自移式矿井液压支架结构设计（优秀含10张CAD图+SW三维模型+说明书+文献翻译）

摘要矿井液压支架的应用对增加采煤工作面产量、提高劳动生产率、降低陈本、减轻工人的体力劳动和保证生产是不可缺少的有效措施，因此液压支架的设计师技术上先进、经济上合理、安全上可靠、是实现采煤综合机械化和自动化的主要体现。采煤综合机械化，是加速我国煤炭工业发展，大幅度提高劳动生产率，实现煤炭工业现代化的一项战略措施。综合机械化不仅产量大、效率高，成本低，而且能减轻笨重的体力劳动，改善作业环境，是煤炭工业技术的发展方向。液压支架是综合机械化采煤方法中最重要的设备之一。液压支架主要由以下几个基本部分组成：顶梁，掩护梁和四连杆机构，侧护板，底座，立柱，千斤顶。设计要遵从从支柱性能好、强度高、移架速度快安全可靠等原则。支架采用四连杆机构，改善支架的受力状况，缩小支架升降过程中的顶梁前段前后移动的距离立柱采用双伸缩液压缸，以满足支架最低及最高位置时的高度要求。液压系统自世纪问世以来发展很快，在工作中的广泛适应性，使其在国民经济各部门获得了广泛的应用。由于液压缸在结构方面，功能方面，已经比较成熟，目前国内外液压缸的发展不仅体现在控制系统方面，也主要表现在高速化、高效化、低能耗；机电液一体化，以充分合理利用机械和电子的先进技术促进整个液压系统的完善；自动化、智能化，实现对系统的自动诊断和调整，具有故障预处理功能；液压元件集成化、标准化，以有效防止泄露和污染等四个方面。作为液压缸两大组成部分的控制元件和执行元件，由于技术发展趋于成熟，国无较大差距，主要差别在于加工工艺和安装方面。良好的工艺使液压缸在过滤、冷却及防止冲击和振动方面，有较明显改善。在油路结构设计方面，国内外液压缸都趋向于集成化、封闭式设计，插装阀、叠加阀和复合化元件及其本身在液压系统中得到较广泛的应用作为现代机械设备实现传动与控制的重要技术手段，液压技术在国民经济各领域得到了广泛的应用。与其他传动控制技术相比，液压技术具有能量密度高配置灵活方便调速范围大工作平稳且快速性好易于控制并过载保护易于实现自动化和机电体化整合系统设计制造和使用维护方便等多种显著的技术优势，因而使其成为现代机械工程的基本技术构成和现代控制工程的基本技术要素。智能自移式液压支架是加工各种矿山开采的主要设备，适用于各类矿山开采厂的矿山开采的加工，如下料、开孔、开槽、拉伸等。本文根据智能自移式液压支架的用途特点和要求，利用液压传动的基本原理，拟定出合理的液压系统图，再经过必要的计算来确定液压系统的参数，然后按照这些参数来选用液压元件的规格和进行系统的结构设计。智能自移式液压支架的液压系统呈长方形布置，外形新颖美观，动力系统采用液压系统，结构简单、紧凑、动作灵敏可靠。该机并设有脚踏开关，可实现半自动工艺动作的循环。液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起体传动技术水平的高低已成为一个国家工业发展水平的重要标志。本文运用大学所学的知识，提出了自移式液压支架的结构组成、工作原理以及主要零部件的设计中所必须的理论计算和相关强度校验，构建了自移式液压支架结构总的指导思想，从而得出了该自移式液压支架的优点是高效，经济，并且安全系数高，运行平稳的结论。关键词：液压支架采煤方法液压技术标志

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关键词：: 自移式矿井液压支架结构设计优秀含10张自移式液压支架结构设计含CAD图纸

资源描述：

摘要

矿井液压支架的应用对增加采煤工作面产量、提高劳动生产率、降低陈本、减轻工人的体力劳动和保证生产是不可缺少的有效措施，因此液压支架的设计师技术上先进、经济上合理、安全上可靠、是实现采煤综合机械化和自动化的主要体现。

采煤综合机械化，是加速我国煤炭工业发展，大幅度提高劳动生产率，实现煤炭工业现代化的一项战略措施。综合机械化不仅产量大、效率高，成本低，而且能减轻笨重的体力劳动，改善作业环境，是煤炭工业技术的发展方向。液压支架是综合机械化采煤方法中最重要的设备之一。液压支架主要由以下几个基本部分组成：顶梁，掩护梁和四连杆机构，侧护板，底座，立柱，千斤顶。设计要遵从从支柱性能好、强度高、移架速度快安全可靠等原则。支架采用四连杆机构，改善支架的受力状况，缩小支架升降过程中的顶梁前段前后移动的距离立柱采用双伸缩液压缸，以满足支架最低及最高位置时的高度要求。

液压系统自世纪问世以来发展很快，在工作中的广泛适应性，使其在国民经济各部门获得了广泛的应用。由于液压缸在结构方面，功能方面，已经比较成熟，目前国内外液压缸的发展不仅体现在控制系统方面，也主要表现在高速化、高效化、低能耗；机电液一体化，以充分合理利用机械和电子的先进技术促进整个液压系统的完善；自动化、智能化，实现对系统的自动诊断和调整，具有故障预处理功能；液压元件集成化、标准化，以有效防止泄露和污染等四个方面。作为液压缸两大组成部分的控制元件和执行元件，由于技术发展趋于成熟，国无较大差距，主要差别在于加工工艺和安装方面。良好的工艺使液压缸在过滤、冷却及防止冲击和振动方面，有较明显改善。在油路结构设计方面，国内外液压缸都趋向于集成化、封闭式设计，插装阀、叠加阀和复合化元件及其本身在液压系统中得到较广泛的应用作为现代机械设备实现传动与控制的重要技术手段，液压技术在国民经济各领域得到了广泛的应用。与其他传动控制技术相比，液压技术具有能量密度高﹑配置灵活方便﹑调速范围大﹑工作平稳且快速性好﹑易于控制并过载保护﹑易于实现自动化和机电体化整合﹑系统设计制造和使用维护方便等多种显著的技术优势，因而使其成为现代机械工程的基本技术构成和现代控制工程的基本技术要素。智能自移式液压支架是加工各种矿山开采的主要设备，适用于各类矿山开采厂的矿山开采的加工，如下料、开孔、开槽、拉伸等。本文根据智能自移式液压支架的用途﹑特点和要求，利用液压传动的基本原理，拟定出合理的液压系统图，再经过必要的计算来确定液压系统的参数，然后按照这些参数来选用液压元件的规格和进行系统的结构设计。智能自移式液压支架的液压系统呈长方形布置，外形新颖美观，动力系统采用液压系统，结构简单、紧凑、动作灵敏可靠。该机并设有脚踏开关，可实现半自动工艺动作的循环。液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起体传动技术水平的高低已成为一个国家工业发展水平的重要标志。

本文运用大学所学的知识，提出了自移式液压支架的结构组成、工作原理以及主要零部件的设计中所必须的理论计算和相关强度校验，构建了自移式液压支架结构总的指导思想，从而得出了该自移式液压支架的优点是高效，经济，并且安全系数高，运行平稳的结论。

关键词：液压支架采煤方法液压技术标志

