英语高考语法复习课件(全).ppt

2010年高考语法复习,名 词,1、名词的单、复数; 2、可数与不可数名词的转换； 3、名词作定语； 4、名词的搭配; 5、词语辨析；,高考考点分析,名词的单复数,问题1： - How many does a cow have? - Four. Astomaches Bstomach Cstomachs Dstomachies,以 s, sh, ch, x等结尾的名词变复数时加 es；但如果以 ch 结尾的名词发音为 k时，只加 s。 另外，以辅音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时，需将 y 变成 i，再加 -es；以元音字母 +y 结尾的则直接加 -s。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加 -s。,问题2： The _ of the building are covered with lots of _. Aroofs; leaves Brooves; leafs Croof; leaf Droofs; leafs,以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加 s，如：serf - serfs belief-beliefs roof-roofs chief - chiefs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去 f, fe 加 ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves； c. 均可, 如：handkerchief - handkerchiefs / handkerchieves,问题3： When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing. Asheeps Bsheepes Csheep Dsheepies,当sheep; deer; fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加 s 或 es。 单复数同形的名词有： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese, Swiss works, means, head,问题4： Some _ visited our school last Wednesday. AGerman BGermen CGermans DGermens,国家人的名词需要记住三种情况： 1、单复数同形：Chinese; Japanese; Swiss 2、需要变形：English - Englishman 3、加 s 或 -es：German Germans 详见下表。,1.6 不同国家的人的单复数 名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes,问题5： _ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. (1993 上海) A. The Evens B. The Evens C. The Evenses D. The Evenses,专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如： - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _. (98上海) A Palmers B The Palmers C The Palmers D The Palmers,问题6： Mr Smith has two _, both of whom are teachers in a school. Abrothers-in-law Bbrother-in-laws Cbrothers-in-laws Dbrothers-in law,以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief; fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加 s。如：grown-ups。,名词的可数与不可数,问题1： He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET95) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works,抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中 wealth 为不可数名词，works 作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。,问题2： Can you give us some _ about the writer? Ainformations Binformation Cpiece of informations Dpieces information,大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：information; news; advice; progress; fun 如： This is not a match. Were playing chess for _. A habit B hobby C fun D game (2001上海春季),问题3： Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today. (NMET96) A. a knowledge B. knowledges C. knowledge D. the knowledge,有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示某种特定的意义。a knowledge of 表示“对有所了解“。又如： This meeting is a great success. 请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：,a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (U) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (C) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (U) We need various steels. (C) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea. Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 d. 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations 四个现代化 many interests 许多兴趣,名词作定语,问题1 The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. (01北京春季) A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop,名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷,问题2 It took us quite a long time to get here. It was _ journey. （05北京春季） A. three-hour B. a three hour C. a three-hour D. three hours,“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如： a ten-mile walk； a five-year plan 但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。 The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. （04上海春季） A. a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours,问题3： There are only twelve _ in the hospital. Awoman doctors Bwomen doctors Cwomen doctor Dwoman doctor,man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：a man worker men workers a woman teacher women teachers a gentleman official gentlemen officials,名词的搭配,问题1 Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. (N 19993) A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection,可以将“ have no choice but to do ”视为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如： I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good _ of direction.（05浙江卷） Aidea Bfeeling Cexperience Dsense 类似的题还有：,1. Heres my card. Lets keep in _. (N 1994) (A) A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship 2. You can take as many as you like because they are free of _. (1998 上海) (B) A. fare B. charge C. money D. pay 3. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. （03北京春季）（B） Aidea Bsense Cthought DThinking 4. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens _. （04天津）(A) A reach B hand C hold D place,问题2 A rough estimate, Nigeria is_ Great Britain. （05上海卷） A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of,注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数+the +名词+ of + 对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：the size of; the weight of; the length of .,名词词语辨析,问题1 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_. （05天津卷） (C) A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind,高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲取更多的知识。本题的意思是参加体育锻炼的目的是增强体质和力气。,2010年高考语法复习,主谓一致,1、用and连接两个并列成分； 2、介词with 伴随主语； 3、就近原则； 4、各种代词的主谓一致; 5、短语和从句作主语； 6、定语从句中的主谓一致。,高考考点分析,问题1： When and where to build the new factory _ yet. （1991 NMET） A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided,这个句子看上去是and连接的两个并列短语充当主语，本应用复数形式的谓语，但这两个短语表达的是同一事件的两个方面，可以看成是一个整体，因此使用单数的谓语动词；而从句意可判断此句谓语动词需使用被动语态，,归纳一： 1两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语用复数 Tom and Dick are good friends. 但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。 