被动语态的主要用法.docx

被动语态的主要用法一定义语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的) They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的) 突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”) These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书) 为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：It is generally considered impolite to ask ones age, salary, marriage, etc. . 问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。) 8种常用时态的被动语态由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。(4) 过去进行时：was/were/being +过去分词。如：This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。(8) 过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。使用被动语态“六注意”一要注意被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词”，其中的助动词 be 根据情况可使用各种不同时态。如：She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)The book will be reprinted soon. 这本书很快会重印。(一般将来时)The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(现在进行时)They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告。(现在完成时)二要注意带情态动词的被动语态该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”。这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如：The rules must be obeyed. 这些规章制度必须遵守。They shouldnt have been told about it. 这事是不应当告诉他们的。三要注意非谓语动词的被动语态1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如：I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护，他感到很安全。4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：Having been invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。四要注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，有时也可用“get+过去分词”构成。如：James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。How did that window get opened? 那个窗户是如何打开的？但总的说来，用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见，尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时，用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时，人们可能会选get+过去分词来避免这种误解：The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)。/ 窗户被打破了(表动作)The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)五要注意哪些动词不用于被动语态1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等：Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态：My shoes dont fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。英语不用被动语态几种的情形1.谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looked fine. 他气色好。The food tastes delicious. 这食物味道很好。2. 谓语为不及物动词(短语)时，不用被动语态。如：The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了。I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在哪儿见到了他。3. 宾语为不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去。I want to buy a computer. 我想买一台电脑。4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助。We live a happy life here. 我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。He thinks of himself too much. 他对自己想得太多。5. 宾语是处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：We will reach the station in two hours. 我们再过两个小时就会到站了。He has gone to London now. 他去伦敦了。6. 谓语部分(动词与宾语) 是一个不可分割的动词短语时，一般不用被动语态。如：The ship set sail this morning. 这艘轮船今天早晨起航了。He saw the doctor yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上看了医生。通常不用于被动语态的静态动词那里的人缺乏食物。正：People there lack food. 误：Food is lacked by people there. 从形式上看，第2句是第1句的相应的被动形式，既然第1句为正句，那么第2句从理论上说应该是成立的。而事实上第2句却是个错句。在英语中，并不是所有的及物动词都可以用于被动语态的，有些动词(尤其是那些静态动词)尽管它们可以带宾语，但却不用于被动语态，这种动词考生容易弄错，其中主要的有：have，lack，fit，suit，cost，let，like等：他有一台电脑。正：He has a computer.误：A computer is had by him. 他当时正在洗澡。正：He was taking a bath. 误：A bath was being had by him. 我的鞋不适合。正：My shoes dont fit me. 误：I am not fitted by my shoes. 这架钢琴花了她6000美元。正：The piano cost her 6000 dollars. 误：She was cost her 6000 dollars. 误：6000 dollars was cost her. 这件衣服他穿很合适。正：The coat suits him very well. 误：He is well suited by the coat. 六要注意两类被动句型的相互转换英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型，它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。如：People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。Its believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。比较上面两类被动句型可以发现，一类是“it+be+过去分词+that从句”，另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语)，通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等，比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化)：Its known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。Its reported that he was driving fast. / He is reported to have been driving fast. 据说他当时车开得很快。表示“据说”的三类被动句型(1) It is said that句式It is said that honesty is the best policy. 人们说诚实是上策。It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 据说13是一个不吉利的数字。It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。注：其他类似结构还有：Its supposed to be very good. 据说它质量很好。Its expected that the war would end soon. 预计战争不久即可结束。It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 据报道又有一颗卫星上天了。(2) There is said that句式There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast. 据信我们近海有大量石油。注：其他类似表达还有：There is supposed to be a train at 9:30. 九点半应有一班火车。There are known to be thousands of different species of beetles. 据了解，有成千上万种不同的甲虫。(3) sb / sth is said that句式：其意为“据说”，Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer. 