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Unit 3 grammar过去分词A、过去分词的意义来自及物动词的过去分词所表示的是被动意义;来自不及物动词的过去分词则表示主动意义;除了作形容词用的过去分词以外,过去分词结构一般带有完成意义。1、 表示被动意义和完成意义如:I heard the door opened.过去分词结构一般表示被动已完成,就是说,过去分词结构所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作。如:written in simple English, the book is easy to read.(=the book that has been written.)He asked for a cup of iced boiled water.(=water that had been boiled and then iced)2、表示主动意义和完成意义不及物动词的过去分词不能表示被动意义,只能表示主动的完成意义。可以这样用的不及物动词为数不多。如:fallen leaves(=leaves that have fallen)the risen sun (=the sun that has risen)主要有rise, fall, go, escape, develop, return, retire(退休), grow等。3、表示状态或被动如:The library is now closed .The road was completed .She seemed quite excited at the news.Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour .B、过去分词在句中的功能1、过去分词结构作表语作表语的过去分词大都来自及物动词,用在SVC句型中,说明主语所处的状态。如:S + V + CThe door remained locked. 门仍然锁着Dont get excited. 别激动He seemed quite delighted. 他似乎很高兴Youre quite mistaken. 你全错了Im interested in history. 我对历史很感兴趣能这样用的过去分词常见的有:decided, delighted, disappointed, discouraged, drunk, astonished, hurt, frightened, excited, crowded, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried, unexpected, etc.作表语用的过去分词还可以用于倒装句中,置于句首。如:Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。2、过去分词结构作定语1)单个过去分词作定语如果单个过去分词作定语,常置于所修饰的名词前。用作前置修饰语的过去分词,有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词。用作前置定语的来自于及物动词的过去分词多数表示被动意义和完成意义。如:The injured man was rushed to hospital.All the broken windows have been repaired.又如:a well-kept secret一个保守得很好的秘密; a crowded bus拥挤的公交车fallen leaves落叶; polluted water/airHer job was to take care of the wounded soldier.The workers demand increased wages* 有些单个的过去分词如:left (剩余的), given(所给的), concerned (有关的),习惯上用作后置定语。如:Theres no time left . the people concerned , the book given * 有时单个的过去分词放在所修饰的名词后面,这种后置定语往往具有暂时性,其动作意味较强。如:He took the letter written to the post.2)过去分词短语作后置定语过去分词短语作定语常用三种时态:done.:表示动作已发生;to be done:表示动作将要发生;being done:表示动作正在发生。对比以下三句:如:The bridge built last year (which was built last year) is very beautiful.The bridge to be built next month (which will be built next month) will be very long.The bridge being built (which is being built) will be completed next month.作后置定语的过去分词短语一般多带有修饰语或其他成分。后置过去分词结构在句法功能上相当于定语从句,是非限制性定语从句的一种形式。如:The novel about the undersea war is the best of its kind ever written.= (that has ever been written.)Your letter dated March 10 has been received.=(which was dated)Theyre problems left = (which have been left) over by history.Suddenly there appeared a young girl dressed.= (who was dressed) in red.有些过去分词放在名词前面时,可以说已经转移为形容词了,其词汇意义与后置定语的过去分词不同。试比较:如: The method used is very efficient.(作“用的”解)This is a used book.(作“旧的”解)The book given to him is an English grammar.(作“给”解)We met at a given time.(作“特定的”解)不及物动词的过去分词不可能有被动的意义,因此,不能象及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面。如不能说:如:The train arrived at Platform 3 is from Nanjing.应该说:The train which has arrived at Platform 3 is from Nanjing.I know nothing about the things happened yesterday.应该说:I know nothing about the things that happened yesterday.3、过去分词作宾语或主语补足语 作宾语补足语的过去分词大多来自于及物动词,表示被动意义和完成意义,说明宾语所处的状态。过去分词作宾语补足语时,和在它前面的宾语构成“宾语+过去分词”的复合宾语。在这种宾语带过去分词的结构中,宾语与过去分词的关系时意义上的主谓关系(体现被动和完成意义),或者说,宾语时过去分词的逻辑宾语。因此,这也是复杂宾语的一种形式。可以带有过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:1) see, hear, watch, feel, think, notice, find等表示感觉和心理状态的动词:e.g. We saw the thief caught by the police. I thought my purse lost. I felt myself knocked down. People found the water polluted. Everyone thought the battle lost. We found her greatly changed.2) make, get, have, keep, help 等表示“致使”意义的动词:e.g. Ive already had my car cleaned.They kept everything locked/We have made our views known to all of them.He was trying hard to make himself understood.Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentists.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.2) like, want, wish, order, expect等表示“愿望,希望,要求”等意义的动词。e.g. The teacher expected the students (to be) well-prepared for the examination.I want the house whitewashed before we move inHe wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.注、不及物动词的过去分词能作宾语补语的很少。 如:They found the guests gone.4、 过去分词作宾语补语的句子,有些可以变为被动结构。在被动结构中,改过去分词变为主语补语,说明主语所处的状态。例如:e.g. The door was found locked. The car lay in the pit, broken.The questions discussed have not been made known to us yet.注、在上述结构中,有些动词如get, have, want, like, wish等作谓语时,该种句子不能转换成被动句。在能转换成被动语态的句子中,原来的宾语补足语就变成主语补足语。C、现在分词和过去分词的区别 现在分词和过去分词的区别主要在于“时间”和“语态”两个方面:1、时间区别一般来说,现在分词表示正在进行的动作;过去分词表示已经完成的动作。比较:falling flowers正在飘落的花;fallen flowers落花(已落下的花)boiling water正在沸腾的水;boiled water已烧开过的水Ours is a developing country and theirs is a developed country .我们的国家是一个发展中国家,而他们的国家是发达国家。He found the city changing every day .他发现这座城市每天都在变。He found the city greatly changed .他发现这座城市大大地改观了。2、语态区别现在分词表示主动的意思,所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者;过去分词则表示被动的意思,所修饰的人与物是分词动作的承受者。比较:an exciting speech一个激动人心的报告(= a speech that excites people ) excited audiences 激动的观众(= audiences who are excited by -) the surprising news 令人吃惊的消息(= the news that surprises people ) the surprised boy 受了惊吓的男孩(= the boy who is surprised by -) a moving film 一部感人的影片(= a film that moves people ) the moved students 受感动的学生们(= the students who are moved by -) She heard someone closing the door. 她听见有人在关门。(主动)She heard the door closed. 她听见门被关上了。(被动)过去分词练习I.用过去分词合并两句句子 1. Alice entered the living room. Alice was followed by her boyfriend.2. The doctor is well known for his medical knowledge and skills. The doctor is able to help lots of patients.3. The park is the most beautiful place in the city. It was destroyed by the storm last night.4. The stamps were collected by Jane. These stamps were printed in 1945 and 1968.5. Tom was surprised at what Berry had done. He didnt know what to say at first.6. The cup is broken. The cup is lying on the ground.II.完成下列句子1. The firemen were trying to rescue _(在顶层楼上被大火围困的人们).2. They immediately took _(在交通事故中严重受伤的那位妇女) to a nearby hospital.3. _(被警察带走的那个男人) may be sentenced to death fro killing a little girl.4. I doubt if their _(在这么短的时间里所做的实验) will be successful.5. _(由于被狗咬伤), she should be sent to a hospital to be examined.:III综合练习1. No one enjoys _ fun of in public. A. makingB. being madeC. to be madeD. having been made2. I wont have my house _ into a hotel.A. turn B. turningC. turnedD. to turn3. By the way, when did you get your bedroom _? Last week.A. to paintB. paintedC. paintingD. to be painted4. The matter had better _ as it is.A. leave B. being leftC. leftD. be left5. I studies English in prison from a teach-yourself book, but I have never heard a word of it _.A. speaking B. spokenC. to speakD. being spoken6. I wanted to have him _ the job, but he had it _ instead.A. do; doneB. does; be doneC. to do; doingD. to do; done7. Who could have imagined such a sweet-tempered girl as Alice _ such a thing!A. doingB. to doC. will doD. does8. He managed to make himself _ with his _ English.A. understand; breakingB. understand ; brokenC. understood; breakingD. understood; broken9.If you want a letter _, you must keep in mind several rules while _,A. written; writtenB. well written; writingC. well written; writtenD. well written; write10. They still remembered the happy years _ together in the country.A. when theyB. which spentC. spent happilyD. they had for11. We are told that our baby is short of something _ by vitamin pills.A. suppliedB. that can supplyC. can be suppliedD. which supplied12. Your explanation left me even more _.A. to confuseB. confuseC. confusedD. confusing13. _ by what he said, his wife could not hold back her tears.A. To be deeply moved B. Having deeply movedC. Deeply movedD. Moving deeply14. The lecture _ will be here tomorrow.A. to talk about so muchB. to be talking about so muchC. so much talking aboutD. so much talked about15. _ in the fog, we were forced to spend two hours in the woods.A. To loseB. LostC. LosingD. Having lost16. This method, _ in areas near Shanghai , _ in a marked rise in total production. A. trying ; resulting B. tried ; resultedC. trying ; resultedD. tried ; resulting17. You are requested to be present at the English evening _ in the hall. A. being held B. held C. to be held D. holding18. _ far away you are, you are always in our thoughts. A. No matter how B. No matter what C. Even though D. In spite of19. _ her own measure , the dress fits her perfectly. A. Having been made with B. To be made for C. MakingD. Made to20. The student insisted that he _ not wrong and that his teacher _ an apology to him. A. be ; make B. was ; made C. was ; make D. be ; made21. He opened his mouth as if _ something. A. saying B. to say C. said D. say22. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Given B. To giveC. GivingD. Having given23. No computer so far _ can have the same ability as human brains. A. be builtB. having builtC. being builtD. built24. Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boringB. tiring; boredC. tired; boredD. tiring ; boring25. Do you still remember the accident? Yes, actually I have experienced nothing _. A. but frighteningB. except frightening C. more frightened D. more frightening26. The teaching desk remains _ with dust, which seems not to have been cleaned for a long time. A. coveredB. be coveredC. coveringD. be covering27. Anyone _ trying to take knives on board flights would be caught by the police. A. findsB. foundC. being foundD. will find28. The man _ in a policemans suit went in and found the thief _ in the back of the bus. A. dressing; seating B. wearing; seating C. dressed; seated D. wore; seated29. _ the hat he _, the old man is a farmer. A. Judging by; is having on B. Judge by; is dressed C. To judge from; is putting onD. Judging from; is wearing30. Ill _ you _ I pass by your school. A. drop in; wheneverB. drop in on; wheneverC. drop in on; no matterD. call at; no matter when31. She took out the ticket at once and the seat _ in it was Row 17, Seat 3. A. showingB. shownC. to showD. shows32. The amount of money _ for the seriously sick child was soon collected. A. to