A singer and dancer was present at the party. The worker and writer is talking to the students。 Bread and butter tastes good. 类似的表达式有： ( a needle and thread, a horse and cart, a watch and chain, a coat and tie, truth and honesty, medical help and cure),2用 and 连接的两个名词若被 no, each, every, many a 修饰，则谓语动词用单数。 No bird and no beast is seen in the bare island. Many a boy and many a girl has made such a funny experiment. At Christmas each boy and each girl is given a present. 3. 如果 and 后面加 no 或 not, 谓语也用单数形式， My friend, and not hers, is chosen to join the army. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.,问题2： A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift . （1990NMET） A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered,主语后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致 A professor, together with some students, was sent to help in the work. No one but the teachers is allowed to use the room.,问题3： Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another. (1989 ) A. is B. are C. am D. be,以连词or, eitheror , neither nor, there be, not onlybut also 连接的复合主语，其谓语与其相邻的那个名词的数保持一致。 Eg. You or I am to be invited.,问题4： Nobody but Jane _the secret. (1986) A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known,either, neither, each, every 或no + 单数名词和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词都作单数看待。 Each of us has a new pen . Everything around us is matter.,问题5： The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons . (1996 NMET) A. were, was B. was , was C. was, were D. were; were.,a number of 表示“很多”的意思，修饰可数名词的复数。The number of表示“数量，号码”作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。,问题6： _ of the southern hemisphere (南半球) _ with water. A. Four-five; is covered B. Four-fifths; is covered C. Four-fifth, are covered D. Four-fifths, are covered.,由“a lot of , (lots of, plenty of, the rest of ) +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 Three-fourths of the surface is sea .,问题7： All but one_here just now . (1997 NMET) A. is B .was C. have been D. were,what, who, which, any, more, most, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要依意思而定。 Which is your pen ? 哪是你的笔？ Which are your pens? 哪些是你们的笔？ B) All can be done has been done . All have gone to the park .,问题8： He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. (02上海春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has been,who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。 Those who want to go should sign your names here. He is one of the students who have passed the exam. He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.,问题9： Mathematics _ the language of science. (1978 ) A. is B. are going to be C. are,以-ics结尾的学科名词，如“mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, 等，形式上为复数，实际为单数，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 另外：复数名词用作书，电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等名称时，谓语动词用单数。 His “selected Poems”_ first published in 1965. (78) A. were B. was C. has been,问题10 His family _ all football fans. A. is B. has been C. are being D. are,一些集体名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数但people, police, cattle等只能用复数 My family is a big family. My family are listening to the radio. The police are trying to catch the thief.,问题11 The rich _ not always happy. A. is B. has C. have D. are,形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。 What a life the poor were living! The young are happy to give their seats to the old.,问题12 1. Growing vegetables _ constant watering. A. need B. are needed C. is needed D. needs 2. What I say and think _ no business of yours. A. is B. are C. were D. both A and B,当动名词短语、不定式短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如果用 and 连接两个从句或短语作主语，则需看是表示一个整体还是不同的两件事。题（2）中的 “What I say and think” 既可理解为同一件事也可理解为不同的两个动作。 （注意：从句作主语时有时需根据表语来定。）,2010年高考语法复习,代 词,1、人称代词的替代和转换; 2、物主代词的性； 3、else 的用法； 4、不定代词的用法比较; 5、it 的用法；,高考考点分析,人称代词和物主代词,人称代词的指代问题 问题1： It was _ who did it, but it was _ that we are talking about. A. he she B. him her C. him she D. he her,解析： 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，例如： John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 问题中前后两个分句都是强调句，前面的代词作 did it 的主语，而后面的代词作 talking about 的宾语。,D,2）在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数和格的一致。如： Jim and I saw the man passing by. Between you and me, he stole a lot of money from somewhere. (私下跟你说吧，不知他从哪里偷了一大笔钱呢。) He asked three of us, John, Joan and me, to have dinner with him. Meat and fish are more expensive than they used to be. 不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及 whoever 和 person 在正 式场合使用时，可用 he, his, him 代替。 Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?,2. 人称代词之主、宾格的替换 问题2： Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. Why ? John is sitting there doing nothing. （03全国卷） Ahim Bhe CI Dme,解析： 在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在 not 后， 多用宾格。 - I like English. -我喜欢英语。 - Me too. -我也喜欢。 - Have more wine? -再来点酒喝吗? - Not me. -我可不要了。,D,问题3： - May I speak to John? - This is _ speaking. A. he B. his C. him D. himself,解析：a. 在介词 but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。 All but _ to the concert tomorrow. A. he and I am going B. he and I are going C. he and me are going D. his and me am going b. 在电话用语中常用主格。 - I wish to speak to Mary. - 我想和玛丽通话。 - This is she. - 我就是玛丽。,A,B,3. 物主代词的性 问题4： - Is this camera like Bills and Anns? - No, but its almost the same as _. (1994) A. her B. yours C. them D. their,B,解析：形容词性的物主代词修饰名词，不能独用; 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s所有格结构，例如： That is my book. That book is mine. Theirs is a very large university. 另外，在动名词前常加上形容词性的物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如： Would you mind my opening the window?,4. 反身代词 问题5： You will find as you read fiats book that you just cant keep some of these stones to _. You will want to share them with a friend. （05湖南） A. itself B. yourself C. himself D. themselves,B,反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语。 