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机械工程的内容机械工程的服务领域广阔而多面，凡是使用机械、工具，以至能源和材料生产的部门，都需要机械工程的服务。概括说来，现代机械工程有五大服务领域：研制和提供能量转换机械、研制和提供用以生产各种产品的机械、研制和提供从事各种服务的机械、研制和提供家庭和个人生活中应用的机械、研制和提供各种机械武器。不论服务于哪一领域，机械工程的工作内容基本相同，主要有：建立和发展机械工程的工程理论基础。例如，研究力和运动的工程力学和流体力学；研究金属和非金属材料的性能，及其应用的工程材料学；研究热能的产生、传导和转换的热力学；研究各类有独立功能的机械元件的工作原理、结构、设计和计算的机械原理和机械零件学；研究金属和非金属的成形和切削加工的金属工艺学和非金属工艺学等等。研究、设计和发展新的机械产品，不断改进现有机械产品和生产新一代机械产品，以适应当前和将来的需要。机械产品的生产，包括：生产设施的规划和实现；生产计划的制订和生产调度；编制和贯彻制造工艺；设计和制造工具、模具；确定劳动定额和材料定额；组织加工、装配、试车和包装发运；对产品质量进行有效的控制。机械制造企业的经营和管理。机械一般是由许多各有独特的成形、加工过程的精密零件组装而成的复杂的制品。生产批量有单件和小批，也有中批、大批，直至大量生产。销售对象遍及全部产业和个人、家庭。而且销售量在社会经济状况的影响下，可能出现很大的波动。因此，机械制造企业的管理和经营特别复杂，企业的生产管理、规划和经营等的研究也多是肇始于机械工业。机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备，以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备，以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。研究机械产品在制造过程中，尤其是在使用中所产生的环境污染，和自然资源过度耗费方面的问题，及其处理措施。这是现代机械工程的一项特别重要的任务，而且其重要性与日俱增。机械工程分类机械的种类繁多，可以按几个不同方面分为各种类别，如：按功能可分为动力机械、物料搬运机械、粉碎机械等；按服务的产业可分为农业机械、矿山机械、纺织机械等；按工作原理可分为热力机械、流体机械、仿生机械等。另外，机械在其研究、开发、设计、制造、运用等过程中都要经过几个工作性质不同的阶段。按这些不同阶段，机械工程又可划分为互相衔接、互相配合的几个分支系统，如机械科研、机械设计、机械制造、机械运用和维修等。这些按不同方面分成的多种分支学科系统互相交叉，互相重叠，从而使机械工程可能分化成上百个分支学科。例如，按功能分的动力机械，它与按工作原理分的热力机械、流体机械、透平机械、往复机械、蒸汽动力机械、核动力装置、内燃机、燃气轮机，以及与按行业分的中心电站设备、工业动力装置、铁路机车、船舶轮机工程、汽车工程等都有复杂的交叉和重叠关系。船用汽轮机是动力机械，也是热力机械、流体机械和透平机械，它属于船舶动力装置、蒸汽动力装置，可能也属于核动力装置等等。机械工程的发展历程人类成为“现代人”的标志就是制造工具。石器时代的各种石斧、石锤和木质、皮质的简单粗糙的工具是后来出现的机械的先驱。从制造简单工具演进到制造由多个零件、部件组成的现代机械，经历了漫长的过程。几千年前，人类已创制了用于谷物脱壳和粉碎的臼和磨，用来提水的桔槔和辘轳，装有轮子的车，航行于江河的船及桨、橹、舵等。所用的动力，从人自身的体力，发展到利用畜力、水力和风力。所用材料从天然的石、木、土、皮革，发展到人造材料。最早的人造材料是陶瓷，制造陶瓷器皿的陶车，已是具有动力、传动和工作三个部分的完整机械。人类从石器时代进入青铜时代，再进而到铁器时代，用以吹旺炉火的鼓风器的发展起了重要作用。有足够强大的鼓风器，才能使冶金炉获得足够高的炉温，才能从矿石中炼得金属。在中国，公元前1000前900年就已有了冶铸用的鼓风器，并逐渐从人力鼓风发展到畜力和水力鼓风。1516世纪以前，机械工程发展缓慢。但在以千年计的实践中，在机械发展方面还是积累了相当多的经验和技术知识，成为后来机械工程发展的重要潜力。17世纪以后，资本主义在英、法和西欧诸国出现，商品生产开始成为社会的中心问题。18世纪后期，蒸汽机的应用从采矿业推广到纺织、面粉、冶金等行业。制作机械的主要材料逐渐从木材改用更为坚韧，但难以用手工加工的金属。机械制造工业开始形成，并在几十年中成为一个重要产业。机械工程通过不断扩大的实践，从分散性的、主要依赖匠师们个人才智和手艺的一种技艺，逐渐发展成为一门有理论指导的、系统的和独立的工程技术。机械工程是促成1819世纪的工业革命，以及资本主义机械大生产的主要技术因素。动力是发展生产的重要因素。17世纪后期，随着各种机械的改进和发展，随着煤和金属矿石的需要量的逐年增加，人们感到依靠人力和畜力不能将生产提高到一个新的阶段。在英国，纺织、磨粉等产业越来越多地将工场设在河边，利用水轮来驱动工作机械。但当时的煤矿、锡矿、铜矿等矿井中的地下水，仍只能用大量畜力来提升和排除。在这样的生产需要下，18世纪初出现了纽科门的大气式蒸汽机，用以驱动矿井排水泵。但是这种蒸汽机的燃料消耗率很高，基本上只应用于煤矿。1765年，瓦特发明了有分开的冷凝器的蒸汽机，降低了燃料消耗率。1781年瓦特又创制出提供回转动力的蒸汽机，扩大了蒸汽机的应用范围。蒸汽机的发明和发展，使矿业和工业生产、铁路和航运都得以机械动力化。蒸汽机几乎是19世纪唯一的动力源，但蒸汽机及其锅炉、凝汽器、冷却水系统等体积庞大、笨重，应用很不方便。19世纪末，电力供应系统和电动机开始发展和推广。20世纪初，电动机已在工业生产中取代了蒸汽机，成为驱动各种工作机械的基本动力。生产的机械化已离不开电气化，而电气化则通过机械化才对生产发挥作用。发电站初期应用蒸汽机为原动力。20世纪初期，出现了高效率、高转速、大功率的汽轮机，也出现了适应各种水利资源的水轮机，促进了电力供应系统的蓬勃发展。19世纪后期发明的内燃机经过逐年改进，成为轻而小、效率高、易于操纵、并可随时启动的原动机。它先被用以驱动没有电力供应的陆上工作机械，以后又用于汽车、移动机械和轮船，到20世纪中期开始用于铁路机车。蒸汽机在汽轮机和内燃机的排挤下，已不再是重要的动力机械。内燃机和以后发明的燃气轮机、喷气发动机的发展，是飞机、航天器等成功发展的基础技术因素之一。工业革命以前，机械大都是木结构的，由木工用手工制成。金属(主要是铜、铁)仅用以制造仪器、锁、钟表、泵和木结构机械上的小型零件。金属加工主要靠机匠的精工细作，以达到需要的精度。蒸汽机动力装置的推广，以及随之出现的矿山、冶金、轮船、机车等大型机械的发展，需要成形加工和切削加工的金属零件越来越多，越来越大，要求的精度也越来越高。应用的金属材料从铜、铁发展到以钢为主。机械加工包括锻造、锻压、钣金工、焊接、热处理等技术及其装备，以及切削加工技术和机床、刀具、量具等，得到迅速发展，保证了各产业发展生产所需的机械装备的供应。社会经济的发展，对机械产品的需求猛增。生产批量的增大和精密加工技术的进展，促进了大量生产方法的形成，如零件互换性生产、专业分工和协作、流水加工线和流水装配线等。简单的互换性零件和专业分工协作生产，在古代就已出现。在机械工程中，互换性最早体现在莫茨利于1797年利用其创制的螺纹车床所生产的螺栓和螺帽。同时期，美国工程师惠特尼用互换性生产方法生产火枪，显示了互换性的可行性和优越性。这种生产方法在美国逐渐推广，形成了所谓“美国生产方法”。20世纪初期，福特在汽车制造上又创造了流水装配线。大量生产技术加上泰勒在19世纪末创立的科学管理方法，使汽车和其他大批量生产的机械产品的生产效率很快达到了过去无法想象的高度。20世纪中、后期，机械加工的主要特点是：不断提高机床的加工速度和精度，减少对手工技艺的依赖；提高成形加工、切削加工和装配的机械化和自动化程度；利用数控机床、加工中心、成组技术等，发展柔性加工系统，使中小批量、多品种生产的生产效率提高到近于大量生产的水平；研究和改进难加工的新型金属和非金属材料的成形和切削加工技术。18世纪以前，机械匠师全凭经验、直觉和手艺进行机械制作，与科学几乎不发生联系。到1819世纪，在新兴的资本主义经济的促进下，掌握科学知识的人士开始注意生产，而直接进行生产的匠师则开始学习科学文化知识，他们之间的交流和互相启发取得很大的成果。在这个过程中，逐渐形成一整套围绕机械工程的基础理论。动力机械最先与当时的先进科学相结合。蒸汽机的发明人萨弗里、瓦特，应用了物理学家帕潘和布莱克的理论；在蒸汽机实践的基础上，物理学家卡诺、兰金和开尔文建立起一门新的科学热力学。