初三英语unit6-uni10.doc

21Unit 6 I like music that I can dance to定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。在定语从句中，被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又代替先行词做从句的一个句子成分。1.关系代词关系代词有that、which、who/whom（who的宾格）和whose。Whowhom指人，在从句中Who做主语和宾语，whom只做宾语,做宾语可以省略The boy who speaks English very well is from England.The boy who/whom/that/-she is talking to is her boyfriend.which指物，在从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语可以省略The building which/that is near the post office is a middle school.The book that/which you lent to me yesterday was bought by my mother. that可指人 whose指人，也可指物，在句中做定语 Mr Green lives in a house whose roof is red.2定语从句几注意： 只用that 的情况：当先行词是或含有不定代词all,much,few, ,something等，,或含有最高级,或含有序数词时, 或被the only,the same,the last修饰,或又有人又有物时，或句中已有who时为避免重复等情况，只能用thatAll that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) This is the best film that Ive ever seen。这是我看过的最好的影片。He is the only person that I want to talk to.他是我想与之交流的唯一一个人。They talked about things and persons that they remembered.他们谈起所记起的人和事。 只用which 的情况:介词提前和非限定性定语从句中表示屋只用which.This is the book about which we are talking now.这就是我们正在谈论的那本书。I have lost my pen,which I like very much.我丢失了我的钢笔，我非常喜欢它。 关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物), 当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时必须用which或whom,且不能省略This is the room in which Miss Li once lived.= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。 当关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致，I love movies that are about monsters. He is one of the students who help me. 定语从句与the students 一致 He is the one of the students who helps me. 定语从句与the one 一致3关系副词关系副词where、when、和why引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作状语，表示时间、地点和原因。This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。)I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。I dont know the reason why he fought with Jim.我不知道他Jim打架的原因。引导定语从句的关系副词，常可以转换成介词which形式 定语从句专项练习题 1. They were interested _ you told them. A. in which B. in that C. all that D. in everything 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 6. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 7. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 8. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert last night. A.which B. whom C. who D. that 9. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 10. May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget. A. which B. when C. on which D. about which 把下列的简单句改为定语从句：1.The teacher is good at playing the piano.The teacher teaches us music.The teacher_teaches ua music. 2.I paid for the book. I lost it two days ago.I paid for the book_two days ago. 3.Mr Green is the person.Mr Green wants to help us.Mr Green is the person_to help us.英译汉；. 那个著名的歌唱家居住的那栋楼相当漂亮The building _/_the famous actor lives is quite beautiful.我有一个高个子弟弟I have a brother_is tall 我有一位长头发妹妹3.I have a sisiter_hair is long.知识讲解1.prefer的用法：prefer动词“更喜欢，更喜爱”过去式：preferred, prefer 因其本身含有比较之意，而不可再与better、more 或most连用。其用法：prefer=like better I prefer red.=I like red better. Which do you prefer(like better),fish or beef?preferto=likebetter than“宁愿做.而不做.”.I prefer reading to writing=1 I like reading better than writingI prefer tea to milk.我宁愿喝茶也不喝牛奶。、prefer (not)to do “宁愿(不)做”。I prefer to go at once.我愿意马上就走。 I prefer not to talk this question at the moment.我现在宁愿不谈这个问题。、prefer sb. (not)to do “愿意某人(不)做” 在意义上相当于would like sb(not) to doI prefer you to go at once.我倒希望你马上就走。 、prefer that从句“宁愿”（从句一般用虚拟语气）I prefer that you should do it.我宁愿你做这件事。 不能说prefer sth rather than sth prefer后接不定式时与rather than 或instead of连用，prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.“宁愿做.而不做.” （Prefer动词不定式 rather than +不带to的动词不定式）与prefer doing to doing 意思同， “比较喜欢而不喜欢”I prefer to watch TV rather than go out.我宁愿呆在家里也不出去。He preferred to die rather than (to) steal. （Prefer动词不定式instead of +动名词）= He perferred to die instead of stealing. 他宁死也不去偷窃I prefer to read rather than write I prefer reading to writing=1 I like reading better than writing.注意介词搭配，I prefer swimming to skating.I like swimming better than skating.我喜欢游泳胜过滑冰。2.remind 的用法：.remind sb of sth“使某人想起某事”That film reminds me of the war years.remind sb ath“提醒某人某事” If I forget it,please remind me it.remind sb to do ath“提醒某人做某事”Please remind me to go to Mothers 90th birthday.remind that从句 I remind the driver that we hadnt got any petrol left.3.It does have a few good feather,though.在一般现在时态和一般过去时态中，用助动词“do/does/did+动词原形”来表示强调.do用来强调肯定祈使句和主语为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称复数的一般现在时的肯定谓语。does用来强调主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时的肯定谓语。did可以用来强调一般过去时的肯定谓语。：Do come tomorrow! 明天务必来！He does like（likes）singing. 他确实喜欢唱歌。He did work（wored）here last year. 他去年确实在这里工作。4.WhateverWhatever连接代词，相当于“no matter what”“无论，不管怎样”引导让步状语从句。Whatever you say,I wont believe you.Keep calm,whatever happens.Whatever he did was right.Whatever dictionary you have,lend it to me.还有:whoever,wherever,whichever,等。5.a+序数词单数名词和the序数词 a+序数词不表示顺序，强调“再又一” a forth boy(又一个男孩） a second try(再一次尝试）Well do it a second time.我们得重做一次。（第二次做）the序数词，表示正常的顺序。This is the third book he bought for me as a gift.(仅指所说的这一对象） He bought me a third book as a gift last week.(不但指明了所买的是第三本书，而且强调买的书多） 6.join ,take part in 和join injoin多指参加某组织，成为其中的一个成员。而take part in指参加活动。 would you like to join us?( 你正在做什么，邀请别人一起加入)I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.我永远也忘不了入党的那一天。 join是一个结束性的动词，当它与时间段连用时要变成延续性动词be.My father joined the Party thirty years ago.=My father has been in the Party for thirty years.take part in指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游行等，往往指参加者持有积极的态度，起一份作用，有时与join in可互换。例句： Will you take part in the English evening?同我们一起参加英语晚会好吗？ join in通常指参加某种活动，尤其指和其他人一起参加某项活动。例句： May I join in the game?我可以参加这个比赛吗？ 如果说与某人一起做某事、和在一起则用join sb. in sth./doing sth.。例句： Will you join us in a game of cards?你愿意和我们一起玩牌吗？ 7.learn 和study这两个动词都作“学习”解，有时可以互换learn “学习，学会”是刚开始学,着重于结果study是学到一定程度的“学习” 有研究的意思.着重于过程。 I am learning English. 我在学英语. (初学者) I am studying English. 我在学英语. (有一定的基础)Unit7 where would you like to visit?动词不定式一、动词不定式概念动词不定式是一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能做谓语，但可以做其他成分。结构是“to+动词原形”。to为动词不定式符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有动词的特点（可以带表语、宾语或状语，构成不定式短语）还有有名词、形容词和副词的特点（可以在句子中做主语、宾语、宾补、状语、定语、表语及同位语）。动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定有发出者，这一发出者我们称之为逻辑主语动词不定式有现在式to do，完成式to have done，进行式to be doing、完成进行式to have been doing和被动形to be doneto have been done等形式。动词不定式的否定式是在动词不定式前面加not。1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. 2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。 3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something.他似乎吃一些。 二、动词不定式的语法作用1)、做主语：动词不定式做主语时，常用it做形式主语，而把真正动词不定式主语放在句末It is +名词 （for sb）to do sthIts our duty to clean the room every day.It is +形容词 （for sb）to do sth. Its hard for us to learn English well. It takes sb some time to do sth. It is +形容词（of sb）to do sth. Its very nice of you to help me.2）、做宾语：在want， like， agree，hope，wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面可以接不定式作宾语。不定式后又接形容词做宾语补足语时，则可以用it做形式宾语，把真正的动词不定式宾语放在后面，句型结构是：主语.动词it+形容词不定式.He found it difficult to fall asleep. 3）、做宾补：用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有：要求允许提议(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望邀请鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如： Id invite her to have dinner at my house动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：Lets play basketball. This picture makes me feel tense！helpsb (to) do sth 其中to可要可不要四、疑问词动词不定式：.I asked my teacher how to learn English well. 我问我的英语老师怎样学好英语。“疑问词+动词不定式”结构可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句，从句所作的句子成分不变。