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- 11 -各种词类变化规则1名词变复数规则:1)直接加s ; 2)加es(以s ,x,ch,sh,o结尾的单词) 3)变y为i加es(辅音字母+y); 4)变f/fe为ves5)不规则变化;manmen男人 womanwomen女人 childchildren孩子 toothteeth牙齿 footfeet脚 Mousemice老鼠2动词变第三人称单数规则:1)直接加s; (havehas) 2)加es(以s ,x,ch,sh,o结尾的单词)3)变y为i加es(辅音字母+y) 附:不规则变化have-has;beis3动词变过去式规则:1)直接加ed; 2)去e加ed(以e结尾的单词) 3)变y为i加ed(辅音字母+y);4)双写加(以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节)注意:双写加ed的动词:(9个)chat聊天 shop购物 drop丢弃 chop砍 stop停住 plan计划 trek跋涉 hiccup打嗝 prefer更喜欢5)不规则变化(不规则也有规则):1) 以下单词的过去式和过去分词不变beat-beat打/cut-cut切/ hurt-hurt伤害/ hit-hit撞/put-put放/shut-shut关/ set-set摆放 / read-read读(发音同red)2) sweep-swept擦 sleep-slept睡觉 oversleep-overslept睡过头 keep-kept保持 meet-met遇见 feed-fed喂 flee-fled逃跑 feel-felt感觉(比较fall-fell-fallen掉落) 注意:seesaw needneeded需要 peelpeeled剥皮3) drive-drove-driven开车 write-wrote-written写 ride-rode-ridden骑 rise-rose-risen 涨,升起 hide-hid-hidden藏 shine-shone-shone照耀 注意:give-gave-given给与 4) begin-began-begun开始 drink-drank-drunk喝酒 sing-sang-sung 唱歌 ring-rang-rung打电话 swim-swam-swum游泳 run-ran-run跑 5) break-brokebroken打破 speak-spoke-spoken说 steal-stole-stolen偷 freeze-froze-frozen冻 choose-chose-chosen选择 eat-ate-eaten吃6) grow-grew-grow成长blow-blew-brown吹 draw-drew-drawn画fly-flew-flown飞 know(与no 同音)-knew(与new同音)-known知道throw-threw(与through同音)-thrown扔 注意:show-showed展示 snowsnowed 下雪borrow-borrowed借 followfollowed跟着 7) bring-brought带来 think-thought思考 fight-fought打架 buy-bought买 catch-caught抓住 teach-taught教书8) say-said-said说 pay-paid-paid付钱 lay-laid-laid躺下 lielied, lay-lied, lain撒谎,下蛋(注意和lay 区别)注意: play-played玩 stay-stayed呆 may-might可以9) take-took-taken拿走 mistake-mistook-mistaken误解 shake-shook-shaken摇晃 wake-woke-woken醒来10) lend-lent借出 send-sent发送 spend-spent度过 注意:end-ended 结束 pretendpretended假装11) get-gotgot, gotten得到 forget-forgot-forgot, forgotten忘记 12) stand-stood-stood 站,忍受 understand-understood-understood理解13) spell-spelt-spelt拼写 smellsmelt闻 sell-sold-sold卖 tell-told-told告诉 14) dream-dreamt做梦 learn-learnt学会 mean -meant意思15) seesaw-seen看见 be-was/were-been是16) come-came-come来 become-became-become变成 17) sit-sat-sat坐 babysit-babysat-babysat临时照顾 18) shall/can/will-should/could/would 19) go/goes-went-gone去 do/does-did-done做,助动词 20) wear-wore-worn穿 bear-bore-born出生 21) hold-held-held握住,举办 find-found-found发现,找到 lead-led-led引导 have/has-had-had有 hear-heard-heard听见 make-made-made制造 shoot-shot-shot射击 lose-lost-lost丢失 leave-left-left离开,留下 build-built-built建造 hang-hanged(hung)绞死,挂(hang out闲逛) win-wonwon(与one同音)赢4形容词变比较级、最高级规则:1)直接加er/est; 2)去e加er/est(以e结尾的单词) 3)变y为i加ed(辅音字母+y);4)双写加(以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节)注意:双写加er/est的单词有:(6个)red