typical or untypical of someones character) n He swore, which was out of character for him.n Openness is at the heart of the American character.2. a) a person in a book, play, film etc: Candida is the most interesting character in the play.n main/central character n In the story, the main character has left his girlfriend and baby.n Everyone recognizes Disneys cartoon characters.Conclude V.n 1 transitive to decide that something is true after considering all the information you have conclusion n conclude that n The report concluded that the school should be closed immediately.n conclude from something that n Richardson concluded from his studies that equality between the sexes is still a long way off.n conclude with n Each chapter concludes with a short summary.n conclude by doing something n She concluded by saying she was proud to be from Zhuhai. n To conclude, n Id like to express my thanks to my family.n come to a conclusion/reach a conclusion (=decide something) n draw a conclusion (from something) (=decide something because of information you have) n lead to/point to/support the conclusion that (=make you decide that) n jump to conclusions (=decide something too quickly, without knowing all the facts) I soon came to the conclusion that she was lying.n It is still too early to reach a conclusion on this point.n There are perhaps two main conclusions to be drawn from the above discussion.n All the evidence pointed to the conclusion that he was guilty.n Its important not to jump to conclusions.n The police came to the inescapable不可逃避的，不能忽视的conclusion that the children had been murdered.2. put forward 提出；提前；3. Are you serious in putting forward such a view?The attack had been put forward an hour.put a clock/watch forward把钟/表拨快Put the clock forward by ten minutes.The clock was put forward half an hour.3. John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.attend v.(看,照料.如:1)to take good care of (a sick person, for example)照看attended the patients.I was attended by Dr.Thinn when I was in US.(2)to be present at 出席,到场. 如:attend school/a lecture/ church/ a wedding(3) Accompany 伴随（文）Success often attends hard work.(4) Attend on/upon照顾、侍候 attend on the dying man/ Servants attend upon the queen.(5) Attend to处理： attend to the matter/ business接待（顾客）attend to the baby/ customerThe staff will helpfully attend to your needs倾听 attend to the instructions/ what your teacher told you.inspire transitive1 to encourage someone by making them feel confident and eager to do something: n We need someone who can inspire the team.n inspire somebody to do something n He inspired many young people to take up the sport.n Inspired by the sunny weather, I decided to explore the woods.2 to make someone have a particular feeling or react in a particular way: n Gandhis quiet dignity inspired great respect.n inspire confidence (=make people feel confident because they trust your ability) n His driving hardly inspires confidence.n The hospitals record does not inspire confidence.3 to give someone the idea for something, especially a story, painting, poem etc: n The story was inspired by a chance meeting with an old Russian duke.n a range of designs inspired by wild flowersinspired 1 having very exciting special qualities that are better than anyone or anything else: n an inspired leader/performance/lecture2 inspired guess/choice etc: a good or successful choice, guess etc that is based on inspiration not facts: n In an inspired move, they took on the relatively inexperienced Ray as director.3 politically/religiously etc inspired: started for political, religious etc reasons: n We suspect that the violence was politically inspired.n inspiring giving people a feeling of excitement and a desire to do something great uninspiring: n inspiring musicn King was a great orator and an inspiring leader.n awe-inspiring extremely impressive in a way that makes you feel great respect: a truly awe-inspiring achievement4. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.exposed to cholera 在句子中是过去分词用作后置定语,表示被动，意为 “患霍乱的”。如:The book written by LuXun is very popular. 鲁迅写的书是很受欢迎的。The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. 昨天我们看见的那个人是史密斯先生。发散思维：exposed adj. 暴露的，暴露于风雨中的，无掩蔽的exposedness n. 暴露，显露开放思维: expose to 使易受，使受 expose sth to the light of day/sun light/danger把某事暴露于光天化日之下expose a fraud 揭穿骗局cure countable 1 a medicine or medical treatment that makes an illness go away n cure for : There is still no cure for AIDS.2 something that solves a problem, or improves a bad situation solution n cure for : There is no easy cure for loneliness.3 the act of making someone well again after an illness: n The new treatment effected a miraculous cure.cure countable1 a medicine or medical treatment that makes an illness go away n cure for : There is still no cure for AIDS.2 something that solves a problem, or improves a bad situation solution n cure for : There is no easy cure for loneliness.3 the act of making someone well again after an illness: n The new treatment effected a miraculous cure.Challenge transitive1 question something: to refuse to accept that something is right, fair, or legal: a boy with a reputation for challenging the authority of his teachersn challenge a