2018年高三英语一轮总复习专题1.4Earthquakes真题回放含解析.docx

专题1.4 Earthquakes【导学案】单词识记1._(n.) 地震（同quake） 2._(n.) 井 3._(n.) 管；导管 4._(vi.) 爆裂；爆发 (n.)突然破裂；爆发 5._(n.) 百万 6._(n.) 事件；大事 7._(n.) 民族；国家；国民 8._(n.) 运河；水道 9._(n.) 蒸汽；水汽 10._(n.) 污垢；泥土11._(n.) 废墟；毁灭 (vt.)毁灭；使破产 12._(n.) 苦难；痛苦 13._(adj.) 极度的 _(adv.) 极度地14._(vt.) 损害；伤害 _(n.) 损害；伤害 _(adj.) 受伤的15._(v.) 破坏；毁坏；消灭 16._(n.) 砖；砖块17._(n.) 水坝；堰堤18._(n.) 轨道；足迹；痕迹 19._(adj.) 无用的；无效的；无益的 _(adj.) 有用的 20._ _(v.) (使)震惊;震动(n.)休克;打击;震惊 _(adj.)令人震惊的_(adj.) 感到震惊的21._(n.&vt.) 援救；营救 22._ (vt.) 使陷入困境 (n.)陷阱；困境 23._ (n.) 电；电流；电学 _(adj.) 用电的；带电的 _(adj.) 电学的；与电有关的 24._ (n.) 灾难；灾祸 25. _(v.) 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏 26. _(n.) 矿井 _ (n.) 矿工27. _(n.) 掩蔽；掩蔽处；避身处28. _(n.) 标题；头衔；资格 29. _(n.) 记者 _(vt.) 报道30_(n.) 条；棒；条状物 31._(n.& vt.) 损失；损害 32._(vt.) 使惊吓；吓唬_(adj.) 受惊吓的；受恐吓的 _ (adj.) 令人恐惧的 33._(n.) 祝贺；（复数）贺词 _ (vt.) 祝贺34 ._(n.) 裁判员;法官(vt.)断定;判断;判决35._(adv.) 真诚地；真挚地36._(vt.) 表示；表达 (n.)快车；速递 _(n.) 表达；表示37._(n.) 要点；大纲；轮廓38._(n.) 报刊的大字标题39._(n.) 骑自行车的人_(vi.) 骑自行车【解析】本题重点考查对本单元所学重点单词的识别记忆。短语回顾1.立刻；马上 _2.仿佛；好像 _3.结束；终结 _4.严重受损；破败不堪 _5.掘出；发现 _6.许多；大量的 _7.轻视；认为没有价值 _8.在户外 _9.做演讲 _10.集资；筹款；募捐 _11.陷入 _12.埋头于 _【真题回放】1.【2017北京卷】31. The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.A. that B. as C. where D. when 【答案】A考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等）和关系副词（when, where, why等）。1. 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。eg. An architect is a person who / that designs houses and buildings. The city where / in which I was born is on the new railway line.2. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。学% 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可省略（非限定性定语从句中不可省略）。e.g. I find it difficult to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinions.I find it difficult to cooperate with the one who always sticks to his own opinion.The suit (which / that ) the tailor made for me doesnt fit me.The room in which my family live used to be a garage.2.【2017江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C【解析】试题分析：考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。考点：考查定语从句3.【2017天津】9. My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.A. that B. whose C. his D. who【答案】B【解析】考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语;whose做定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。4.【2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A【解析】试题分析：题目考查定语从句的关系词。a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom，故选A。考点：考查定语从句【名师点睛】定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等）和关系副词（when, where, why等）。1. 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。eg. An architect is a person who / that designs houses and buildings. The city where / in which I was born is on the new railway line.2. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可省略（非限定性定语从句中不可省略）。eg. I find it difficult to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinions.I find it difficult to cooperate with the one who always sticks to his own opinion.The suit (which / that ) the tailor made for me doesnt fit me.3. 非限定性定语从句中，关系词均不可省略。注意关系代词that, 关系副词why, 不可用于非限定性定语从句。4. 作介词宾语的关系代词 在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。eg. The man with whom you shook hands just now is head of our department.Mrs. Nye, with whom you shook hands just now, is head of our department. The room in which my family live used to be a garage.5.【2016江苏】23.Many young people, most _were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A.of whichB.of themC.of whomD.of those【答案】C【解析】【名师点睛】“of whom / which”引导的定语从句：在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/ whom或者of which / whom都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。一、表示整体中的部分The buses,most of whichwere already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。I picked up the apples,some of whichwere badly bruised.我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box.我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。There are two bottles left,one of whichis almost finished and the other of which is not quite.只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum.这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。二、表示所属关系Hes written a book, the name of which Ive forgotten.他写了一本书，书名我忘了。句中的the name of which=whose name。It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。句中的the details of which=whose details。考点：考查定语从句6.【2016浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that【答案】B【解析】考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。如果是代词+of+关系代词，注意先行词是人用whom，先行词是物用which。7.【2016天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when【答案】D【解析】试题分析： 句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。8.【2015湖南】29.It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.A. as B. whereC. thatD. which【答案】D【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句关系代词。【名师点睛】本题旨在考查定语从句中的关系词，要求学生掌握在什么情况下用关系副词，什么情况下用关系代词以及各自的意义。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。9.【2015北京】24.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,_you can hear some lovely music.A. which B.that C.when D.where【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。这是一个定语从句。先行词是St. Pauls Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。用where。故选D。【考点定位】考查非限制性定语从句【名师点睛】本题考查学生对非限制性定语从句的掌握情况，做题之前先看到句子中间有没有逗号，逗号是非限制性定语从句的标志。然后再看句子中缺不缺成份，在定语从句中从句主语宾语都不缺少时，应该考虑关系副词，所以学生需要记住这种方法。10.【2015重庆】14. He wrote many children s books, nearly half of_ were published in the 1990s.A. whom B. which C. them D. that【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行词是books，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故选B项。 【考点定位】考查定语从句。 【名师点睛】定语从句有一种介词+关系代词，用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词，不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或介词+关系代词，而及物动词后接宾语，则要求关系代词。Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?此类定语从句，首先从先行词入手，确实主语是人还是物，再根据定语从句缺少的成分来辨别到底用哪个引导词。11.【2015浙江】19. Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which【答案】C【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句介词加which的用法。