内燃机的理论基础是法国的罗沙在1862年创立的；1876年奥托应用罗沙的理论，彻底改进了他原来创造的粗陋笨重、噪声大、热效率低的内燃机而奠定了内燃机的地位。其他如汽轮机、燃气轮机、水轮机等都在理论指导下得到发展，而理论也在实践中得到改进和提高。早在公元前，中国已在指南车上应用复杂的齿轮系统，在被中香炉中应用了能永保水平位置的十字转架等机件。古希腊已有圆柱齿轮、圆锥齿轮和蜗杆传动的记载。但是，关于齿轮传动瞬时速比与齿形的关系和齿形曲线的选择，直到17世纪之后方有理论阐述。手摇把和踏板机构是曲柄连杆机构的先驱，在各文明古国都有悠久历史，但是曲柄连杆机构的形式、运动和动力的确切分析和综合，则是近代机构学的成就。机构学作为一个专门学科，迟至19世纪初才首次列入高等工程学院(巴黎的工艺学院)的课程。通过理论研究，人们方能精确地分析各种机构，包括复杂的空间连杆机构的运动，并进而能按需要综合出新的机构。机械工程的工作对象是动态的机械，它的工作情况会发生很大的变化。这种变化有时是随机而不可预见；实际应用的材料也不完全均匀，可能存有各种缺陷；加工精度有一定的偏差，等等。与以静态结构为工作对象的土木工程相比，机械工程中各种问题更难以用理论精确解决。因此，早期的机械工程只运用简单的理论概念，结合实践经验进行工作。设计计算多依靠经验公式；为保证安全，都偏于保守，结果制成的机械笨重而庞大，成本高，生产率低，能量消耗很大。从18世纪起，新理论的不断诞生，以及数学方法的发展，使设计计算的精确度不断的提高。进入20世纪，出现各种实验应力分析方法，人们已能用实验方法测出模型和实物上各部位的应力。20世纪后半叶，有限元法和电子计算机的广泛应用，使得对复杂的机械及其零。构件进行力、力矩、应力等的分析和计算成为可能。对于掌握有充分的实践或实验资料的机械或其元件，已经可以运用统计技术，按照要求的可靠度，科学地进行机械设计。机械工程的发展展望机械工程以增加生产、提高劳动生产率、提高生产的经济性为目标来研制和发展新的机械产品。在未来的时代，新产品的研制将以降低资源消耗，发展洁净的再生能源，治理、减轻以至消除环境污染作为超经济的目标任务。机械可以完成人用双手和双目，以及双足、双耳直接完成和不能直接完成的工作，而且完成得更快、更好。现代机械工程创造出越来越精巧和越来越复杂的机械和机械装置，使过去的许多幻想成为现实。人类现在已能上游天空和宇宙，下潜大洋深层，远窥百亿光年，近察细胞和分子。新兴的电子计算机硬、软件科学使人类开始有了加强，并部分代替人脑的科技手段，这就是人工智能。这一新的发展已经显示出巨大的影响，而在未来年代它还将不断地创造出人们无法想象的奇迹。人类智慧的增长并不减少双手的作用，相反地却要求手作更多、更精巧、更复杂的工作，从而更促进手的功能。手的实践反过来又促进人脑的智慧。在人类的整个进化过程中，以及在每个人的成长过程中，脑与手是互相促进和平行进化的。人工智能与机械工程之间的关系近似于脑与手之间的关系，其区别仅在于人工智能的硬件还需要利用机械制造出来。过去，各种机械离不开人的操作和控制，其反应速度和操作精度受到进化很慢的人脑和神经系统的限制，人工智能将会消除了这个限制。计算机科学与机械工程之间的互相促进，平行前进，将使机械工程在更高的层次上开始新的一轮大发展。19世纪时，机械工程的知识总量还很有限，在欧洲的大学院校中它一般还与土木工程综合为一个学科，被称为民用工程，19世纪下半叶才逐渐成为一个独立学科。进入20世纪，随着机械工程技术的发展和知识总量的增长，机械工程开始分解，陆续出现了专业化的分支学科。这种分解的趋势在20世纪中期，即在第二次世界大战结束的前后期间达到了最高峰。由于机械工程的知识总量已扩大到远非个人所能全部掌握，一定的专业化是必不可少的。但是过度的专业化造成知识过分分割，视野狭窄，不能统观和统筹稍大规模的工程的全貌和全局，并且缩小技术交流的范围，阻碍新技术的出现和技术整体的进步，对外界条件变化的适应能力很差。封闭性专业的专家们掌握的知识过狭，考虑问题过专，在协同工作时配合协调困难，也不利于继续自学提高。因此自20世纪中、后期开始，又出现了综合的趋势。人们更多地注意了基础理论，拓宽专业领域，合并分化过细的专业。综合-专业分化-再综合的反复循环，是知识发展的合理的和必经的过程。不同专业的专家们各具有精湛的专业知识，又具有足够的综合知识来认识、理解其他学科的问题和工程整体的面貌，才能形成互相协同工作的有力集体。综合与专业是多层次的。在机械工程内部有综合与专业的矛盾；在全面的工程技术中也同样有综合和专业问题。在人类的全部知识中，包括社会科学、自然科学和工程技术，也有处于更高一层、更宏观的综合与专业问题。The content of mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering services and multi-faceted, who use machinery, tools, and energy and material production department of mechanical engineering, need the service. The summary mentions, modern machinery engineering has five services: development and provide energy conversion, and provide for mechanical manufacturing all kinds of products and machinery, provide various services in the machinery, the development and provide family and personal life, the development and the application of the machines provide various mechanical weapons. Regardless of what a field service to the working content of mechanical engineering, basic and same, mainly include: The establishment and development of mechanical engineering construction and theoretical basis. For example, research force and motion and fluid mechanics, engineering mechanics, Metallic and non-metallic materials to study the performance, and its application in engineering materials, The heat conduction, research and conversion of thermodynamics, All kinds of mechanical components are independent of the function of the working principle, structure, design and calculation of mechanical principle and mechanical parts; Study of metallic and nonmetallic machining and forming technology of metal and technology, etc. Research, design and development