据说布朗先生死于肝癌。注：其他类似表达还有：The strike is expected to end soon. 估计罢工不久就可结束。He is believed to have already got out of the country. 据信他已离开这个国家。关于主动形式表示被动意义1. 连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，没有被动语态形式。The building looks very beautiful.这座建筑看上去很美。Your idea proved to be wrong. 你的想法证实是错的。2. 当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义：The door wont shut. 这门关不上。The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。3. 有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Her coat caught on the nail. 她的大衣被钉子钩住了。Her eyes filled with tears. 她眼睛里充满了眼泪。4.不定式to blame, to let作表语时，常用主动表被动Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？The house is to let. 此屋出租5. 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The book is difficult to understand. 这书很难懂。The music isnt pleasant to listen to. 这音乐不好听。The picture is interesting to look at. 这幅画看起来挺有趣的。注：这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式，但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。6. 不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗?I have some clothes to wash. 我有一些衣服要洗。I want something to drink. 我想喝点什么注：若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式，比较：I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指自己打字)I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指请人打字)7. 在 tooto do sth 和enough to do sth这两个结构中，若句子主语与其后不定式为to do sth被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用被动式)The writing is too faint to read. 这笔迹太模糊，看不清。These boxes are not strong enough to use to be used as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢，不能用作站台。8. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。如：This movie is worth seeing. 这部影片值得一看。Shes not worth getting angry with. 犯不上跟她生气(from )。注：与worth相似的worthy却不一样，其后不接动名词而接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词of)，且要用被动式表示被动含义：This book is worthy to be read of being read. 这本书值得一读。9. 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The house needs cleaning. 房子需要打扫了。These children require looking after. 这些孩子需要照看。This wall requires repairing. 这面墙需要修理了。注：该结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表被动。如：The house needs to be cleaned. 房子需要打扫了。These children require to be looked after. 这些孩子需要照看。主动表被动的常见情形(1) 连用动词用主动表被动：尤其是表示“起来”的系动词，如sound(听起来), taste(吃起来), smell(闻起来), feel(摸起来), look, seem(看起来)等，尽管它在汉语意思含有被动意味，但英语却要用主动形式表示被动含义。如：绸子摸起来柔软光滑。误：Silk is felt soft and smooth. 正：Silk feels soft and smooth. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。误：He is not such a fool as he is looked.正：He is not such a fool as he looks.(2) 某些不及动词用主动表被动：用作不及物动词的open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook等，当主语是物，且因该事物本身具有某一固有特点使得谓语动词能以某种方式得以实现或难以实现时，用主动形式表示被动含义。如：The book sells well. 这本书卖得不错。The window wont open. 窗子打不开了。This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。This cheese doesnt cut easily. Its too soft. 这乳酪不容易切，太软了。(3) 关于let, blame：不定式to blame, to let等作表语时，用主动表示被动。如：This house is to let. 此房出租。Nobody is to blame for it. 谁也不该埋怨。(4) 几个表示“需要”的动词：在表示“(某物)需要”的need, want, require等后的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。如()：The house wants painting(= to be painted). 房子需要油漆了。The floor requires washing(= to be washed). 地板该洗了。(5) 关于be worth doing sth：在be worth后的动名词用主动表示被动。如：His suggestion is worth considering. 他的建议值得考虑。This clock is hardly worth repairing. 这个钟几乎不值得修了。也谈主动形式表被动含义 某些系动词，如feel, look, seem, appear, taste, sound, smell, prove, remain等用主动形式表示被动意义；主语通常是事物，且表示该事物本身具有某一固有特征。如：The material feels very soft. 这种料子摸起来很柔软。误：The material is felt very soft. The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美妙。误：The music is sounded beautiful. 表示主语由内在品质或性能，使得主语得以实现或不能实现，用主动表示被动，常见的这类动词有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook, open, close, lock等。1. 同well, badly, easily等副词连用。如：The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。The book sells well. 那本书很畅销。The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔很好写。2. 谓语动词用否定式。如：The window wont open. 这扇窗开不了。The door wont lock. 这门锁不上。3. 主语+谓语(blow, wear等) +主补。如：The door blew open. 门被风吹开了。 某些日常用语，cook, bake, make, print, pack, build, work out等动词用于进行时态时，可用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The fish is cooking. 鱼正在煮。The book is printing. 那本书正在印刷中。The plan is working out. 计划正在制订。 不定式在下列情况下用主动形式表示被动意义：1. 在“be+形容词+fit to do”句型中。如：English words are difficult to remember. 英语单词很难记。注：常用于此句型形容词有easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable等。2. 在作补语的形容词后作状语的不定式。如：We found the book easy to understand. 我们觉得这本书的容易懂。3. 在This /That /These /Those be后的名词后的不定式。如：This is a difficult problem to solve. 这是一个很难解决的问题。4. 在“there be/have/with sth. to do(有要) ”结构中。如：I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。5. 在“疑问代词+不定式”结构。如：The question is what to do next. 问题是接下来做什么。6. 在“be to blame/seek/let”结构中。如：The house is to let. 此房出租。He is to blame for this. 他因此事应受到责备()。 在表示“需要”的need, want, require，及be worth后的动词-ing形式，用主动形式表示被动含义。如：The floor needs sweeping. 这地需要打扫了。