view/an idea/an assumption etc n Viewpoints such as these are strongly challenged by environmentalists.n They went to the High Court to challenge the decision.n challenge somebody to do something n I challenge Dr. Carver to deny his involvement!2 competition: to invite someone to compete or fight against you, or to try to win something challenger, dare n challenge somebody to something n After lunch Carey challenged me to a game of tennis.n challenge for n Liverpool are challenging for the title (=in a position where they could win).3 something difficultn to test the skills or abilities of someone or something =stimulate: n Im really at my best when Im challenged.n challenge somebody to do something n Every teacher ought to be challenging kids to think about current issues.4 stop somebodyn to stop someone and demand proof of who they are, and an explanation of what they are doing: n We were challenged by the security guard at the gate.challenger noun countable n Lewis is his main challenger for the world title.5. This was the most deadly disease ofits day. adj. 1. 危险的；致命的 a deadly disease/weapon 2. 强有力的；致命的 a deadly remark 击中要害的评论adv. 1. 极度；非常；十分 deadly serious 十分认真 2. 死一般地 deadly pale 死一般苍白 Vital, fatal, mortal, lethal, deathful6. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.every time 在这里是连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“每次，每当”。Every time I meet him, I always think of the things happened between us.每次见到他，我就想起发生在我们之间的事情。注意: immediately, the moment, directly, instantly 等与 every time一样，都可以用作连词引导时间状语从句，意为 “一就”。如：I will give the letter to him immediately I see him.我一见到他就把这封信给他。I came directly I got your letter.我一接到你的信就来了。victim countable1 someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered: n The victim received head injuries from which she died a week later.n rape/murder etc victim n Most homicide victims are under 30.n victim of n victims of crimen a credit card fraud ring that stole millions of dollars from unsuspecting victims2 someone who suffers because of something bad that happens or because of an illness n victim of victims of age discriminationn He was the victim of an administrative error.n a massive aid program for the famine victimsn AIDS victims and other patients who are terminally illn be the victim of something famine/earthquake/flood etc victim cancer/AIDS etc victim n accident/crash victim n innocent victim n victim of circumstance (=someone who suffers because of something they cannot control) n victim mentality (=when someone always thinks of themselves as a victim)7. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.absorbinto 吸收 如：Plants absorb nutrients from the soil.Water and salts are absorbed into our blood stream.Her capacity to absorb information is amazing. Judith lay on the settee, absorbed in her book. We were soon absorbed into local village life. Darker surfaces absorb heat.absorb v. (1)吸收（液体）；承受；承担。如:Well not absorb these charges.(2) 吸引；使专心；使全神贯注。如:The writer was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪茄烟的烟灰。suspect transitive not in progressive1 to think that something is probably true, especially something bad n suspect (that) n I suspected that there was something wrong with the engine.n She strongly suspected he was lying to her.n Shes not going to be very happy about this, I suspect.2 to think that something bad has happened or is happening: n The doctors suspected pneumonia.n suspect something/nothing/anything n He never suspected anything.3 to think that someone is probably guilty of a crime: n Who do you suspect?n suspect somebody of (doing) something n Hes suspected of murder.n Pilcher was suspected of giving away government secrets to the enemy.4 to think that something is not honest or true: n I began to suspect his motives in inviting me.n suspect for the two suspects for the robberyn suspect in a suspect in a burglary casen main/prime/chief suspect Davies is still the chief suspect.Adj. suspicious1 thinking that someone might be guilty of doing something wrong or dishonest n suspicious of n Some of his colleagues at work became suspicious of his behaviour.n suspicious about n They were suspicious about my past.n His reluctance to answer my questions made me suspicious.2 making you think that something bad or illegal is happening: They found a suspicious package under the seat.n a suspicious deathn He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner.inquire , enquire intransitive and transitive formaln to ask someone for information: n Why are you doing that? the boy inquired.n inquire about n I am writing to inquire about your advertisement in The Times.n inquire whether/why/how etc n The waiter inquired whether we would like to sit near the window.n inquire something of somebody n Wheres the station? she inquired of a passer-by.n Toby would have liked to inquire further (=ask more questions).8. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现特别在两条街道上，霍乱流行得特别厉害，10天之内就死去了500多人。severe adj. (1)unsparing or harsh, as in treatment of others; strict 严厉的；苛刻的；严格的。severe adj. very serious severity n.severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are very bad or very serious: His injuries were quite severe. Shes suffering from severe depression. The US faces severe economic problems. The storm caused severe damage.