of new products and continuously improving existing machine mechanical products and new generation of mechanical products, in order to adapt to the current and future needs. Mechanical products production, including: the planning and production facilities, Production plan and production scheduling, Prepare and implement manufacturing process, Design and manufacturing tools, moulds, Determine the quota and material quota, Organization processing, assembling and commissioning and package delivery, For product quality effectively control. Mechanical manufacturing enterprise operation and management. Mechanical general is composed of many each have unique shape, processing precision parts assembled into a complex products. Production batch have single piece and small batch, also have a large batch, until production. Throughout the entire industry and sales target individual, family. And sales in the social and economic situations, may appear under the influence of the big wave. Therefore, mechanical manufacturing enterprise management and operation of enterprises, especially complex production management, planning and management of research are also began in machinery industry. The application of mechanical products. This includes selection, order, acceptance, installation, adjustment and operation, maintenance, repair and transformation of the industry by use of machinery and complete sets of equipment, to ensure the long-term use of mechanical products in the reliability and efficiency. The application of mechanical products. This includes selection, order, acceptance, installation, adjustment and operation, maintenance, repair and transformation of the industry by use of machinery and complete sets of equipment, to ensure the long-term use of mechanical products in the reliability and efficiency. Research in the manufacturing process of mechanical products, especially in the use of the natural resources and environmental pollution, excessive consumption issues, and treatment measures. This is a modern mechanical engineering is particularly important task, and its importance.Mechanical engineering classification Mechanical variety, can according to several different ways into various categories, such as: the function can be divided into mechanical power, material handling machinery, machine etc, According to the service industry could be divided into agricultural machinery, mining machinery, textile machinery, etc. According to the principle of work can be divided into the thermal fluid machinery, mechanical, bionic machine, etc. In addition, machinery in the research, development, design, manufacture, application process to work through several stages of nature. According to the different stage, mechanical engineering and can be divided into each other, with several branches system, such as mechanical research, mechanical design, mechanical manufacturing, mechanical using and maintenance, etc. According to the different aspects of the various branches of system is divided into each other, thus overlap, mechanical engineering may be differentiated into hundreds of branches. For example, according to the function of dynamic mechanical, it points with the working principle of mechanical, thermal fluid machinery, turbine machinery, reciprocating