翻译理论与实践课堂讲解部分内容汇总.doc

翻译理论与实践课堂讲解部分内容汇总一、What is tranlationNidas definition：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.Tytlers principles 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. Yanfus principles n Faithfulness（信）, Expressiveness（达）and Elegance（雅）n “Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought;n “Expressiveness” demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense;n “Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty. 刘重德: faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness. faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original; closeness: to be as close to the original style as possible.鲁迅: Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition to Liang Shi-qius translation principle in 1930s. (宁信而不顺)傅雷: TL should be similar to SL both in Form and in Spirit. （神似说：形式和神韵）Eugene A. Nidas principlesn Dynamic equivalence n or Functional equivalencen The translator is to produce as nearly as possible the same effect on his readers as was produced on the readers of the original.Peter Newmarks principlesn 语义翻译、交际翻译n Semantic translation: The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the author. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text.n Communicative translation: The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. Communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors.Translation history in Chinan 1.东汉至唐宋From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties-Translation of Buddhist scriptures 15000vol.玄奘，鸠摩罗什，真谛-三大佛经翻译家n 2.明末清初From the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty-Translation of Science and Technology3. Late Qing Dynasty清末Translation of western political and literary worksn 林纾块肉余生述(David Copperfield),n 黑奴吁天录(Uncle Toms Cabin)n 严复 n 天演论n Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays -(Huxley 赫胥黎)4.五四时期1919-1949鲁迅 “宁信而不顺”瞿秋白、朱生豪5. 1949-nowThe Translators Association of China中国译协Translation processn Comprehensionn Expressionn ProofreadingTranslation strategiesn Foreignization (异化): the method or practice of preserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text.n Domestication（归化）: the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture.n Examplesn Unless youve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。 （归）除非你手中藏有王牌，否则我们是输定了。 （异）n Among Wolves one must howl.入乡随俗。（归）在狼群中你就得嗥。（异）n Go to law for a sheep, you lose a cow.捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。 （归）为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。 （异）Two basic translation methods n Literal Translation（直译） means word-for-word translation. It takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.n Liberal Translation（意译） is also called Free Translation. It is a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.n Literal translation (直译): 英、汉语的结构有相同的一面，汉译时可照译，即直译。直译既忠实原文内容，又符合原文的结构形式。直译有不少优点，例如能传达原文意义，体现原文风格等。但是，直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆，晦涩难懂，有时不能正确传达原文意义，有时甚至事与愿违。n free translation (意译): 英、汉这两种语言之间还有许多差别，如完整照译，势必出现“英化汉语”，这时就需要意译。意译是在忠实原文内容的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范。 In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. 在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译） Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.车到山前必有路 （意译）二、Linguistic Differences between English and Chinese 词汇对比 句法结构对比 文化差异Learning a language is a kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken. 英语：Indo-European language family 印欧语系alphabetic character拼写文字汉语Sino-Tibetan language family汉藏语系ideographic character表意文字 English：synthetic language综合性合性 the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on. Chinese： analytic language分析性 the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-but by prepositions and word order and so on. English sentences: well-knit, close and compact，hypotactic形合 Chinese sentences: concise and explicit, paratactic意合 In English, nouns, especially the abstract nouns and prepositions are widely used, just like a series of Grapes. Static静态的In Chinese verbs are widely used, just like a Bamboo. dynamic动态的三 Diction正确选择词义 Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. 