big hot wet thin fat5) 不规则变化好good/well-更好better-最好-best 坏bad/badly-更坏worse-最坏worst 许多many/much-更多more-最多most 一点little-较少less-最少least 远far-较远farther/further (意义深远)-最远farthest/furthest 老的,旧的old-较老的,较旧的 older/elder(大哥)-最老的最旧的oldest/eldest5动词变现在分词规则:1)直接加ing; 2)去e加ing(以e结尾的单词),但lie-lying躺 die-dying死亡 tie-tying系 see-seeing看见 be-being是3)双写加(以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节)注意:双写加ing的动词:(25个) get得到 set安排 let让 sit坐 hit撞 fit适合 win赢 kid开玩笑 run跑 cut切 put放 hum哼唱 chat聊天 plan计划 shop购物 drop扔 chop砍 stop停 shut关 swim游泳 trek跋涉 star主演 begin开始 forget忘记 prefer更喜欢hiccup打嗝 baby-sit临时照顾6基数词变序数词规则:1)直接加th; 4)变 ve为f加th(如fivefifth twelveteelfth)2)去e加th(nine-ninth) 3)变y为i加eth(辅音字母+y,整十单词都带ty);5) 不规则变化:first second third7形容词变副词规则:1)直接加ly 2)变y为i加ly(辅音字母+y) 3)不去e加ly5) 不规则变化: possible-possibly可能的 terrible-terribly糟糕的 simple-simply简单的 true-truly真的8代词变反身代词:1)单数加self,复数加selves(变f为v加es),2)第一二人称在形容词物主代词的基础上加selfselves,第三人称在人称代词的宾格的基础上加selfselves注意:1 任何双写单词都有一个共同规律:最后两个字母必须是一个元音字母加一个辅音字母,而且不可以合起来发音,如few, show就不可双写。2 任何变y为i加的也有一个共同的要求:以辅音字母加y结尾。大部分单词变形不去e,除了动词加ed或 ing,形容词变比较级最高级3 leave离开leaves离开(第三人称单数)、树叶(leaf的复数)-left离开(过去式)、左边murder-murderer谋杀-凶犯 clever-cleverer聪明-更聪明的 succeed-succeeded成功-过去式 happen-happened发生-过去式(易错)hearheard听说-过去式单词变形为了做好单词变形题,我们有必要知道各个单词的变形情况1. 名词-形容词(21)1)以下单词以an结尾(限于表示国家的单词,但music-musician)America(South America, North America)-American-English 美国,南美洲,北美洲-美国人的,美国人-英语Africa-African 非洲-非洲的,非洲人的,非洲人(south Africa南非)Europe-European欧洲-欧洲的,欧洲人的,欧洲人2)以下单词以ian结尾,注意Canada,Brazil和Italy 的变化Asia-Asian亚洲-亚洲的,亚洲人 Brazil-Brazilian巴西-巴西人的,巴西人Australia-Australian-English 澳大利亚-澳大利亚的,澳大利亚人的-英语 Canada-Canadian-English,French 加拿大-加拿大人的,加拿大人-英语,法语 India-Indian印度-印度人的,印度人 Russia-Russian俄罗斯-俄罗斯的,俄罗斯语,俄罗斯人3)以下单词皆以ish 结尾 England-English-Englishman 英国-英国的,英语,英国人4)以下单词皆以ese结尾(单复数相同)China-Chinese中国-中国人,中国人的,汉语Japan-Japanese日本-日本的,日本人的,日语5)以下单词特殊变化,需特别记忆 France-French-Frenchman 法国-法语,法国的-法国人 例 I am a Chinese boy, I come from China,I can speak Chinese.我是一个中国男孩,我来自中国,我会说中国话。 Canadians speak English and French.加拿大人说英语和法语。2. 名词-形容词(+y)(23)cloud-cloudy云-多云的 funfunny乐趣有趣的 healthhealthy健康健康的 luck-lucky运气-幸运的 rain-rainy雨,下雨-有雨的 sun-sunny太阳-阳光灿烂的 snow-snowy下雪,雪-下雪的 wind-windy风-有风的 noise-noisy噪音-吵闹的 dirty脏的 happy开心的 hungry饥饿的 easy容易的 例There are a lot of clouds in the sky.=it is cloudy.天空中有很多的云彩。3. 动词-形容词(+ed/ing)(17)bore-bored/boring使烦-感到厌烦的,无聊的excite-excited/exciting使激动-激动的,使人兴奋的interest-interested/interesting 使感兴趣-感兴趣的,有趣的scarescared/scary使害怕-恐惧的,吓人的surprisesurprised/surprising惊奇惊奇的tire-tired/tiring撕开-累的,令人疲惫的 例I am interested in English, and I think English is an interesting subject.