machinery, steam power machinery, nuclear power plant, internal combustion engines, gas turbine, according to industry and the center of power equipment, industrial power plant, locomotives, ship, automobile engineering Marine engineering are complex and overlapping relation. Marine steam turbine power machinery, also is the thermal fluid machinery, mechanical and turbine machinery, it belongs to the Marine power plant, steam power plant, may also belongs to the nuclear power plant etc.The development of mechanical engineering Humans become modern sign is manufacturing tools. The Stone Age, all sorts of this stone hammers and wood, leather simple tools is rough pioneer of the machinery. From a simple tool to make manufacturing by multiple parts, components of modern machinery, experienced a long process. Thousands of years ago, humanity has created a shell and crushed grain used to carry mortar and grinding, the JieGao engineer-in-chief with wheels, with the car, the ship sailing in rivers, buildings, and the rudder. The power from the physical, ones own development, using animal, hydraulic and wind. Materials from the natural stone, wood, clay, leather, synthetic materials development. The earliest artificial material is made of pottery and porcelain, is already has the pottery, transmission and three parts of the complete machine work.Humans from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age, and then to the iron age, to flourish of drum wind blows of the development plays an important role. Have strong enough, the drum wind to get a high enough metallurgical furnace temperature, can have refined metal from ore in. In China, the former 900 years to use the drum for metallurgy, and gradually from the human drum wind to work and hydraulic drum wind. 15-16 centuries ago, mechanical engineering development is slow. But in practice, the millennium project in machinery development and has accumulated much experience and technical knowledge, became the mechanical engineering development potential. Since the 17th century, capitalism in the English, French and European countries, commodity production began to become the center of social problems. In the 18th century, the application of steam from mining to textiles, flour, metallurgy, etc. The main material of production machines from wood to use more tough, but with manual processing of metal. Mechanical manufacturing industry, and began to form in the decades to become an important industry. Mechanical engineering through expanding from the practice, the dispersion, mainly depends on the needs of individual talents and craft a skill, gradually develop a theoretical guidance, system and independent engineering technology. Mechanical engineering is 18-19 century and the industrial revolution, the capitalist mechanical production main technological factors. Power is an important factor of the development of production. In the 17th century, along with the development and improvement of machinery, metal ore with coal and the requirements of increased year by year, people feel rely on human and animal will not produce to a new stage. In Britain, textile, grinding industries are increasingly using workshop in the river, will work to drive hydraulic machinery. But when the coal mine, the copper ore, etc, with lots of groundwater is only to ascend and excluded. Animal In this production needs, 18 century appeared newcomen atmospheric type steam, mine drainage pumps to drive. But the steam engine fuel consumption, high, basically applies only to mine. In 1765, watt invented the steam engine have separate condenser, reduce the fuel consumption. 