在英汉翻译过程中，针对原文的词义正确地选择汉语词义，是保证译文质量的根本一环。 Each word when used in a new context is a new word(Firth, 1957). 每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词。 1 词义的选择 根据词性 根据上下文和词汇搭配 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He is the last (man) to blame. He is the last man to consult. This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 他是最后来的。 他绝对不会干那件事。 他最不配干这个工作。 怎么也不该怪他。 根本不宜找他商量。 我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你1. I want my martini dry.我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。2. There are still some dry states in the United States. 在美国尚有几州禁酒。3. She prefers dry bread.她喜欢无奶油的面包。4. The cows are dry.这些母牛缺奶。5. He gave us a dry lecture yesterday.昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。6. I am sure what he presented was a dry fact.我确信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实。词义搭配大风大浪大树大楼大雾大亨大师大面积大扫除一群年轻人一大群蜜蜂 strong wind high wave tall tree high building thick fog big shot great master large area general/thorough cleaning a crowd of young people a swarm of bees 2 词义的引申2.1抽象词具体化例1：Her grace was a delight. 【译文】她的优雅风度很讨人喜欢。例2：There was a pleasant freshness of spring everywhere. 【译文】处处洋溢着春色宜人的清新气息。例3：At the same time, inequality has become worse, poverty has increased absolutely.【译文】同时贫富不均的现象变得更加严重，贫穷者的绝对数增加了例4：The Chinese delegation will never accept such dictation.【译文】中国代表团决不同意这种独断专行的做法。例5：The gathering gloom of a November evening heightened the sadness of this desolation.【译文】十一月的一个黄昏，天色越来越幽暗，这给荒芜的景色增染上几分凄凉的色彩。2.2 具体词抽象化例1：The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and the ape.帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。例2：Everyone has rain and sunshine.Everyone has roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。例3 He thinks by all his fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes, but she isnt deceived. 他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没有受骗。课堂互动: 翻译句子, 注意具体词义抽象化和抽象词义具体化1.She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 【译文】她确实是一个动情的姑娘，不过我不是一个让感情支配理智的人。2. As far as the head goes, at least, she does credit to the educational system pursued at my establishment.【译文】不说别的，就智力才能而论，她确实能为本校所遵循的教育制度争光。 3. How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart?【译文】评论家和读者之间，也就是理智和感情之间的这种分歧如何解释呢？4They exhibited neither their glory nor superiority.【译文】他们既未能争得光彩，也没有显出自己高人一等。5. Honesty pays itself.【译文】诚实的人从来不会吃亏。6. She is a fox.【译文】她是一位时髦迷人的女郎。 3 词义的褒贬 John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 约翰是个积极肯干的推销员，他工作干得很出色。 Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 希特勒夺取了政权以后就推行侵略政策 They predicted the youth would have a bright future。 他们预言，这个年轻人会有一个锦绣前程。 It was mid-August and the subject for discussion was the future of Rommel and his Africa Corps. 当时是八月中旬，他们讨论的题目是隆美尔及其非洲军团的下场。 Nations sometimes exploit their colonies, taking as much wealth out of them as they can. 有些国家有时剥削其殖民地，竭力攫取他们的财富。 They exploited its rich resources in oil. 他们开发了富庶的油矿。 The peasants and workers were hand-in-glove with one another in the struggle against landlords and capitalists who worked hand-in-glove with each other. 在反对狼狈为奸的地主、资本家的斗争中工农亲如手足。四 翻译技巧一）Amplification-supplying necessary words in translation to make translation version more accurate, idiomatic, readable and clearer. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically. 增加的词必须是句法上或语义上不可或缺的。1 译形容词时增加程度副词2 名词的增译3 补译省略部分4 补译替代部分5 补译解释说明 6 根据语气语境增词It is fitting that we should remember him on his birthday. 【译文】我们在他的诞辰之日来纪念他是比较合适的。 另如：suitable适应比较适应 warm热情非常热情 courageous勇敢非常勇敢 kind善良十分善良 lovely可爱十分可爱 witty高明实在高明 disgusting讨厌实在讨厌 satisfied满意相当满意It is enough to shatter complacency. 【译文】足以打破自满情绪。zealousness热情热情大方thought思想思想意识morality道德道德品质pride骄傲骄傲自大tediousness枯燥枯燥无味contemptibility卑鄙卑鄙无耻silence沉默沉默寡言leisure闲情闲情逸致calmness坦然坦然自若cautiousness谨慎谨慎小心Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies)【译文1】读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。 