【名师点睛】解答此题需要能够看出这是一个定语从句的结构名词+连词+句子，也需要分析从句的句子成分。关系词的选择，最关键的就是看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是表示什么的单词，如表示地点的先行词之后未必用where，同样表示时间的先行词之后未必用when。当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现介词+关系代词。先行词指物，用介词+which，指人则用介词+whom， 且两个关系代词均不能省略，介词的选择要遵循两个原则： 1.根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定。2.根据先行词特殊用法而定。12.【2015天津】15 The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.A. where B. whichC. whenD. who【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意：公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。根据句意可知选A。【考点定位】考查定语从句。【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句。定语从句是高考重点考查知识之一，分析定语从句需要牢牢抓住两点：第一、找准先行词。第二、看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。13.【2015四川】3.The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us.Awhich B. what C. whose D. that【答案】C【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句中关系词的选择。本句主要考查了关系代词whose的用法，whose在定语从句中担当定语，和其后的名词之间存在所有关系，还是比较容易判断的。此题中如果在covers之前加上定冠词the，则需要用of+which结构。即此题等同于：The books on the desk, of which the covers are shiny, are prizes for us.14.【2015陕西】15. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.A. which B. where C. whom D. when【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。这里使用定语从句，先行词是the time，定语从句中缺少时间状语，用关系副词when，所以选D。【考点定位】考查定语从句【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做状语。要分析句子成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。15.【2015福建】34.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. A. whoB. whomC. thatD. which【答案】D【解析】【考点定位】考查非限制性定语从句【名师点睛】关系词的选择，最关键的就是看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是表示什么的单词，如表示地点的先行词之后未必用where，同样表示时间的先行词之后未必用when。Which在非限制性定语从句中通常是代指前面整个句子或者一个较长的词语，并且在从句中做主语。16.【2015江苏】21.The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A. it B. which C. what D. as【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：据报道，吸烟者人数仅（过去）一年就减少了17%。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。故选D项。考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有asis known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。【考点定位】定语从句【名师点睛】考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有asis known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。17.【2015安徽】28.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends.A. itB. thatC. whoseD. which【答案】D【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，有逗号隔开的是非限制性定语从句。定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。在定语从句中，介词后只能跟whom或which，指人用whom；指物用which。这里的先行词是skill，指物。学%18.阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) 61._ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62._ (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63._ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64._ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As 65._ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66._ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67._ (be) full of fat and salt; by 68._ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69._ (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70._ is not good for the health.64. are removed考查被动语态。此处意思是“当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉后”。分析可知fat，salt和remove之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。65. a考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结果是”。结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。66. worse考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。67. is考查主谓一致。fast food的意思是“快餐”，表示一类食物，为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故填is。【名师点睛】语法填空题的考查形式为：在一篇200词左右的语篇（短文或对话）中留出10处空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识，如单词词性、单词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。具体考查形式有以下几种：一、给出动词基本形态，填写词性词形转化(转为名词、形容词)，或填写谓语部分，可能需要填写两个或三个词，或是填写非谓语动词；二、给出形容词，需要填写比较级、最高级，或词性词形转化，转化为副词，或是填写反义词(前缀)；三、给出副词，填写比较级、最高级，或是填写反义词；四、不给提示词，主要填写介词、连词、冠词和代词。有提示词：考查谓语动词，非谓语动词，形容词，副词例如第62题has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease，给出了提示词effect。考生可以从词性变化和单复数两方面考虑，effect可变为形容词effective，变为副词effectively，分析语境可知划线处应该填名词，不需要做词性上的变化。所以考生可以从单复数方面考虑，根据划线处前的some可知应该填名词的复数形式。所以考生可以确定正确答案为effects。无提示词：考查冠词，介词，连词，代词例如第70题it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 结合语境可知作者要表达“很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处”的意思。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的have too much of both“摄入过多的脂肪和盐”，所以填which。19. 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61._ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and 62._ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, 63._ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64._ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.Steam engines 65._ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66._ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using 67._ every day.Later, engineers 68._ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube. This development was only possible with the 69._ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts. The Central London Railway was one of the most 70._ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.63. laying考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明lielying/lay/lain和laylaying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。64. the考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。【名师点睛】 在语法填空中，我们要特别注意词性转换题。如本文的，横线前是冠词the，所以横线上要使用名词introduction。，在英语中，副词通常做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词，形容词通常在句中做定语或表语修饰名词。所以本句中使用副词fairly作状语修饰形容词pleasant。 词类转换题要先确定所要填的单词在句中的成分。技巧1：作表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。技巧2：作主语，或在及物动词或介词后作宾语，用名词形式。技巧3：修饰动词、形容词、副词，或整个句子，作状语，用副词形式。技巧4：括号中所给词为动词时，也不一定是考动词的时态语态或非谓语动词，有可能考词类转换；若是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较级或最高级。技巧5：词义转换题。词类不一定要变，主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词，需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un-,im-，il-,ir-，in-,non-,dis-等，在词根后加-less等。考点：考查语法填空 20.阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56._ (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But