1781 watt and create the steam engine, turning provide motivation of steam expanding the scope of application. The steam engine invented and development, mining and industrial production, railways and shipping to mechanical power. The steam engine was almost in the 19th century, but the only power and steam boiler, condenser, cooling water system huge volume, bulky, application is not easy. 19 century, the power supply system, and the development and popularization of motor start. At the beginning of the 20th century, the motor in industrial production has replaced the steam, become the basic mechanical drive all kinds of work. Production mechanization, already from electrification of electrified by mechanization production function. Power for the initial application of the steam engine. In the early 20th century, high efficiency, high speed, high steam turbine, also appeared to water resources of the turbine power supply system, promote the vigorous development. The invention of the late 19th century, has improved combustion through light and small, high efficiency, easy manipulation, and can always start the engine. It is used to drive to work without power supply of land, and mechanical for automobile, mobile machinery and ships, until the middle of 20th century began for locomotives. Steam turbine engine in the crowd, and are no longer important power machinery. After the invention of internal combustion engine and gas turbine, jet engines, is the development of aircraft, such successful development foundation spacecraft technical factor. Before the industrial revolution, mostly of wood, mechanical hand made by the carpenter. Metal (mainly copper, iron) only to manufacture equipment, lock, clocks, pump and mechanical parts of the small wood. Metal processing of the machine mainly by seiko spy, achieves the need of precision. Steam power plant, and the promotion of the mining, metallurgical appears, ships, large machinery development of locomotive, forming and cutting processing of metal parts, growing more and more and more is also high accuracy requirements. The application of metal materials from copper and iron development to steel. Mechanical processing including forging, forging, sheet metal work, welding, and heat treatment technology and equipment, and machining technology and machine tools, measuring tools, etc, is rapidly developing, ensuring each industry development for production equipment supply. The development of social economy, the demand of mechanical products explosion. Production batch of increase and precision machining technology development, promote the formation of large production methods, such as division of professional production and interchangeability parts and collaboration, water processing line and assembly line etc. Simple interchangeable parts and division of professional production, in ancient collaboration has appeared. In mechanical engineering, the interchangeability