a. 作宾语：有些动词需有反身代词 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave, help, dress, keep, We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. Please help yourself to some fish. b. 作表语； be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。 c. 作同位语 The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。,不定代词的用法,A、some / any 问题1 Theres_ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get_? （04北京） A. little; some B. little; any C. a little; some D. a little; any 问题2 I asked him for some oil, but he hadnt _. (1986) A. any B. some C. no D. anything,A,A,说明： some “一些”，一般用于肯定句中。 1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。 2) 当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 注意：some 用于其他句式中: a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的， 或期望得到肯定回答时。 Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee? b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如： If you need some help，let me know.,c. some 位于主语部分, Some students havent been there before. d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：I havent heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信 any “一些”，多用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。 当表示 “任何一个” 的意思时，any 可用于肯定句。 Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。,问题3： We havent enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全国卷1） Asomebody Banybody Ceverybody Dnobody 问题4： - One weeks time has been wasted. - I cant believe we did all that work for . (04重庆） A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything,C,B,注意：some, any, every 所构成的合成不定代词不能与 of 连用，只有分开才可接 of 短语。如： some one of us; every one of them 但要注意：none of them ( no one 后不接 of 短语),B、 one，that 和 it 问题1： Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure.（02N） that one it what 问题2： The Parkers bought a new house but _ will need a lot of work before they can move in. (2001 N) A. they B. it C. one D. which 问题3： I prefer a flat in Inverness to _in Perth, because I want to live near my Moms. （05天津卷） A. one B. that C. it D. this 问题4： Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. (05江西卷) Aone Bones Cit Dthose,B,B,A,B,说明： one 表示泛指，that 和 it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而 it 与所指名词为同一个。 I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it. ( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了,C、 another / other / the other / others / the others 问题1：Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in _. (1993 上海) A. the other B. some other C. others D. these others 问题2： One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _. (2000 北京春季) A. the other is white B. another white C. the other white D. another is white 问题3： No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of _. （05上海卷） A. others B. the other C. either D. another,C,C,B,说明： one the other 只有两个 one another，another some others，others others = other people / things the others = the rest 剩余的全部 1) 泛指另一个用another。 2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用 one，另一个用 the other。 3) 一定范围内三者，一个用 one，另一个用one (another)， 第三个可用the other，a third。 4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。 5) 除去已有的，表示“还有多少”，一般有三个结构： another + 数量 + 名词； 数量 + other + 名词； 数量 + more + 名词。,D、 anyone / any one；no one / none；nothing 问题1： Playing tricks on others is _ we should never do. （04湖南） A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing 问题2： We havent enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全国卷1） Asomebody Banybody Ceverybody Dnobody 问题3： She doesnt know anyone here. She has got_to talk to. （04广东） A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one,B,C,D,1. anyone 和 any one anyone 仅指人,不与 of 连用；any one 既可指人,也可指物。 2. no one 和 none a) none 后跟 of 短语，既可指人又可指物，而 no one 只 单独使用，只指人。 b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而 no one 作 主语，谓语动词只能是单数。 None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。 - Did any one call me up just now? - No one. none 和 nothing none 只指量，指所指的一类人或物中一个都没有； nothing 泛指，什么东西都不存在。后面不接 of 短语。如： - Are there any eggs in the fridge? - None. In fact, there is nothing in the fridge.,E、every 和each 问题： _ he goes out for some food. A. Every a few days B. Every few days C. Each few days D. Every several days,B,说明： 1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。 Every student in our school works hard. Each student may have one book 2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以 上的人或物 (含两个),3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形 容词。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。 We each have a glass to drink water with. 5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each 没有。 6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表 示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实,F、 both, either, neither, all, any, none 问题1： I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _ of them came. （04北京） A. neither B. either C. none D. both 问题2： - Do you want tea or coffee? - _. I really dont mind. (2000 北京春季) A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither 问题3： - Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? - _ way as you please. （04福建） AEach BEvery CAny DEither 问题4： 26. I had to buy _ these books because I didnt know which one was the best. （04上海） A. both B. none C. neither D. all,A,C,C,D,1）both (两者都)，either (两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。 Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。 注意 both，either 的用法区别： both与复数连用，either与单数连用。 Both the boys are clever. Either of the two boys is clever. There are flowers on both sides of the street. There are flowers on either side of the street. 2）all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。 All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。 I dont like any