我对英语感兴趣,我认为英语是一门有趣的功课。I find English very interesting.Our teacher makes us interested in English.我发现英语很有趣,我们的老师使我们对英语感兴趣。4. 动词-名词(+or/er)(6)act-actor/actress表演-男女演员 visit-visitor参观-参观者 color颜色 doctor医生 playplayer运动员 skate-skater滑冰-滑冰者 swim-swimmer游泳-游泳者 run-runner 跑-赛跑的人 singsinger唱歌歌唱家 dancedancer跳舞-舞蹈家win-winner赢-胜利者learn-learner学会-学习者 writewriter写-作者 read-reader阅读-读者thinkthinker思考思想家 listen-listener倾听-听众 teach-teacher教书-教师 work-worker工作-工人 perform-performer表演-表演者 farm-farmer农场-农民 village-villager农村-村民 5. 动词名词(+ing)(17)build-building楼房 cross-crossing十字路口 turn-turning拐弯处 6. 形容词-副词(+ly)(39) different-differently不同的 loud-loudly大声的 quick-quickly迅速的 real-really真正的 slow-slowly缓慢的 usual-usually通常 near-nearly附近的-几乎 注:以y结尾的单词变y为i加,例easy-easily容易的healthy-healthily健康的happy-happily快乐的 lucky-luckily幸运的7. 以ly结尾的形容词(6) friend-friendly朋友-友好的=kind(to sb)live-lively生活-生动的 love-lovely热爱-可爱的 8.其他thank-thanks感谢 wish-wishes祝福 high-height高的-高度(形容词-名词)Speak English说英语 (English-speaking说英语的) art-artist艺术-艺术家 9一个单词的多种变形:1) I(我,主格)-me(我,宾格)-my(我的,形容词性物主代词)-mine(我的,名词性物主代词)-myself(我自己) 2) you(你,主格)-you(你,宾格)-your(你的,你们的,形容词性物主代词)-yours(你的,你们的,名词性物主代词)-youself(你自己)-yourselves(你们自己)3) he(他,主格)-him(他,宾格)-his(他的,形容词性物主代词)-his(他的,名词性物主代词)-himself(他自己) 4) she(她,主格)-her(她,宾格)-her(她的,形容词性物主代词)-hers(她的,名词性物主代词)-herself(她自己)5) it(它,主格)-it(它,宾格)-its(它的,形容词性物主代词)-its(它的,形容词性物主代词)-itself(它自己)6) we(我们,主格)-us(我们,宾格)-our(我们的,形容词性物主代词)-ours(我们的,形容词性物主代词)-ourselves(我们自己)7) they(他们,主格)-them(他们,宾格)-their(他们的,形容词性物主代词)-theirs(他们的,形容词性物主代词)-themselves(他们自己) 同音词A-a一个 Bbe是-bee蜜蜂 C-see看见-sea海洋 I-eye眼睛 O-oh哦 P-pea豆子 R-are是 T-tea茶 U-you你 Y-why为什么 ate吃(过)-eight八 arent不是-aunt阿姨 buy买-by乘-bye再见 year年-ear耳朵 for为了-four四 is他的hes他是 high高-hi嗨 here在这儿-hear听见 its它的its它是 meet遇见-meat肉 know知道-no不 knew知道-new新(过) hour小时-our我们的 one一-won赢(过) pear梨-pair一双 past(介)-passed通过(过) red红色-read(过) road马路-rode骑(过) ran跑-rang打电话(过) son儿子-sun太阳 to-two二-too太,也 there在那里-their他们的 wear穿着-where那里 write写字-right正确的,右边的 发音、拼写相似单词bed床-bad坏的 back后面,后背,向后-bike自行车 blow吹-bowl碗 chicken鸡肉-kitchen厨房 close关闭-clothes衣服 daughter女儿-doctor医生 floor地板-flower花儿 hobby爱好-happy开心的 horse马-house房子 hes他是-his他的 head头-had有(过) kite风筝-cat猫 live生活-leave离开 lives住(三单形式)-leaves树叶 离开(三单形式) listen听-lesson功课 little-一点点-letter信件 match比赛-March三月-much大量 math数学-month(s)月-mouse(mice)老鼠-mouth嘴巴 or和,或者,否则-all全部 place地方-please请-police警察 quick快-quite十分-quiet安静的-quilt被子 sad悲伤地-said说-side边 street街道-straight直的 so如此-show展示,表明 song歌曲-sang唱歌(过)-sung(过去分词) sighs签名-size尺寸-says说(三单形式) shout喊叫-short短的-thought思想 turn转-ten十 then那时-than比-them他们 thin瘦的-thing东西-sing唱歌 through通过-though虽然-thought思考(过) world世界-word单词,话语 