embodied in mo for 1797 Bates USES its created by threading lathe of bolts and nuts production. At the same time, the American engineers with interchangeable manufacturing production methods, Whitney, shows the feasibility and superiority of interchangeable. The production methods, in the United States has formed the so-called American production methods. In the early 20th century, ford car manufacturing and created the assembly line. Mass production technology in the 19th century and Taylor was that the scientific management method, automobile and other mass production machinery production efficiency quickly reached the height of past cannot imagine. In the late 20th century, the main characteristics, mechanical processing, continuously improve the machine is processing speed and accuracy, reducing the dependence of craftsmanship, Improve machining and forming, cutting and assembly of mechanization and automation, Using CNC processing center, the group technology, etc, to develop flexible manufacturing systems, small volume and multiple varieties of production efficiency is to improve the level of production, Study hard and improve the processing of metallic and non-metallic materials, new forming and machining technology. 18 centuries ago, mechanical artisan, intuition and experience in mechanical manufacture craft, and almost no scientific association. To 18-19 century, in the emerging of capitalist economy, promote the scientific knowledge of master production, and people start paying attention to direct production needs to start to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, communication between them and made great achievements in mutual inspiration. In this process, and gradually formed a set of basic theory on mechanical engineering. Mechanical power with the advanced scientific combination. The steam engine invented Avery, pizza, applied physicist watt pat Penn and black theory, Based on the practice in the steam engine, physicists cano, LanJinHe kelvin established a new science - thermodynamics. Engine is based on the theory of France in 1862 LuoSha founded, In 1876, the application of theory LuoSha otto thoroughly improve he had created the rough heavy, noise, low efficiency of internal combustion and laid the position. Other such as steam turbine, gas turbine, etc. In theory, and under the guidance of the theory in practice and improvement. In early BC, China has applied the car in guide in complex system of gear was applied to the burner and level of the place turn, etc. Ancient Greece had cylindrical gears, bevel gears and worm transmission. However, the instantaneous speed on gear tooth shape and the relationship of tooth profile curve and the 17th century, until after a theory. The agencys hand and pedal pioneers of crank rod system in the ancient civilization has a long history, but in the form of crank rod system, movement and dynamic analysis and synthesis, exactly is modern organization learning achievements. As a specialized agencies, until the early 19th century in higher engineering college for the technology institute (Paris). Through the theoretical study, people can accurately analysis of various institutions, including the complex space of movement, and then according to need a new comprehensive. Mechanical