(2) causing sharp discomfort or distress; extremely violent or intense; very serious. 剧痛的，剧烈的，严重的，难熬的。如:a severe attack of toothache.9. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.这张地图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。valuable(1)adj. worth of a lot of money 值钱的，贵重的。如：The watch is valuable. 这表很值钱。a valuable diamond. 贵重的钻石(2) adj. having great usefulness or value 如: valuable information(3)n. (常用复数形式)sth that worth a lot of money. 如:Cathy kept her valuables in a safe.valueless=worthless priceless=valuable10. It seemed that the water was to blame.看来霍乱的流行要归罪于饮水了。be+动词不定式，表示该做或不该做的事情，相当于must, should, ought to 等。No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.没有警察的允许谁也不准离开这栋楼。You are not to drop litter in the park.公园里不允许乱丢纸屑。blameblame sb. / sth. for : to say or think that sb. or sth. is responsible for sth. badIts not fair to blame me. Its not my fault.They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.n be to blame: be responsible for sth. bad The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.n take the blame: to say that sth. is your fault He is ready to take the blame for what had happened.blame transitive1 to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad: n Dont blame me - its not my fault.n I blame his mother. She does everything for him.n blame somebody/something for something n Marie still blames herself for Patricks death.n The report blames poor safety standards for the accident.n The decision to increase interest rates was widely blamed (=blamed by many people) for the crisis.n blame something on somebody/something n One of the computers is broken and shes blaming it on me.n The crash was blamed on pilot error.2 somebody/something is to blame (for something)n used to say that someone or something is responsible for something bad: n Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire.n partly/largely/entirely etc to blame n Television is partly to blame.3 I dont blame you/you can hardly blame him etcn spoken used to say that you think it was right or reasonable for someone to do what they did: n Shes left her husband. I dont blame her, after the way he treated her.n You can hardly blame him for not waiting.4 dont blame men spoken used when you are advising someone not to do something but you think that they will do it in spite of your advice: n Buy it then, but dont blame me when it breaks down.5 somebody only has himself/herself to blamen spoken used to say that someones problems are their own fault: n If he fails his exams, hell only have himself to blame.11. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 其次，约翰.斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。look into 看里面；to investigate 检查；了解。如：Well look into this matter together.我们将一起调查这个问题。开放思维：look on 观看，面向，旁观，看待look out 面朝，留神，照料look over 从上面看，察看，检查look around 环顾，观光，察看look through 翻阅；翻找look up and down 仔细打量，到处寻找look after 寻求，照顾，关心12.handle v.A. 操作; 运用 B. 经销; 买卖 C. 管理 D. 对待 E. 应付 F. 控制; 管理1. Ms Hawkins, the chief accountant of the company handles the companys accounts. C2. The children are so naughty that I cant handle them. E3. She handled a difficult argument skillfully. F4. Handle children kindly, if you want them to trust you. D5. This shop handles paper and stationery.（文具） B6. He learnt how to handle the axe. A13. linkA lot of links fitted together form a chain.The two towns are linked by a railway.The new bridge will link the island to the mainland. Researchers have detected a link between smoking and heart disease.研究人员发现了吸烟和心脏病之间的关系。14. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.有了这个证据，约翰.斯诺就能够肯定的宣布，这种被污染的水携带病毒。announce v. to make known publicly如：1. The captain announced that the plane was going to land.机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。2. The captain announced that the plane was going to land.3. The government announced that they would build a new highway to the mountain.4. The army announced a cease-fire.(停火) 5. The announcer announces three programs a week.to introduce a program on TV or radioannouncement* train approach announcement* He waited for the announcement of the result of the competition.* make an announcementinstruct transitive1 to officially tell someone what to do order n instruct somebody to do something n His secretary was instructed to cancel all his engagements.n instruct (somebody) that n The judge immediately instructed that Beattie be released.n Eva went straight to the hotel, as instructed (=as she had been told).n instruct somebody what to do n He had instructed the slaves what to say when questioned.2 formal to teach someone something, or show them how to do something n instruct somebody in something n Greater effort is needed to instruct children in road safety.n instruct somebody how to do something n Employees are instructed how to make a complaint.3 usually passive British English formal to officially tell someone about something n instruct somebody that n I was instructed that 20,000 had been paid into my account.4 British English law to employ a lawyer to represent you in court15. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. 虽然