通用版2019中考英语二轮复习名词讲义.docx

名词学员姓名： 年 级： 辅导科目：英语 学科教师：授课日期授课时段授课主题名词教学内容课前回顾知识梳理知识点1：名词1. 名词的可数与不可数 可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。2. 名词的复数名词单数变复数口诀2.1规则变化 名词单数变复数，直接加 s 占多数；s， x， z， ch， sh 来结尾，直接加上 es；词尾是 f 或 fe，加 s 之前先变 ve；辅母 + y 在词尾，把 y 变 i 再加 es；词尾字母若是 o，常用三个已足够， 要加 es 请记好，hero， tomato， potato。2.2不规则变化男人女人 a 变 e，鹅足牙 oo 变 ee；老鼠虱婆也好记，ous 变 ic；孩子加上 ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用变。【注】2.2.1.英语名词有单数和复数的区别，单数表示“一”，复数表示“多于一。”名词由单数变复数，多数是规则的变，直接加s，例如：book books， girl girls。但以 s， ss， z， x，ch， sh 结尾的名词，变成复数时加 es， 例如：bus buses， classclasses buzz buzzes， box boxes， watch watches， brush brushes以o结尾的名词，是加s构成的复数：kilokilos， pianopianos， radioradios， photophotos， zoozoos2.2.2. f(e) 结尾的名词单数变复数歌诀： 树叶半数自已黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像强盗逃命忙。妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架 后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。如：leaf(树叶，叶子)，half (一半)，self (自已)，wife (妻子)，knife (刀子)，shelf (架子)，wolf (狼)， thief (窃贼，强盗) 和 life(生命)，这些名词变成复数时，都要改 f (e) 为 v，再加 es。2.2.3. f 结尾的名词直接加 s变复数歌诀：海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望；谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。例如：gulf，roof， chief， serf， belief， proof，handkerchief，这些名词变复数直接加 s。注：scarf(围巾；披风) 可以先改 f 为 ve 再加s，也可直接加 s。2.2.4. 辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词，把 y 变 i 加 es。例如：baby babies， country countries， family families；而y 前是元音时，y 不变，直接加 s。例如：day days， boy boys2.2.5. 以 o 结尾的名词变复数时，多数直接加 s。例如：radio radios，piano pianos， kangaroo kangaroos；有的须加es，可以通过一句口诀来记忆：黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆。即：Negro Negroes， hero heroes， tomato tomatoes， potato potatoes；有的以 o 结尾的名词既可加 s 也可加es。例如：volcano (火山) volcanos / volcanoes 等。2.2.6. 名词复数的不规则变化需要特别记忆。例如：man men， woman women， goose geese， foot feet， tooth teeth ，mouse mice， louse (虱子) lice， child children， fish fish， deer (鹿) deer， sheep sheep 等。2.2.7. 表示“某国人”的名词复数形式变化可通过歌诀记忆：中日不变英法变，其余 s加后面。例如：1)Chinese Chinese， Japanese Japanese；2)Englishman Englishmen， Englishwoman Englishwomen，Frenchman Frenchmen， Frenchwoman Frenchwomen；3)American Americans， Russian Russians， Arab Arabs， German Germans 等。 2.2.8.不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。有些不可数名词可借助单位词表示一定的数量。例如：a cup of tea 一杯茶， two pieces of paper 两张纸， an item of news 一则新闻2.2.9.复合名词的复数形式： editorinchiefeditorsinchief Daughterinlawdaughtersinlaw grownupgrownupsWoman teacherwomen teachersman drivermen drivers2.2.10注意一下几个名词单复数问题1）物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别，如fish(鱼肉)fishes（各种鱼），fruit（水果）fruits（各种水果）steel（钢铁/材）steels（各种钢材）2）有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义：Arm（手臂）arms（军火）， glass（玻璃）glasses（眼镜），Cloth（布）clothes（衣服）， water（水）waters（水域，海洋等）Force（力量）forces（军队）， game（游戏）games（运动会）， paper（纸张）papers（报纸）， people（人，人们）peoples（民族），manner（方式）manners（礼貌）， time（时间）times（时代），spirit（精神）spirits（心情）， sand（沙）sands（沙漠），interest(兴趣) interests（利益）， work（工作）works（著作），coffee（咖啡）coffees（几杯咖啡）3. 物质名词(不可数名词)量的表示方法3.1用much，a little，a lot of等表示3.2用容器表示a bowl of rice，a glass of water，a cup of tea，a piece of，orange，two glasses of milk，two pieces of paper4. 名词的所有格4.1 名词所有格的构成法A.单数名词词尾加 s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加 s。the workers bike，the Children s ballB.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加 s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后 s。如：This is Lucy and Licy s room.These are Kates and jack s rooms.C. 如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词，只加。如:the students books，the girls blouses4.2名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:the legs of the desk，the door of the room但在表示名词所有格时， s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间，距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格.如:ten minutes walk，todays newspaper随堂练习：1.According to a recent survey, more and more _ prefer to shop on line. A. person B. people C. man D. Woman2.On the top of the _ you can have a birds eyes view of the whole city.(build)3.The police will try to find out the _ of the traffic accident.(true)4.Mr. Ren, a Chinese_, began to study global climate change more than a decade ago.(science)5. Teenagers should learn to protect _ from all kinds of danger.A. they B. them C. their D. themselves6. Could you please get me some _ ? Im hungry.A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg7. I dont know why a successful person often has many . (enemy)8. May I use your laptop? I left at home this morning. (my)9. Mark isnt feeling well now as she had too much _ just now.A. potato B. noodle C. bread D. biscuit10. It is reported that three bank have happened lately in the city. (robbery)11. He had to make a between staying with his parents and going abroad. (choose)12. There were so many in the street today because it was a national holiday.A student B. traffic C. policeman D. people13. Ben went on a trip to the mountains last week and took many there. (photo)14. The students had a in the English class yesterday. (discuss)15. In the Guinness Book of Records, there are some amazing stories about . (memorize)16. The president will give a on the morning of the National Day. (speak)17. Professor Lee gave us much on how to live a low carbon life in big cities.A. tip B. suggestion C. advice D. idea18. After six in prison, the famous music producer and director was set free. (month)19. With the of economy, our life is getting better and better, (develop)答案：15 B building truth scientist D 610 C enemies mine C robberies1115 choice D photos discussion memory1619 speech C months development 专题过关20. Toms mother works in our school. She is a of English. (teach)21. Never give up trying, and will finally come to you. (succeed)22. Most are red when ripe ($3&), but some kinds are yellow. (tomato)23. If you dont like the products, feel free to make a to the manager. (complain)24. Keeping pet dogs can help people learn more about life and . (die)25. Detective Ken is now working on a that took place yesterday. (rob)26. I imagine youre tired from the journey. The underlined part means_.A. guess B. plan C. wonder D. hope27. He turned off the light and the room was in complete . (dark)28. You must judge a person by his not by what he says. (act)29. Steve Jobs made the fans of Apple from all over the world very sad. (die)30. His hobby is to collect from different countries. (coin) 31. This shop sells all kinds of _ from different countries. (watch)32. Jane felt nervous when she made her first _ in front the whole school. (speak)33. I telephoned Jane just now, but she wasnt in. I has to leave her a(n) _. A. advice B. information C. message D. paper34. Big Ben is a famous _in London.A. statue B. museum C. park D. clock35. Walking in the space is one of the _ of our time. (wonder)36. People in England prefer to buy many in the supermarket at weekends.A. bread B. meat C. rice D. potatoes37. The 3rd Chinas Got Talent offers the child a chance to show his special _. (able)38. Williams gave his students a wonderful _on Manners last Wednesday.(speak)39. -Would you like some_?-OH, YES, just a littleA. milk B. apple C. pears D. oranges40. President hujingtao made a _on TV last Wednesday to welcome the new year. (speak)41. My father has worked as an _ in the factory for several years. (eng