【译文2】读书可以培养一个完美的人，说话可以训练一个敏捷的人，而写作可以造就一个准确的人。翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整1. The purposes of his journey were both military and political.2Some of the gases in the air are fairly constant in amount, while others are not.3You may apply in person or by letter.1. 这次旅行既有军事上的目的，也有政治上的目的。2. 空气中有些气体的含量相当稳定，有些就不稳定。3. 你可以本人亲自去申请或寄信去申请Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it.【译文】知道时间的真正价值。才能争取每一刻，抓住每一刻，享受每一刻。Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is higher than when it is low. 【译文】温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。 And the years flipped off the calendar like dry leaves from a lawn.岁月催人，日历一张张撕掉，好像落在草坪上的枯叶一样。 There are friends and friends.朋友有种种不同，有益友，有损友。I am in charge of the depot, only I. People will hold me responsible but not you.只有我一个人负责管理这个仓库，出了事情别人找的是我，而不是你。They went to Beijing by a Shanghai.他们乘坐“上海”牌小轿车去了北京。 班门弄斧 show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮 The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang the master mind.My dear Copperfield, she is, without any exception, the dearest girl! The way she manages this place, her punctuality, domestic knowledge, economy, and order, her cheerfulness, Coperfield! 【译文】我亲爱的科柏菲尔的确是位最可爱的姑娘！她把这里的一切料理的多好！她持家认真节俭，做事有条不紊，又精通家务事，整天价乐呵呵的，多好的科柏菲尔！The speed and reliability are the chief advantage of the electronic computer.【译文】运行速度快，可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。The business of her (Mrs Bernnets) life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice)【译文】她（班纳特夫人）生平的大事就是嫁女儿；她生平的安慰就是拜客访友和打听新闻。二）omission Omitting the original words which are unnecessary, self-evident or unidiomatic if translated in the target text. 删去一些可有可无的，不言而喻的或者有了反而累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。 It is often employed due to: 1. Grammatical need 2. Rhetorical need1 冠词的省译2 代词的省译3 名词的省译4 动词或系动词的省译5 介词的省译6 连词的省译7 短语或句子的省译1) Ive got the devil of a toothache.【译文】我牙痛死了。2) Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes.【译文】水结冰就是从液态转变为固态。3) The scenery was beautiful; and the acting was superb.【译文】布景很美，演出很出色。4) Listening to classical music is my cup of tea.【译文】我最爱听古典音乐。5) They dont know their right hand from their left.【译文】他们什么也不知道。6) Its an experience I wouldnt trade for anything in the world.【译文】这就是我最宝贵的一次经历。7) In the course of the same year, war broke out in that area.【译文】同年，该地区爆发了战争。8) Before the night was far advanced, they began to move against the enemy.【译文】入夜不久，他们开始进攻敌人。9) The volume of the sun is about 1 300 000 times that of the earth.【译文】太阳的体积约为地球的1,300,000倍。10) It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do.【译文】现在人们认为，脑子越用越好使。11) Those were the days of innocence, when volunteers tended to be welcomed merely because they had volunteered.【译文】那时人们的想法单纯得很，志愿参加的人都受到欢迎，只是因为他们是自愿的。12) At the earliest opportunity he ordered the cavalry to ride out and clear the level ground in the occupation of the enemy.【译文】他下令骑兵乘机出击平原上的敌人阵地。13) and as always happens with radios, just at the vital moment a crash and a bang and nothing could be understood and the broadcast ended.【译文】收音机老出现这种情况：正在紧要关头，嘎啦一声，或是轰隆一响，什么都听不清楚，广播就完了。14) Times were tough during the Depression, and there were five mouths to feed in my family, besides buying coal and wood for the strove.【译文】那年头正值大萧条期，日子过得紧紧巴巴，我们家除了买煤买柴之外，还有五张嘴等着要吃饭。15) She was lucky, for he had given her a gift more powerful than sight, the gift of love that can bring light where had been darkness.【译文】她很幸运，因为他送给她的是一份比视力更能增添力量的礼物，这份礼物充满着爱意，可以使光明重现。三）conversionAffirmative and negative expression in Translation正反翻译n He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother.原译：他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。改译：他模模糊糊地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。（肯定说法）n There are no winners in a divorce.原译：在离婚中没有胜者。改译：离婚的人都是两败俱伤。（肯定说法）n In the grave the rich and the poor lie equal.人死后都是平等的。人死后无贫富之别。