went去(过)-werent不是 whose谁的-whos谁是 went去(过)-want想要-wont将不 well好,井-wall墙 it它-eat吃 反义词1副词In-out inside-outside into-out of up-down now-before ago-later here-there never-always yes-no2代词This-that these-those3介词 after-before behind-in front of from-to like-unlike4动词Start-stop come (from)-go (to) teach-study/learn buy (from)-sell (to) remember-forget stand up-sit down lose-find take to-bring to get up-go to bed ask-answer 5名词 answer-question manwoman boy-girl grandmother-grandfather mother-father son-daughter aunt-uncle brother-sister night-day6形容词 Good-bad same-different short-tall/long high-low small/little-large/big old-new/young Hot-cold dry-wet warm-cool quiet/free-busy first-last easy-difficult/hard right-wrong/left expensive-cheap thin-heavy fast-slowly动词填空规律(此处不涉及时态,语态)1. do和go 后常接doing, 例go shopping购物, do some/the cleaning打扫2. no + doing . 例No talking. 不准谈话。No parking. 不准停车。3.介词+ doing 例 Thanks for inviting me谢谢你邀请了我。 4.enjoy 喜欢/finish完成/practice练习/ think about 考虑做/spend time doing花时间做某事 5. keep doing / keep sb doing / keep 形容词/ keep sb 形容词 例I keep studying for four hours我坚持学习了四个小时。I am sorry to keep you waiting for me so long.对不起让你久等了。Girls are going to eat vegetables to keep fit保持健康。I keep the door open我让门开着6.不定代词(如something) +形容词或 动词不定式.或二者都有例 This time I want to do something different.这次我想做点不同的事。 Would you like something to drink?想来点喝的吗? I have something important to tell you我有一些重要事情告诉你。7.名词+to do 8. wh+ to do 例9.1)形容词 to do 例It is hard to say.很难说/It is hard to believe.难以置信。2)Its 形容词 for sb to do. (necessary,important,impossible)例It is important for us to eat a balanced diet.吃平衡的饮食很重要。3)Its 形容词 of sb to do.( nice, kind, good品德)例It is very nice of you to help me so much.你真好帮了我这么多。4)Sbs 形容to do.(表心情,sorry, happy, surprised, excited, disappointed) 例I am sorry to hear that听到那个消息很难过。5)Find / think / make it 形容词(做补语) to do .例They found it very hard to think for themselves.他们发现为自己考虑很难。10. It takes/took sb some time to do 做某事花某人多长时间例It took me a lot of time to work out this math problem.算出这道数学题花了我好多时间11.want想要=would like愿意/ ask要求/tell吩咐sb (not )to do (常考否定形式)例The teacher told us not to play soccer on the street.老师告诉我们不要在街上踢足球。12.Youd better + (not) do 你最好/你最好不要做某事。Its best to do最好做某事例Youd better take a taxi .=It is best to take a taxi. 你最好打车。13.Why not do为什么不=why dont you do? 14.help sb do /help sb to do / help sb with doing. / help do帮助某人做某事15.make sb/sth 形容词 / make sb do / make it 形容词to do注意:He makes a modal plane to cheer his son up.(表目的)他做了一个模型飞机让他儿子高兴。16.let sb do /not do /let sb in( out/down)17. see / watch / hear / notice sb doing正在做 / do已做例when I walked past his window,I saw him writing a letter.