engineering work object is dynamic mechanical, it will happen. This change is sometimes randomly and unforeseeable, Actual application materials are incomplete, there may be various defects, Machining accuracy has certain deviation, etc. With the static structure for the civil engineering work, mechanical engineering in more difficult problems in theory to solve accurate. Therefore, the early application of mechanical engineering only simple theoretical concept, combined with practical experience. Experience in design and calculation formula for more on, To ensure safety, rather conservative, results of large and heavy machinery, high cost and low productivity, energy consumption. In the 18th century, a new theory of birth, and the development of mathematics method, design calculation precision of continuous improvement. In the 20th century, appear all sorts of experimental stress analysis method, the experimental method to detect with people already on the physical model and the stress. 20 century, and the finite element method and the wide application of electronic computers, which makes the complex machinery and zero. Component force, moment, stress analysis and calculation of such as possible. To master have sufficient practice or experimental dataMechanical or its components, can use statistical techniques, according to the requirements of reliability, mechanical design scientifically.The development of mechanical engineering To increase the production of mechanical engineering and improve labor productivity, improve the production efficiency of research and development for the goal to new mechanical products. In the future development of the new products, to reduce the consumption of resources to develop clean and renewable energy, management, reduce and eliminate environmental pollution as super economic goals and tasks. The persons involved with both hands and mechanical can eyes and ears, feet and cannot be directly directly, and finish the job finished faster and better. Modern mechanical engineering to create more and more exquisite and increasingly complex machinery and mechanical device, the past many fantasy to become a reality. Humans can now upstream sky and the universe, diving deep ocean, and nearly 100 million light-years out till the cellular and molecular. The emerging electronic computer hardware and software to strengthen human has begun to replace the brain, and part of the scientific and technological means, this is the artificial intelligence. This is a new development has shown great influence in the future, it will constantly create people cannot imagine the miracle. The growth of human wisdom does not reduce the hands, but instead as more and more delicate hands, more complex, so more promote the function of hand. The practice of hand, in turn, promote the wisdom of the human brain. In the process of evolution of humanity, and the growth of each individual in the process, the brain and the hand is mutual promoting peace line of evolution. Artificial intelligence and the relationship between mechanical engineering in the brain and the hand approximation, the relationship between the difference is only in artificial intelligence will need to use the hardware mac

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