（反说）用正反译法翻译下列句子n 1She is past hope of recovery. n 2The evidence is clear enough, excluding all possibilities. n 3He aims at inhuman perfection in everything he does. n 4Styles come and go, but good taste is timeless.n 5The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation.n In all my travel I had yet to see a place as beautiful as the West Lake.n 7She is old enough to know better than to spend all her money on clothes.n 8Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage.n 9You ought to know better than to go out in this cold weather in those thin summer shoes; no wonder your feet got cold.n 10Little I dreamed when I had him in my arms, a baby, that I should be some day marrying him out of my own house. 1Man is not born to die.A人生下来就是要活下去。B人生下来不是要死。2He will certainly come unless he is ill. A只要他没有病倒，就一定会来的。B除非他病倒，他就一定会来的。3John was a fool for danger.A. 约翰对危险是傻子。B. 约翰天不怕地不怕。4Such a chance was denied me. A我被这样一个机会给拒绝了。B我没有得到这样一个机会。5. She is just like a man.A她刚好像个男人。B她一点也不像个女人。6“I deserve it. I deserve that they should know. I am too silly to be alive.”A“真是的！我应该让他们知道这件事。我真是傻得该死。”B“真是的！我应该让他们知道这件事。我傻得不能活。n 人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。n The people is to the peoples army what water is to fish.（意义形式都肯定）n 我年轻的日子一去不返。n Gone are the days when I was young.(形式肯定，意义否定)n 谅你不敢再这么干。n Do that again if you dare.n 这些细菌要在温度达到一百摄氏度才会死亡。n These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100 degrees.n 无论何处，铝在自然界总是以化合的形式存在。n Aluminum is nowhere to be found uncombined in nature.n 自然界中的作用力，必定要牵涉到两个或两个以上的物体。n There is never a force acting in nature unless two or more bodies are involved.n 我们还没有来得及把话讲完，接线员就把我们挂断了。n The telephone operator cut us off before we had finished our conversation.n 那决不是明朝的建筑。n That is anything but a building of the Ming Dynasty.n 欲速则不达。n More haste, less speed.n 智者千虑，必有一失。n Even the wise are not always free from errors.四）分句译法分译法也叫拆句译法，是把原文句子中的个别词、短语、或从句分离出来，单独译出，自成短句，或把原文的一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子，即根据原文的意思层次，按汉语的习惯把英语长句的从句与主句、从句与从句、短语与短语分开，这样层次分明，意义清楚。That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.【译文】那是个是非之地，大家都看得出来。1. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本没有回应，这不足为奇。 (将副词译成句子)2. Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance” 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时，也许有些自豪感，这是可以理解的。 (将形容词译成句子)3.The station chief would have to be close to the director，a member of the inner circle. 这位站长将不得不接近董事，因为该董事是核心集团的成员。 (将名词短语译成句子) 4. The big problem of comprehension of the English text and the bigger problem of how to express it in rich, present-day Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial both have to be solved in the course of translation.【译文】了解原文是一个大问题，现代汉语文言与口语兼收并蓄，如何用这样一个丰富多彩的文字来表达英语原文是一个更大的问题，这两个问题在翻译中都得解决。五）合句法（1）把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。 1. It was on the early morning of April 2, 1971. The pilots were briefed in the ready room. 一九七一年四月二日清晨，飞行员们都在待命室接受简令。 (2) 把原文中的主从复合句成一个简单句。When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。 (3) 把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。 1. In 1844 Engels met Marx，and they became friends. 一八四四年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成了朋友。2. The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light. 十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆很少了。 六）语态转换l 语态转换译法指主动语态和被动语态的互译，即把英语的被动语态的句子转译成汉语的主动语态的句子, 或把英语的主动语态的句子转译成汉语的被动语态的句子, 使译文显得地道自然，符合汉语习惯。语态转换译法是一种十分常见的翻译方法和技巧。l The words “work” and “power” are often confused or interchanged in colloquial use.l 在日常口语中，“功”和“功率”是常被混淆或相互代用的两个词。l Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.l 维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。 l Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.l 有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。 l Nuclear powers danger to health , and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.l 核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词-辐射来概括。例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother.【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.【译文】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment