《高考语法完全突破记忆大纲》介词.doc

语法要精，就用奥风！第六讲：介词一. 介词的语法意义介词是表示名词（或名词性结构的词）和句中其他词之间关系的一类词，一般置于名词之前 。分类：表示地点、表示时间、表示原因/ 目的、表示所属或伴随、表示方法/手段二.介词详解1. 表示时间的介词(1) at 用于表示钟点、一天中的某个时间点（如正午、拂晓、日落、那时）、某段时间、(节假日)期间或某些词组中。如：at six oclock; at noon; at daybreak; at night；at the weekend；at Christmas; at Easter；at war；at risk；at the beginning of at the meeting; at the end of; at the age of(2). on用于表示星期、日期或具体的上午/下午/晚上等。如：on May 1；on Monday； on Christmas Eve；on a cold night；on July 7, 2010 ；on weekends；on Sunday afternoon ；on the morning of October 10 ；(3) in用在世纪、年份、季节、月份、上午/下午/晚上等词前。如：in 2011；in spring ；in January ；in the afternoon；in the daytime；in a day(=during a day)；in summertime；in the twenty-first century (4) in表示“在之后”，后面接时间段，用于将来时态；after后接时间段时则用于一般过去时，其后接时间点时可用于将来时 。如：We are going to Beijing in two weeks. Well meet after 7:00. He went to America in 2003, and he came back after one year. (5) by表示“在之前、到时为止”，表示时间上的界限，常与完成时连用。如：Can you finish the work by tomorrow?By the time this letter reaches you I will have left the country. How many English words had you learned by the end of last term? He ought to have arrived by now/this time.注意：主句动词为be动词时一般不用完成时。 如：By this time next week we shall be in New York. By the time we got home we were tired and hungry. (6) from常与to或till连用，构成fromto/till词组，意为“从到”，表示时间上的起始与终了。如：The sports meeting will be held from May 5 to May 8 at school. What were you doing from nine to/till eleven yesterday morning? (7) during意为“在期间”，表示某一特定的时间段或某段时间中的一个时间点。如：时间段：He remains hidden during the day. He slept calmly during the early part of the night.某段时间中的一个时间点：His father was killed during the war. I woke up many times during the night. The phone rang during the meal. I mentioned the subject during our discussions. (8) until/till意为“直到”，表示动作延续到某一时间，如果其前的谓语动词是非延续性动词，则用否定式；如果是延续性动词，则肯定式或否定式均可。如：The shops open till nine oclock on Fridays.She didnt go to bed until she finished her homework. Ill wait until he comes back. It was not until 1972 that the war finally came to an end.(9) 介词for和since在表示时间时，一般用于完成时，for与时间段连用，since与过去的时间点或一般过去时的句子连用。如：We havent seen each other for years. We have known each other for ten years. His father has taught in this school since 1985. I havent played football since I left university.(10) 英语中时间状语不用介词的情况： 在this，that，these，those等组成的词组前不用介词。如：We are in Grade Three this year. Bobs wife told him that he had forgotten his wallet that morning. 由next或last构成的词组前不用介词。如：Were hoping to open the factory some time next year.I saw him on the street last Sunday. 当today, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow或由它们构成的短语作状语时不用介词。如：Can you be here at eight tomorrow morning? Were you at home yesterday evening？I think Ill go to bed early tonight. I couldnt go shopping yesterday so Ill have to go today. 在含有one, every, each, some, all等词的短语前不用介词。 如：One day (=on a day in the past), a mysterious stranger called at the house.Id like to go and visit America one day.I hope to go to the moon some day. Ive been studying all day. Im beat!注意：a表示“每一”不用介词， 表示“一个”时常需要介词。如：Women generally use up about 2000 calories a day (=every day/each day ). This happened on a cold winter morning. 2. 表示地点、方位的介词(1) at和in表示某一具体的地点，at多指小地点，而in则指较大的地点或在内部/里面。如：Do you know the boy standing at the door? I spent an unpleasant hour at the dentists.Well arrive in Shanghai tomorrow morning. My mother was in the kitchen. There is a hole in the door. (2) 介词in, on, to均可表示位置，其区别如下：onB A ABAABinto如：Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 台湾位于中国的东南部。Shandong is on the north of Jiangsu. 山东位于江苏的北部。Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东部。(3) 介词between表示“在两者之间”，而among表示“在三者或三者以上之中”。如：Mr. Green is standing between Jim and Kate. The project will cost between eight and ten million dollars.There is a beautiful house among the trees.(4) in front of sth.在某物的前面（在某物外面）in the front of sth. 在某物的前面（在某物内部）The tree is in front of the house.The teacher is in the front of the classroom.(5) on表示在某物的表面；above表示“在的上方”，与below相对；over表示“在的正上方”，强调垂直的上方，与under相对。