need B. neededC. needingD. which needed33. We must keep a secret of the things _ here. A. discussingB. being discussingC. being discussed D. to be discussing34. The girl _ in red is my second daughter. A. dressingB. dressed herselfC. dressedD. is dressed35. The new machine, if _ properly, will work for at least ten years. A. useB. usingC. being usedD. used36. Youll find the word “psychology”_ under “p” in any dictionary. A. have listedB. to be listedC. listing itselfD. listed37. All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. consideredB. be consideredC. consideringD. having considered38. _, Mr. Smith left the room. A. Drinking the coffeeB. Had drunk the coffeeC. Coffee drunkD. Coffee drinking39. _ rapidly by the body, sugar provides a quick energy source. A. DigestedB. DigestingC. To digestD. Having digested40. Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _. A. scoldingB. to scoldC. having scoldedD. scolded41. Mrs. Smith stood _ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her.A. surprisedB. surprisingC. being surprisedD. to be surprising42. The manager promised to keep me _ of how our business was going on. A. to be informedB. on informingC. informedD. informing43. _ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put44. _from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.A. Being separatedB. Having separatedC. Having been separatedD. To be separated45. No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A. performingB. performedC. to be performedD. being performed46. The murder was brought in ,with his hands _ behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 47. The computer center ,_ last year , is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opening D. opened48. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century .A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written49. _ in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him .A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose50. The Olympic Games ,_ in 776 B.C., did not included women players until 1912.A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playing 51. _in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States .A. Being founded B. It being founded C. Founded D. Founding52. _, the old man is living a happy life .A. Taking good care B. Taken good careC. Having taken good care of D. Taken good care of 53. He had his leg _ in the match yesterday .A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking 54. “Theres a hole in your bag.” “I know I am going to have it _.”A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended55. “Good morning .Can I help you ?” “Id like to have this package _, Madam.”A. being weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed2005年各地高考题1. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help.(北京) A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having2. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.(北京) A. going on B. goes on C. went onD. to go on3. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US(山东) $57.65 a barrel on April 4.A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching4. He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted(广东)5. The repairs cost a lot, but its money well_.(湖北)A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending6. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.(湖南)A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 7. Is Bob still performing? Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official(江苏)A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been leftD. to be left8. _ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patientsought her doctors help to end her life.(江西)A. Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cureC. There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure9. While watching television, _. (全国3)A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell ringsC. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings10. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost(上海)11. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars.(上海)A. had B. having C. to have D. have12. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.(上海)A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken13. _ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.(浙江)A.To find out B.Finding out C.Find out D.Having found out14. Daddy didnt mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _fun. (重庆)A. had B. have C. to have D. having15. All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. (辽宁)A. in order to have received B. in order to receiveC. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving06年各地高考题1. _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (全国)A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising2. It is no _ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind.(全国)A. useB. helpC. timeD. way3. We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ t

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