如I dont know what to do. I dont know what I should doCould you tell me whose pen I can use? Could you tell me whose pen to use? 注意：疑问词动词不定式的动词如是及物动词的宾语，要么紧接其后，要么是前面的疑问代词。如是不及物动词，则不能带宾语，前面只能是疑问副词。只能说：What to do,how to do it,where /when to go，不能说：what to go，how to do等五、动词后接动词不定式和动名词做宾语，意义差别较大的有：forget/remnember to do sth.忘记记得要做某事（动作未发生）forget/remnember doing sth.忘记记得做过某事（动作已发生）stop to do sth停下来（正在做的事情）去做另一件事 stop doing sth停止，不做当前（正在做的）的事情try to do sth 尽力去做某事 try doing sth试着做，试试看go on to do sth接着做另外的事情 go on doing sth继续做原来的事情动词不定式练习1 Please be quietWe are not allowed _ much noise in the reading roomAto make Bmake Cmaking Dto making2 4 Lets stop _I know a good restaurant near hereAto have a meal Bto have a restChaving a rest Dhaving a meal3 Colours can change our moods and make us _ happy or sad，energetic or sleepyAto feel Bfeeling Cfelt Dfeel4 Its a good habit _ breakfast every dayAhad Bhave Chas Dto have5 They hoped to continue_after finishing school.Astudy Bto studyCstudied Dstudying6 - will you please give some advice on _ English at home- Well, do a lot of reading and listening to English programAhow to read Bhow to learnCwhen to use Dwhere to use7 In the United States，youre not supposed _ with your handsAto eat Beating Ceats Date8She has no paper _Ato write Bto write withCwriting on Dto write on9 It took my daughter two weeks _ the novels _ by Yang HongyingAread，written Bto read，writtenCreading，to write Dto read，wrote知识讲解一、would like和want1.Would like是固定词组“想，想要”与want意义用法差不多，但语气更委婉，可与任何人称连用肯定句中Would与后面的主语缩写为d. 如：Id,youd等Would likewant+n/ pron(加名词或代词)Id like a cup of tea=I want a cup of tea.Would likewant+to do sth(接动词不定式)Would you like to go shopping with us?= Do you want to go shopping with us？Would likewant sb. to do sth. (动词不定式做宾补)Jim would like/wants his friend to help him with his Chinese.Would like是情态动词would加动词like构成，没有人称和数的变化,变否定在would后加not,变问句把would提前而want是行为动词，有人称、时态和数的变化She would like/wants a cup of coffee.她想要一杯咖啡What would you like me to do？=What do you want me to do?你想要我干什么？二、through,across和past都是介词“穿过,通过”1.through表示从某空间内部穿过，through the windowthe forestjungleThe sun shines into the house through the window.2. cross动词 across介词，从表面上穿过或横穿swim across the riverYou may cross the street while the green light is on.3.pass动词“经过” past介词：路过，经过I walked past the shop library yesterday.over 从一边翻越至另一边, 如climb over the wall/mountain。Come over to my house三、hope和wish 都可以做动词用，“希望，愿望，单愿，祝愿”讲都可以跟不定式.,hope/wish to do sth.希望做某事。We hopewish to see you again都可以that从句，wish接 that从句时表示某种强烈而又难以实现的“愿望”，而hope表示的是可以实现或能达到的“希望”。例如： I wish I could fly like a bird但愿我能象鸟一样飞（从句中用虚拟语气用could不用can）I hope that he will win the game. 我希望他会赢得这场比赛。wish 可以接复合宾语，hope不能。 I wish you success/good luck/happy（双宾）祝你成功好运幸福。I wish him to make progress（宾宾补） 我希望他取得进步。2.作名词hope“希望”wish “愿望”讲e.g. My wish came true.我的愿望实现了。There is a hope of success. 有成功的希望。在简略句中，如要表示希望某事不会发生时，应说I hope not，而不说 I dont hope so。四、how的短语How old问年龄、年代。 How old is the bridge? How many问可数名词数量。How many books are there in your bag/How much询问不可数名词的数量、How much money is there in your pocket?物品的价格How much is+不可数名词和单数名词? How much is the pen/fish?How much are+可数名词复数?How much are the apples?How about用来征求对方意见。 My mother is a teacher,How about your mother?How far 问两地间的距离； How far is it from the earth to the moon? How tall问人（树）的高度 How tall is Yao ming?how heavy问重量How heavyis the stone?how wide问宽度； How wide is your classroom?how high可以询问建筑物、山峰高度。 How high is the tower in Paris? How long提问物体的长度、 How long is the bridge？ 主要用来提问动作延续了多长时间，答语通常用“for + 一段时间”、 “since + 时间点”或since引导的时间状语从句。问句和答语中的谓语动词通常为延续性动词。例如： How longhave you lived here?你在这儿住了多久了？For two years.since two years ago. 两年自两年前。 how often用来提问动作发生的频率，即“多久一次”，答语通常为表示频率的词语。How often do you go back home？ 你多久回家一次？ Once a week/Often/Sometimes. 一周一次/经常/有时。How soon 对 “in+一段时间 ”提问， 表示“多久之后”，用于将来时态中。 