专业四级语法冲刺-2010-3.ppt

专业级四语法冲刺,V. 非谓语动词,i. 不定式和动名词的区别,动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具体) 动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring. (经验) To study abroad has long been my dream. (一件尚未完成的事情),如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。,ii. 谓语动词还是非谓语动词,对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如： All things _ because of the snowstorm， many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled,At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. will follow C. to follow D. being followed If the building project _ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. A. being completed B. is completed C. to be completed D. completed No one had told Smith about _ a lecture the following day. A. there being B. there be C. there would be D. there was Jack _from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. A. has been missing B. has been missed C. had been missing D. was missed,独立结构,分词独立结构：一般分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名 / 代词，n. / pron. +分词的结构就是独立(主格)结构。 A new technique _, the yields as a whole increased by 20%. Answer: having been worked out. 独立结构：(不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同)该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。 The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later.,1. 结构：(with) + n./pron. + doing(done, adj., prep. phrase) With you standing there, we cant work. The boys returned with their face covered with sweat. with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词 being. She left the room with the candle burning on the table. He wandered in without shoes or socks on.,2. 结构：S1, S2 . (S1和S2的主语不一致) Weather permitting (If weather permits), well play basketball tomorrow. This done (When this had been done), they packed their tools and went home. The rain having stopped (After the rain had stopped), the soldiers continued their match. They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip.,3. 省去 being或分词 后，由 n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介词短语构成。 He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold. The meal (being) over, he went to his office again. He stood in doorway, a hat (held) in his hand. Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.,iii. 非谓语动词常考的其它结构,1. 不定式的特殊结构 构成：疑问代词、副词及 whether / if + to do 常跟疑问代词、副词及 whether / if + to do作宾语的 v.有 ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, inquire, forget, know, learn, remember, show(演示), tell, think, understand, wonder. I still dont know whom to turn to for help. They are trying to find out how to solve the problem. Show me where to put the books. They havent decided yet (as to) whether to accept our offer of help.,2. It is + no use, no good, no point, a great fun, a real pleasure, a waste of time, a bore等名词 + (in) doing sth. It is a great fun playing football. There is no point in talking with you. 3. go + doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动 go + jogging(慢跑) /fishing / dancing/ skating / bowling(打保龄球)/ shopping / sightseeing / camping / surfing (冲浪),4. There is no + doing (There is no表示”不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的. There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today. There is no joking about this matter. 这事开不得玩笑 (1) There is no point in doing sth.做某事没有意义 There isnt much point (in) repairing that old car again. (2) There is no gain in doing sth.做某事没有好处 There is no gain in being cruel/rude to people.,iv. 非谓语动词的时态,1. 不定式的时态 如不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后(或与之同时发生或将要发生)，用一般时 He is determined to work harder next term. 如不定式(动态动词)表示的动作与谓语动作发生在同一时间，用进行时 They seem to be having a meeting. 不定式动作先于谓语动作,用完成式 He is said to have translated many articles into English.,2. 动名词的时态,完成式: 表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生, 使用having done He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country. His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly. The picture reminded us of having been taken to the zoo.,3. 现在分词的时态,(1) 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。 Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him. (2)现在分词的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。 Not having done it right, I tried again.,A、有些现在分词由不及物动词变来，只表示一个动作已完成；无被动意义. fallen leaves, the exploded bomb, a retired miner, escaped prisoners, the risen sun. B. 时间关系不同。现在分词表示的动作正在进行，而过去分词表示的往往已完成。 the changing world-the changed world boiling water-boiled water developing countries-developed countries,4. 过去分词与现在分词的时间,Having a trip abroad a certain good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office but our work _, we refused the offer. A. not finishing B. had not been finished C. not having finished D. not being finished,v. 非谓语动词的语态,1.分词的语态 (1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意. (2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事. The room facing (=which faces) south is our classroom. Is there anything planned (=that has been planned) for tomorrow? Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.,2. 现在分词的被动语态,being done表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。 having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。 Who is the patient being operated on? You will find the matter being talked about all over the town. Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.,主动语态 the last person to leave 被动语态 the person to be relied on 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，用被动语态 He is believed to be elected monitor. The house to be built is our dining room. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.,3. 不定式的主动与被动,6. 动名词的语态,被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者 He did it without being asked. They insisted on being given the task. Being taken advantage of is not a good thing.,Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed _ blown off the mountain. A. to have been B. that it was C. to be D. that it had been The lab _ next year will be more advanced than the old one. A. built B. being built C. to be built D. to be building The decision _, the next problem was how to make a good plan. A. having been made B. having made C. having been making D. been made,vi. 非谓语动词的句子成分考点,1. 不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去 I need a pen to write with. There is nothing to worry about.,2. 非谓语作状语,(1) so + 形容词(或副词) + as to The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower. (2) such + 名词短语 + as to His indifference is such as to make one despaired. (3) only to 竟然(表示与预料相反的结果) He studied hard only to fail in the exam. (4) 形容词(或副词) + enough(副词) to 够,足以 The room is big enough to hold a hundred people. (5) not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义 I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。,1. 决定but (except)是否带”to”，关键在于看句子的谓语动词是否是动词”do” (1) do nothinganythingeverything but (except)结构中不带to Last night I did nothing but watch T.V. John will do anything but work on a farm.,v. 带to 与不带to,(2) 以下情况 but (except) 后必须带”to” 如果谓语动词不是”do nothing, anything, everything”, 那么but (except)所跟的不定式则须带”to”。 The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. I do not have any alternative but to go with him.,2. 在had better, would rather. (than)., would . rather than, would sooner . (than), can not but., cant help but., may (might) as well. (不妨.)等习惯用法中 Since she is angry, we had better let her alone. Rather than beg in the street, he would prefer to die of hunger. (He would rather die of hunger than beg in the street.) I couldnt help but wait for the next bus to come. Mary cannot but sing.(= She couldnt help but sing.) I can not help singing.,vi. V + to ”to”是介词的词组,1. 下列词组中的to都是介词,后面须跟动名词： be accustomed to = be used to习惯于, adapt to适应 adjust to适应于, agree to同意, amount to合计；等于 confess to承认, attend to出席;照料 devote to献身于 take to 养成习惯;喜欢, turn to着手工作, look forward to盼望, object to(=be opposed to = oppose) 反对, pay attention to 关注, contribute to 贡献, deny (to)否认, come to 提到 I am looking forward to seeing you again. I prefer reading books to doing housework. Most people object to smoking. 注意： 比较When it comes to doing sth.(说到) When sb. come to do sth. (逐渐地),2. 一些固定结构中不定式的用法 (1) too . to 表否定含义,而enough . to . 表肯定 a. It was too cold for us to go shopping. (= It was so cold that we couldnt.) b. It was cold enough to freeze our fingers. 但enough to 之前如有否定词，不定式也表否定含义 The water isnt warm enough for us to go swimming. (=The water isnt warm enough so we cant.),(2) (all too), only too等与不定式连用表示肯定意义 Hes only too pleased to help us. 非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。 I shall be only too pleased to come. (3) too ready to 结构表肯定意义 Hes too ready to promise. 他太易于许诺。 Hes too ready to criticize others.,1. _ is not a serious disadvantage in life. A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall D. Not being tall 2. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _ in Africa. A. hunted B. hunting C. that hunted D. are hunted 3. The Clarks havent decided yet which hotel _. A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying,4. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid _. A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be beaten 5. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _ out and three men climbing down it. A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrown D. having been thrown 6. AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. A. being B. to be C. to have been D. having been,7. The Minister of Finance is believed _ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking C. that he is to think D. to think 8. Arriving at the bus stop, _ waiting the