维根斯坦与逻辑实证论和维也纳学圈.ppt_第1页
维根斯坦与逻辑实证论和维也纳学圈.ppt_第2页
维根斯坦与逻辑实证论和维也纳学圈.ppt_第3页
维根斯坦与逻辑实证论和维也纳学圈.ppt_第4页
维根斯坦与逻辑实证论和维也纳学圈.ppt_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩25页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

維根斯坦與邏輯實證論和維也納學圈,陳瑞麟 東吳大學哲學系,目次,維根斯坦其人 早期維根斯坦哲學 維根斯坦與弗列格、羅素和維也納學圈 早期維根斯坦哲學對維也納學圈和邏輯實證論的影響,維根斯坦其人(生平一),生於1889,父親為鋼鐵工業領導人物,家庭富有藝術氣息 1908年到英國曼徹斯特大學學航空工程,興趣逐漸轉向數學,再轉向數學的基礎。 1911年放棄工程,去耶拿拜訪弗列格。弗列格勸他到劍橋和羅素學數理邏輯。 1914年第一次世界大戰爆發,返回奧地利志願從軍。戰爭中寫了邏輯哲學論叢的手稿。取德文書名Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung,後由Moore提議取拉丁書名 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,維根斯坦其人(生平二),1918年大戰結束時,維根斯坦從戰俘營被釋放,寫信給羅素。 1920年時,維根斯坦告訴羅素,他可以隨他所欲而處理 Tractatus 的手稿。羅素因此安排它的出版,1921年先出德文版;1922年出德英對照的雙語版。現今通行的是D. F. Pears 和 B. F. McGuiness英譯的版本。 1929年維根斯坦回到劍橋,即回到哲學界,以 Tractatus 獲頒劍橋哲學博士。1930年成為三一學院成員。,維根斯坦其人(生平三),1919-1926年間,維根斯坦在維也納當小學老師,但他常與週遭人物衝突。 正是在這段期間,他與 Moritz Schlick 和 Friedrich Waismann 有私人接觸,前者是維也納學圈的創始人,後者亦是學圈重要成員。在此期間,學圈成員一起研讀 Tractatus ,對學圈的思想產生深遠的影響。 維根斯坦在寫完Tractatus 時,認為他已解決了所有哲學問題。所以沒有必要待在哲學界。後來重返劍橋,據說是因為聽了直覺主義數學家 Brouwer的演講。當他回到哲學界時,已開始朝向後期哲學邁進。,維根斯坦其人(文化魅力),維根斯坦的文化魅力 1. 傳記和回憶錄:很多 Norman Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir, with a Biographical Sketch, by G. H. von Wright 2. 小說(有中譯):劍橋五重奏(新新聞)、維根斯坦的撥火棒(時報) 3. 電影:德瑞克賈曼(1942-1994)維根斯坦(1993),我所依賴和介紹的幾本文獻,Milton, K. Munitz, Contemporary Analytic Philosophy Hao Wang(王浩), Beyond Analytic Philosophy Norman Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir Brian McGuiness (tr.), Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle 米建國(2004),意義、真理與信念 林益光(2005),維根斯坦的梯子、世界和沈默,早期維根斯坦哲學,維根斯坦哲學的一般介紹:兩個哲學或一個哲學? 論叢的最後一句名語:凡是不可說的,我們應該保持沈默。 對早期哲學的詮釋爭論:堅決式解讀(resolute reading)與不堅決式解讀(irresolute reading)(參考林益光(2005),維根斯坦的梯子、世界和沈默,東吳大學哲學系碩士論文。) 維輯早斯哲學的關懷主題:邏輯的?或宗教、倫理、美學、人生的?,邏輯哲學論叢(Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus),成書經過 弗列格完全不能理解它!羅素誤解它!(羅素以自己的邏輯原子論(logical atomism)去理解 Tractatus。 Tractatus 可以理解為圖像理論(the theory of picture)與真函理論(the theory of truth-function)的完美結合。 真函理論是我們今天熟悉的真函命題邏輯。圖像理論則去強說那應該由真函邏輯所 show 出的世界結構。,Tractatus 的七大命題,1. 世界是一切事實(the world is all that is the case; 1.1 The world is the totality of facts, not of things.) 2. 事實是事態的存在。(What is the case a fact is the existence of states of affairs.) 3. 事實的邏輯圖像是思想。(A logical pictures of facts is a thought.) 4. 思想是有意含的命題。(A thought is a proposition with a sense. 4.001 命題的總體是語言。),Tractatus 的七大命題,5. 命題是基本命題的真值函應(基本命題的真函是它自己。)(A proposition is a truth-function of elementary propositions.) 6. 真值函應的一般形式是 p, e, N(e)。這是一命題的一般形式。 7. 凡是不可說的,我們必須保持沈默。,Tractatus 的兩大邏輯創建(或發現),真值表 邏輯定律(自然演繹規則)是套套邏輯。,早期維根斯坦與弗列格、羅素和維也納學圈(同處),早期維根斯坦在弗列格和羅素的問題脈絡下思考。 他們都共享弗列格所發展的新邏輯,做為哲學分析的工具。 他們都主張哲學和科學是兩個截然不同的活動。(羅素在這一點上的立場稍異。)他們都共同主張哲學是思想的澄清。 他們一起被併稱為邏輯主義(logicism)。,這些相同處可由 Tractatus 的幾條命題顯現出來,4.111 哲學不是自然科學之一。 4.112 哲學指向思想的邏輯澄清。 4.1121 心理學並不比其他自然科學更接近哲學。(Note: 弗列格反對心理主義(psychologism) 4.1122 達爾文的理論也不會比任何其它科學假說更適於處理哲學。,維也納學圈與邏輯實證論,馬赫(Ernest Mach) 一個科學的世界觀宣言 兩個維也納學圈(晚近的新研究) 1.紐拉特、弗蘭克、漢恩(第一個,自然主義導向) 2.石里克、威斯曼、卡納普(第二個,其觀點後來成為我們今天認知的邏輯實證論。參看戴東源,回顧遺忘了的維也納學圈),Logicism (Frege and Russell),Reducing mathematics to logic: Principia Mathematica, by Whitehead in particular, in the case of propositional logic it is truth-functional. 