如：There is a map on the wall. The lights are above our heads. A lamp hung over the table.The cat is under the table. The sky above and the sea below are of the same color.(6) 介词from用于出发地，for和to用于目的地。如：How far is it from your home to school? 从你家到学校有多远？Theyre leaving America for Japan this afternoon. 今天下午他们将离开美国去日本。Is this your first visit to China? 这是你第一次来中国参观吗？3. 其它介词(1) 表示材料与手段的介词with, by和in with表示用什么工具，所用的东西都是具体的物。如：Please cut the apple with the small knife.We write with our hands. by指“靠手段”，“用方法”，“凭借动作”，所表示的方法、手段、途径比较抽象，后接名词、代词或动名词，也可和bus, train, plane, bike等词连用，表示交通或通讯手段。如： We learn to swim by swimming.He always comes by bus. You must learn every word by heart. in表示“所用的材料以及所用的语言、声音、衣饰等。如： They are talking in English. I like to draw the picture in red ink. The girl is usually in white. You mustntfill in the form in pencil/(with a pencil). (2) against既有紧靠、倚靠的意思，也有反对（反义词是for）的意思。如： He stood leaning against the wall, unable to speak. She sat with her back against the door.Im for peace and against war.His action was against the law.Are you for it or against it? She sold her hair against her will.(3) about主要有以下四种含义。 意为“关于”。如：He talked about his family.I know nothing about music. This is a book about American history. 意为“在各处；到处；在附近”。如：She walked about the town with her mother. There is a crowd of people about him. Do you happen to have an umbrella about you? 还可用作副词，意为“大约；左右”。如：The tiny computer is about as big as a postcard.We left the restaurant at about 10:30. 用于某些固定搭配中。如：How about a salad for lunch? What (How) about going there by bike? (4) beyond 多于，超出，超越，超过范围，超出某人的想象/理解能力如：More people are choosing to work beyond retirement age.更多的人选择在退休后继续工作。The bicycle is beyond repair. 自行车（破的）无法修了。The whole problem was quite beyond him.我无法解决/理解这个问题。Its beyond me why she wants to marry Jim.我无法理解她为什么想要嫁给汤姆。 4. 常见易混介词的辨析(1) between和among between常用于两者之间， among一般指在三者或三者以上之间。如：He is sitting between Tom and John.He is sitting among the comrades.注意：即使是三者以上，如果表示其中每两者之间时，也要用between。如：You can have three meals a day, but you shouldnt eat between meals. (2) besides和except except表示“除外”。 besides表示“除以外还有”；如： We all went besides him. (他去了) We all went except him. (他没有去)注意：besides还可以用作副词，意为“除此之外”，“此外”，“而且”。如： Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. (3) like和as 二者都可以表示“像”，但用法不同。 as是连词，引导比较状语从句，从句中的动词或整个谓语部分往往可省略。如： She runs as fast as he (runs). This book is as interesting as that one (is). like用作介词，后面接名词或宾格代词。如： The building looks like a hospital. He is just like everybody else. 注意：as也可以用作介词，但与like的意思不同。试比较： Im speaking as your father. He talks like his father.He was dressed as a woman. Maybe you could disguise yourself as a waiter and enter the restaurant. He walks like a woman. (4) across和through二者均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。across表示动作在某一物体的表面横穿过。through表示动作是在三维空间或内部穿过。如：The dog ran across the street. They walked through the street. Its the only bridge across/over the river.They walked through the forest. She smiled at him as he walked through the door.I could see her through the window. (5) on the corner，at the corner, in the corner如：Several women were standing at the corner, talking to two police officers.There was an old piano in the corner of the living room.Jessie sat on the corner of her bed.(6) in the tree描述外部的事物, on the tree描述树本身生长的东西如：The leaves on the tree turned yellow. Can you see the bird in the tree?5. 含介词的固定搭配(1) 介词与动词的搭配arrive inat；belong to； do away with； point to/at； do well in；hear from；hear of；laugh at；learn from；leave for；talk to；put up； look at；speak to；send for；shout at；think of；listen to；hold on to； get down to； look after；look for；look like；knock at/on；begin with；deal/ do with；smile at； depend on/upon；believe in；make up for； put up with；drop in on；run out of；go in for；look down on/upon；break away from；get along/on with(2) 介词与名词的搭配for ages；on the contrary；by no means; in all/total；by this means； for pleasure；by hand；at hand； in a hurry；in no hurry；under control；out of control；on the radio；in order；on sale；in town；on duty；in public； thanks to；the key to； advice on/about；an entrance to