教学讯息设计第七章上外马任.ppt

Saturday, May 25, 2019,Attidude-Change Priciples,上外 马任,Catalog,情绪反应和外显的行为都可以通过观察别人的行为而习得,加涅和布里格斯：树立榜样是态度改变的根本策略,班杜拉： 树立榜样是促进态度改变的一项技术,2. Modeling Appropriate Behaviors,As with the source in a persuasive message, credibility implies expertise and trustworthiness.,Frequntly the model is a local source ,well known to the learners.,It is important that the learners attend to the message.,Strategies consistent with effective use of any media in a lesson are applicable here.,The lesson should include some means of debriefing to check that the learners have observed and understood the desired behaviors.,例子： 如何对小学生进行“八荣八耻”教育 ？,除了要观察榜样示范的行为，学习者必须观察到榜样被哪种行为所强化的,If the model receives a reward after performing the demonstrated behavior, and that reward is valuable to the learner, the learner may choose to perform the behavior to gain the reward.,电影肖申克的救赎,角色扮演是一种人与人之间社交活动，可以以任何形式进行（游戏、治疗、培训）。在活动中，参与者在故事世界中通过扮演角色进行互动。,角色扮演的具体分类,经典案例：斯坦福监狱实验,实验人员：心理学家菲利普金巴多 时间地点：1971年在斯坦福大学 实验对象：征募来的通过了专门测试的受试者24名 身心健康、情绪稳定的大学生（绝大多数： 斯坦福+加州伯克利） 实验内容：将实验对象随机分成两组，一组扮作狱警， 一组扮作犯人。本来这个实验计划是十四 天，但到了第七天就宣告终止。终止的原因 是该实验对扮演囚犯的实验者造成了伤害,改编自斯坦福监狱实验的电影,Several researchers have found that participants in role-playing are affected more than observers.,The active participant is apparently more aroused, more involved, and more able to experience the emotions that might occur in reality,指个体认识到自己的态度之间、或者态度与行为之间存在着矛盾。在费斯廷格看来，所谓的认知失调是指由于做了一项与态度不一致的行为而引发的不舒服的感觉，比如你本来想帮助你的朋友，实际上却帮了倒忙。,3. Creating and Managing Dissonance,费斯廷格认知失调理论,在一般情况下，人们的态度与行为是一致的，如你和你喜欢的人一起郊游或不理睬与你有过节的另一个人。但有时候态度与行为也会出现不一致，如尽管你很不喜欢你的上司夸夸其谈，但为了怕他报复你而恭维他。,3. Creating and Managing Dissonance,If individuals who feel prejudice toward another group are put in close interaction with that group and induced to behave civilly, dissonance theory would predict that their attitude toward the other racial group might change.,如果个体对另一群体存有偏见，我们现在要求个体与那一群体有紧密的联系，然后劝说个体表现的很有礼貌，那么冲突理论预测： 这些个体对其它群体存在偏见的态度可能会改变。,eg.,When a person is induced to perform an attitudinally- discrepant act because of promise of reward or punishment, attitude change will occur only to the extent that the person feefs the magnitude of the reward or punishment was insufficient to justify the attitudinally discrepant behavior.,费斯延格：不充分合理化实验,A. 让被试做 1小时枯燥无味的绕线工作 B. 在其离开工作室时，实验者请他告诉在外面等候参 加实验的“被试”（其实是实验助手）绕线工作很有 趣，吸引人；,C.同时，说谎的被试得到一笔酬金（实验组和对照组分别为1美元和20美元）。然后实验者再请他填写一张问卷，以了解他对绕线工作的真实态度。,D.结果发现，得报酬多的被试对绕线工作仍持有低的态度评价；得报酬少的被试提高了对绕线工作的评价，变得喜欢这个工作了。,当被试对别人说绕线工作很有趣时，心口不一致他头脑中有了两个认知因素：,为了消除心理上的失调感，他便要把自己的行为合理化。,费斯延格：不充分合理化实验,费斯延格：不充分合理化实验,最终结果,费斯延格：不充分合理化实验,Models of dissonance arousal and reduction,Demonstrate the social acceptabiIity of the desired attitude and the reward available socially for behavior consistent with the attitude.,Social acceptability is an especially forceful reward for attitude change because it carries with it the secondary rewards,微笑背后隐藏的力量.mp4,It was observed above that providing information is not enough to cause attitude change, but providing information after inducing dissonance is helpful.,Following complex attitudinal analysis, the lessons consist of interacting sequences moving from inducing behavioral change, to a