That picture is worth looking at. 那幅画值得看。主动语态变被动语态的易错点1.take place等能用于被动语态吗Great changes _ in China since 1978. A. have taken placeB. took placeC. have been taken placeD. were taken place 此题应选A。首先要排除C，D，因为take place(发生)是不及物动词，所以不能用被动语态；另一方面，因为句子中的since 1978，所以句子宜用现在完成时A。大家知道，不及物动词没有被动语态(因为不及物动词没有宾语，转换成被动语态便没有主语)。但这里要注意的是：由于受汉语的影响，有些不及物动词很容易被考生误认为是及物动词，从而误用被动语态。这类易用错的动词主要的有take place 发生 / happen 发生 / come about 发生 / breakout 爆发 / appear出现 / disappear 消失 / last 持续 等)。他出什么事了?误：What was is happened to him?正：What has happened to him?每四年举行一次选举。误：Elections are taken place every four years. 正：Electionstake place every four years. 我不知道这事是怎么发生的。误：I dont know how this thing was come about. 正：I dont know how this thing came about. 夜里起了一起火灾。误：A fire was broken out during the night. 正：A fire broke out during the night. Have you moved into the new house? Not yet. The rooms _. A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are paintedD. are being painting此题选A。从句意上看，此题应选被动式(这是显然的)，同时注意：被动语态要用现在进行时形式(这点容易忽视)。在做动词的语态题时，同时要注意其时态形式：You are wanted on the phone. 有人给你打电话。(一般现在时)When was the building completed? 这座大楼什么时候建成?(一般过去时)You wont be allowed to take so much luggage with you. 不会准你带这么多行李。(一般将来时)A new railway is now being built. 一条新铁路正在修建。(现在进行时)The roads were being widened. 道路当时正在加宽。(过去进行时)Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这种事以前从未听说过。(现在完成时)有时被动式动词可与情态动词连用：The work must be finished at once. 这工作必须马上完成。The method can still be improved upon. 这方法还可以改进。My umbrella may have been left on the train. 我的伞可能忘在火车上了。含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，但变间接宾语为主语的情况较多。主动：Tom gave me a present on my birthday. 我生日那天汤姆送我一件礼物。被动：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday. A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：如果把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词。1. 在下列动词后，通常在间接宾语前用介词to：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take,通tell等。2. 在下列动词后，一般在间接宾语前用介词for：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。 主动：Mother made me a new skirt. 母亲给我做了件衬衣。被动：A new skirt was made for me. 3. 由于某些动词与介词有习惯搭配，既不用to也不用for, 而用别的介词。如: People all over the world know the Great Wall. 世界上的人都知道长城。The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. （不用by短语）4. 有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通或不习惯，必须用直接宾语作主语。如： Tom wrote me a letter 误：I was written a letter by Tom 正：A letter was written to me by Tom 类似的动词还有：return, send, pass, hand, sell, teach等。含复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的主动句改为被动句时，一般把主动句中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。如：We always keep the classroom clean. 我们总是保持教室清洁。The classroom is always kept clean. 教室总是保持清洁的。They asked me to help them. 他们叫我帮助他们。I was asked to help them. 我被他们叫去帮忙了。We saw them playing football. 我们看到他们在踢足球。They were seen playing football. 他们被人看见在踢足球。注意：1. 在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后要加上to。We often hear her sing. 我们经常听到她唱歌。She is often heard to sing. 经常有人听到她唱歌。2. 如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： We called him an ass. 我们叫他傻瓜。误：As ass was called him. 正：He was called an ass. 短语动词的被动语态1. “动词+介词/副词”构成的短语动词，变成被动语态时，要把它们作为整体看待，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。The patient is being operated on. 病人正在动手术。His request was turned down. 他的要求遭到拒绝。注：这类短语动词常见的还有agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, call on等。常用的由“及物动词+副词”构成的短语动词有bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put on, put off, take off, think over, work out, turn out, sell out, use up look up (查询) ()等。2. “动词副词介词”构成的短语动词，变成变动语态时，要把它们作为一个整体看待。如：The poor were looked down upon then. 那时穷人被人瞧不起。 He was looked up to by everyone他被人们所敬仰。注：这类短语动词还有：get out of, look out of, get on with，get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。3. “动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动动词，变被动语态时，既可将短语动词后的宾语作为被动句的主语，也可将短语动词中的名词作为被动句的主语。如： You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 你必须注意你的发音。Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. 注：这类短语动词常见的还有catch sight of, make use of, make fun of, make friends with, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of, keep an eye on等。当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的复合不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody，作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can lift this stone. 谁也拿不起这块石头。误：The stone can be lifted by nobody. 正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody.当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：Who wrote this novel? 这部小说是谁写的？误：Who was this novel written by? 正：By whom was this novel written? 主动句中完成进行时态时，相应的被动句变为完成时态。如：He has been using this dictionary for ten years. 这本词典他用了十年了。This dictionary has been used for ten years. 带双宾语动词的被动语态有何规律请看几个句子：主动：He answered me the question. (正)被动：I was answered the question by him. (正)被动：The question was answered me by him. (误)以上句子涉及带双宾语动词的被动语态问题。这个问题可以从三个方面去概括：有些带双宾语的动词转换为被动语态时，可以有两种形式(即可用直接宾语或间接宾语作主语)，这类动词主要的有：buy，give，l