此處開始使用 Harold Brown (1977), Perception, Theory, and Commitment. Precedent Publishing.,The distinction between “elementary” or “atomic” propositions and “complex” or “molecular” propositions: molecular propositions are constructed out of elementary propositions by means of operators. And the truth-value of a molecular proposition is uniquely determined by the truth-values of its constituent elementary propositions.,Logical empiricists have extended the use of the principia formalism well beyond the limits of pure mathematics. “All P are Q” is logically equivalent to the conditionally quantified proposition, “ If anything is P, then it is Q” or “All x, x is P, then x is Q”. In this way the properties of implication enters into the analysis of scientific laws such as “All ravens are black”. That is, we can use the properties of implication and the logical rules of implication to analyze scientific laws.,Logical Positivism,Positivism: Genuine knowledge is founded directly on experience. The term “positivism,” coined by Auguste Comte, in general is used as a name for a form of strict empiricism: the positivist maintains that only those knowledge claims which are founded directly on experience are genuine.,Logical positivism: positivist position with the tools from symbolic logic. Modern logical positivism, in particular the positivism of the Vienna Circle, is a form of positivism which accepts the symbolic logic of Principia Mathematica as its primary tool of analysis.,Two forms of research: empirical research and logical analysis of science. For Logical positivist there are two forms of research which yield knowledge: empirical research, which is the task of the various sciences, and logical analysis of science, which is the task of philosophy.,The classic that inspired the foundation of logical positivism is Ludwig Wittgensteins Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. The writing that introduced the doctrine of logical positivism into the English-speaking world is A. J. Ayers Language, Truth and Logic.,Verification theory of meaning: The central doctrine of logical positivism.,The principle of verification (or verifiability) as a criterion of meaningfulness. It claims that a contingent proposition is meaningful if and only if it can be empirically verified, i.e., if and only if there is an empirical method for deciding if it is true or false; if no such method exists it is a meaningless pseudo-proposition.,What is the empirical method? In order to find the meaning of a proposition, we must transform it by successive definitions until finally only such words occur in it as can no longer be defined, but whose meanings can only be directly pointed out.,Practical verifiability and verifiability in principle: Propositions which we can verify in the present situation are practical verifiable. But many propositions which we cannot verify by employed the current technology are verifiable in principle. The principle of verification is applied in the sense of verifibility in principle.,Wittgensteins version of verficationism in the Tractatus:,A meaningful proposition must refer to a fact (or state of affairs). Facts are the basic units of experience. Atomic facts are the ultimate existents of the world.,The distinction between facts and states of affairs: A state of affairs (a state of things) is a combination of objects (things). A state of affair is a logically possible fact, a fact is a state of affairs which happens actually to be the case. A state of affairs: aXb; X is a predicate variable A fact: aFb; F is a predicate constant, e.g. “do something on” , etc. In which, a and b represent sensory individuals but not ordinary objects.,Any proposition which corresponds to (refer to) a state of affairs is me

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论