How soon will you be back? 你多久后回来bring,take,fetch,carry 1)bring “带来；拿来”，表示从别的地方带到或拿到说话者所在的地点来(由远而近)。Please ask Uncle Tom to bring you here in August.2)take与bring相对， “带去；拿去”，指从说话者所在地带走或拿走(由近而远)。Remember to take your books when you leave.3)fetch意为“去拿来；去请来”(由近而远，再由远而近，指往返动作)。Can you fetch some more water for me?4）carry 指“随身携带”(如搬，提，拿，扛，抬，抱，背，带等)，不具体说明来去的方向，有时含有沉重或麻烦之意。：The wounded men were carried away. 伤员被抬走了She carried her baby in her arms. 她把婴儿抱在怀里。I never carry much money (with me). 我(身上)从不带很多钱。He carried a box on his back. 他背着一个箱子。Unit 8 Ill help clean up the city parks.短语动词一、意义：短语动词是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的词组，其作用和动词差不多。有些短语动词相当于及物动词，有些则相当于不及物动词，可分为下列几种：动词介词动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面，例：Please listen to me carefully.agree with同意.的意见 base on以.(为)根据 cheer up使振奋get to到达. fall into落入 fall off (从.)掉下 help . with .帮助做 knock at /on敲(门、窗)laugh at嘲笑 learn . from .向.学习 live on继续存在;靠.生活 look after照顾,照看 look at看;观看 look for寻找look like看起来像 listen to听. pay for (sth.)付钱;支付prefer to .更喜欢 quarrel with (和某人)吵架 regard . as .把.当作.remind of提醒 stop . from阻止.做. set up建立take after与相似 talk about说话;谈话;谈论 talk with与.交谈think about考虑 think of认为;想起wait for等待2.动词+ 副词这类短语动词，有的相当于一个及物动词,有的不及物。做及物动词讲时，宾语位置有两种情况：宾语如是名词，既可置于副词后面，也可置于动词和副词之间。宾语是代词，只能置于动词和副词之间。It wakes me up at six oclock every morning . 及物I wake up at six oclock every morning . 不及物 look up these words in the dictionary. 名词宾语look these words up in the dictionary. 名词宾语look them up in the dictionary.代词宾语ask for请求;询问 belong to属于 call up号召 carry on坚持下去;继续下去come out出来;花)开 come over过来; cut down砍倒 clean up把扫干净come down下来;落come along来;随同 come in进来 come on来吧drop off放下(某物);下车 eat up吃光;吃完 end up 结束 fall behind落在.后面; fall down跌倒; 落下， find out查出(真相) get back回来;取回 go on继续get down下来; get off下来;从.下来 get on上(车) get up起床 give up放弃 give out分发 give away捐赠 go on继续 go out出去 go over过一遍;仔细检查 grow up长大;成长 hand in交上来 hand out 分发 hurry up赶快 look out留神;注意 look over (仔细)检查 look up向上看; pass on传递;转移到. pick up拾起;捡起 pick out 挑选 put away放好 put on穿上;戴上 put off推迟，脱下 put down放下来 put up挂起;举起 put away放好 run away流失;逃跑;逃走 rush out冲出去set off出发 send up发射 shut down把.关上 slow down减缓; stay up熬夜 sit down坐下 take after长的像 take out取出 take away拿走 try on试穿 try out试验;尝试 turn on打开(电灯等) turn down关小,调低 turn up(使)调高 turn off关(电灯等) wake up醒来，唤醒 think over考虑take off脱掉(衣服)t. 动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词在这类动词短语相当于一个及物动词,宾语位于介词之后，例： catch up with赶上 come up with想出;提出 do well in擅长get onalong with与.相处 give birth to生(孩子) look forward to期望help yourself / yourselves to自取;随便吃 make room for给.腾出地方make use of利用 pay attention to注意 run out of 用完 speak highly of称赞 say good bye to告别;告辞 take an active part in积极参加take care of照顾;照料 take part in参加 4.be + 形容词+ 介词be angry with对(某人)发脾气 be interested in对.感兴趣 be able to能;会 be afraid of害怕 be amazed at对.感到惊讶 be different from与不同 be excited about对.感到兴奋 be filled with用.充满 be full of充满.的be good at (= do well in )在.方面做得好;善于 be late for迟到 be made in在.生产或制造 be made of由.组成; be mad at对恼火 be pleased with对.感到满意 be strick with/in对在要求严格be proud of以.自豪(高兴) be used for用于 D)动词+ 名词代词 动名词 do morning exercises做早操 do ones homework做作业give a concert开音乐会 enjoy oneself (= have a good time) 过得快乐;玩得愉快 have a try尝试;努力 go fishinghikingskating shopping /boating去钓鱼徒步旅行滑冰买东西/划船have a coldcoughheadache (患)感冒咳嗽 (患)头痛 have a look at 看一看have a rest休息 have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐;坐下 have sports进行体育活动have supper吃晚餐 hear of听说hold a sports meeting举行运动会 make a decision作出决定make a mistake犯错误 make a noise吵闹make faces做鬼脸 make friends交朋友make money赚钱 teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学 take photos照相 take time花费(时间) take turns轮流 watch TV看电视知识讲解一、the other day,是一个惯用的短语“较近的过去”用于过去时态I saw your father the other day.前几天我看见你父亲了。some day“有一天”只指将来,We must get together some day.将来的某一天我们会再次相遇