当我走过他的窗前时,我看到他正在写信。I saw him go past.我看见他过去了。 18.time后的动词1) have a time/fun/trouble/problems/difficulty doing /with sth例I have fun playing in the water.我们在水中玩得很开心。What did you have trouble?Finding the Chinese restaurant?你在哪方面有麻烦呢/?在找中国餐馆方面(have trouble doing)19. stop to do停下来做另一件事 / stop doing停止手头正在做的事remember to do记得去做某事 / remember doing记得做过某事 forget to do忘记做某事/ forget doing忘记了已做过的事 like doing爱好 like to do偶尔为之 would like sb to do愿意做某事begin/start to do 、doing开始做某事(没有太大区别)20.当不是上述种种情况时,考虑目的状语,可以在句首,也可以在句末例To stay healthy, we need a balance of ying and yang.为了保持健康,我们需要阴阳平衡。Would you like to come over to my house to discuss it ?你愿意来我家和我讨论此事吗?I have done what I can(作宾语从句,can后的动词原形已经省略) to help the sick person, (表示目的) but he still died.我已经竭尽所能去拯救这个病人,但是他还是死了。What are you going to do with the camera? To take some photos.(省略主谓)你拿照相机干什么?拍照。21.开头动词-可以是doing,也可以是to do,还可以是动词原形例 Eating dangsheng and huangqi is good for your health.吃党生和黄芪有利于你的健康。(作主语)Eat a balanced diet to stay healthy.(祈使句)为了保持健康,请吃平衡的饮食。To stay healthy,Eat a balanced diet(做目的状语)为了保持健康,请吃平衡的饮食。22.is后的动词,可以是doing,也可以是to do,还可以是动词原形。例My job is to teach students well.我的职业是教书育人。(不定式短语作表语) His subject is running around with me.他的功课就是绕着我跑来跑去。(动名词短语作表语) She is watching TV他正在看电视。(现在进行时)Everyone is invited except me.每个人都被邀请,除了我。(被动语态)23.There be 名词+动词,其中动词可以是doing,也可以是to do,还可以是动词原形例Theres a lot of homework to do. 有很多作业要做。 There is a girl reading a book under the tree.有个女孩在树下读书。Theres a beautiful girl called XiaoFang in the village.村里有个姑娘叫小芳。There are 1000 pandas left.还剩下1000只熊猫了。24.当数个不定式并列时,第二个以后省略,and,or,but, 都是连词例Our teacher asked us to stop what we were doing and listen. 我们的老师要求我们停下手头的事去听。 (不定式短语并列) 同义句:(在同一篇文章中,为了避免重复或避免不会写的单词,故使用同义句)1.身体好How are you?= Im fine, thanks.=Im very well.=Im in good health.2.拼写How do you spell it?(特殊疑问句 )=Can you spell it?(一般疑问句) =Spell it please.(祈使句)3.名字Whats your name?(审问犯人)=May I know your name?(委婉)介绍My name is Gina.=Im Gina. Her name is Lisa.=She is Lisa.His name is Bob.=He is Bob.4.归属This is my pencil=This pencil is mine. That is her car=that car is hers.These are his books=these books are his.(his既是形容词性物主代词又是名称性物主代词)Whose bike is this? =whose is this bike? 5.表达感谢Thanks a lot for helping me.=Thank you very much for your help.6.回答感谢You are welcome=That is all right.=That is OK.=Its a pleasure.=Not at all.7.全家福 Heres a photo of my family.=Heres my family photo.8.价钱(注意使用what 以后的动词)How much are the shoes? =What is the price the shoes?=How much do the shoes cost?How much is the shirt? =What is the price of the shirt?=how much does the shirt cost?9.