被动语态和不定式.doc

动词的被动语态常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked5过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked6现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked7过去完成时had been asked4现在进行时am/is/are being asked8含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked下面词或短语没有被动态：Leave离开, reach到达, become成为, have有, appear出现, happen发生, occur发生, belong to属于, take place发生, break out暴发注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，如：短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to打算, used to用来做, have to不得不, had better最好。变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：wants/ needs/ requires doing=want/needs/requires to be done.非谓语动词I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词Hope to do sth.希望做某事, want to do sth.想要做某事, wish希望, decide to do dsth.决定做某事只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语Enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事finish doing sth. 完成做某事 , keep doing sth一直做某事, avoid doing sth.避免做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事 succeed in doing sth.成功做某事, be tired of doing sth.厌倦做某事, look forward to doing sth.期盼做某事两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer,（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）cant help doing（忍不住要做）非谓语动词做定语的区别：区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. that 与 which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered has been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。H