提供服务Can I help you? =What can I do for you?=Is there anything I can do for you?10.生日 When is your birthday ?= When were you born?11.非常I like playing chess very mch.=I like playing chess a lot.12.问答时间 What is the time ?= What time is it? It is six thirty=half past six(6:30). It is seven fifteen=a quarter past seven(7:15). It is nine fifty-five=five to ten(9:55).13.年龄How old are you? =Whats your age?14.大量I eat a lot of healthy food.=I eat lots of healthy food.15.问路 1) Wheres the post office? 2)Is there a post office near here? (there be结构) 3) Which is the way to the post office?Do you know the way to the post office? Can you tell me the way to the post office?(上述句子都带way)4) How can I get to the post office?(特殊疑问句) Can you tell me how I can get to the post office?(宾语从句) =Can you tell me how to get to the post office? (简单句) 16.问答天气Whats the weather like? =How is the weather?(一般现在时) Its windy=There is a lot of wind.=It is blowing hard. Its snowy=There is a lot of s now=Its snowing.(rain 同样) Its cloudy=There is a lot of cloud.What was the weather like? =How was the weather?(一般过去时)What will the weather be like?=How will the weather be?(一般将来时)17.玩的开心I have a good time camping.=I have fun camping.=I enjoy myself in camping.18.长相(合并)She is tall. She is thin. She has curly hair. =she is tall and thin, and has curly hair.=She is tall and thin with curly hair.She is short. She is heavy. She wears funny glasses=she is short and heavy, and wears funny glasses=She is short and heavy with funny glasses.19.评价What do you think of game shows?=How do you like game shows?20.帮助 Can you help me with my English?=Can you help me study English?21.乘车方式 I walk to school=I go to school on foot. I go to school by bike /on a bike.=I ride a bike to school.I go to school by taxi/in a taxi(car).=I take a taxi to school.I go to school by bus /on a bus (boat/ train).=I take a bus(boat/ train) to school. I go to school by plane/on a plane/by air.=I take a plane to school=I fly to school.22.前后 The library is in front of the bank.=The bank is behind the library.左右 Lily is on my left. Lucy is on my right=I am between Lily and Lucy.23.最喜欢. My favorite actor is Paul Jackson.=I like the actor Paul Jackson best.Whats your favorite subject?=What subject do you like best?24.最高 He is the tallest in his class. =He is taller than any other boy in his class.25.擅长于 I am good at English=I do well in English. I am better at speaking than listening.=I do better in speaking than listening.26.想要Shed like you to drink milk.= she wants you to drink milk.27.一

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