英语祈使句详解.doc

英语祈使句详解1. 祈使句的概念表示请求、命令、建议、祝愿、邀请或要求的句子叫祈使句。用于祈使句句首的动词总是用原形，不能用其他形式。如：Shut the door! 把门关上!Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧!Let them go by train. 叫他们坐火车去吧。祈使句的主语通常为第二人称(you)，但一般都被省略，只有在特殊的情况下才把主语(you)补充出来。如：You be quiet! 你安静! You go and tell him, Chris. 克立斯，你去告诉他。You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。有时祈使句的主语也可以是everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody等不定代词。如：Stand up, everybody! 全体起立!Nobody move. 任何人都不许动。2. 祈使句表示强调为了加强祈使句的语气，我们通常是在祈使句的动词原形前加上助动词do，此时通常译为“一定”“务必”等。如：Do be careful. 务必要小心。Do have some more tea. 一定再喝点茶。Do let me go. 一定让我去。副词never和always有时可用于祈使句句首，表示强调。如：Never do that again. 再不要这样做了。Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光镜再开车。3. 祈使句的否定式构成祈使句否定式的方法很简单，那就是在动词原形前加dont不管祈使句所用的动词为什么性质动词，情况都是一样。如：Open the window. 把窗户打开。Dont open the window. 别把窗户打开。Come next Monday. 下周星期一来。Dont come next Monday. 下周星期一别来。对于以let us或lets开头的祈使句，其否定式通常是在不定式之前放一个not。如：Lets tell him the truth. 我们把实情告诉他吧。Lets not tell him the truth. 我们不要把实情告诉他。但在日常口语中，我们也可以把dont放在lets之前。如：Lets dont tell him the truth. 我们不要把实情告诉他)4. 祈使句与连用please为了使祈使句的语气变得委婉，我们可以在祈使句的句首或句末加上please若加在句首，其后不用逗号；若加在句末，则通常会在please前加一个逗号。如：Step this way, please. 请这边走。Please type your letter. 请把你的信打出来。Open the window, please. 请把窗户打开。如果是否定祈使句，则通常将please加在dont之前。如：Please dont get angry. 请不要生气。Please dont telephone before 8 a. m. 早8点以前请不要打电话。5. 祈使句的时间概念祈使句所表示的时间总是指将来，所以与它连用的句子原则上要用将来时态来与它呼应。如：Give me a hand, will you? 帮我一个忙，好吗?由于give me a hand表示隐含将来意义，所以句中的will you 不能改为do you。Try again and you will succeed. 你再试就会成功。由于句中的try again隐含将来意义，所以句中用了you will succeed，而不是you succeed。Dont do that again or youll be in trouble. 别再干那个了，否则你会有麻烦。句中的dont do that again指的是以后不要再干那事了，由于隐含有将来意义，所所以句中用了youll be in trouble，而没有用you are in trouble。6. 祈使句的省略一般说来，祈使句总是要以动词原形开头，但是，在某些特殊情况下，我们可以只用一个词或短语来表示祈使句的意义。如：Just a few please. 请给几个就行了。A little more slowly please. 再慢一点。A pound of butter. 给我一磅黄油。Two teas and four coffees, please. 请来两杯茶和四杯咖啡。助动词 do 在祈使句中的强调用法有时可在祈使句前加上助动词do (常重读)，以表示说话人想特别强调他所说的话。这样用的祈使句具有以下用法：1. 表示强调的请求。如：Do come with us. 请一定要和我们一起去。Please! Do be quiet a moment! 求求你们! 安静一会儿! 2. 表示委婉或客气。如：Do try this fish. 请尝尝这鱼。Do have another cup of coffee. 请再喝杯咖啡吧。3. 表示不耐烦。如：Do stop talking! 别说啦!4. 希望说服对方。如：Do help me with this maths problem. 务请帮我解答这道数学题。someone和nobody等用作祈使句主语有时因为语义的需要，someone, nobody, everybody 等也可用作祈使句主语。如：Nobody say a word! 都不许说话! Someone fetch a pail of water. 谁去打一桶水来。Someone go and see who it is. 谁去看看是什么人来了。Somebody answer the phone please. 请来个人接电话。Everybody sit down and lets have a drink. 大家坐下来喝一杯吧!有时用作祈使句主语的还可以特定的某人。如：The boy in the corner come here. 在角落的那个男孩来这里吧! 这类句子有时也可以是否定的。如：Dont anybody get out of here. 大家都别出去! 祈使句何时可以保留主语you 祈使句的主语通常为第二人称(you)，但一般都被省略的。但以下两种情况可以保留主语you：第1情况为了有所区分，祈使句可以保留主语 you。如：You go on; Ill wait. 你们先走，我等着。You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。You girls stand in the front row. 你们女孩子站在前排。You play Romeo and you play Juliet. 你演罗蜜欧，你演朱丽叶。You wait here, Jim, and Mary, you wait there. 你等在这儿，吉姆；玛丽，你等在那儿。第2种情况为了表示生气或有意表示无礼，祈使句可以保留主语 you。如：You be quiet! 你给我安静! You stop talking. 你给住嘴。You get out of here! 你给我滚出去。You do it right away. 你给我马上就去做。let us 与 letslet us 的 us 既可指说话者一方（此时表示请求或命令），也可以指说话者和听话者双方（此时表示建议或劝诱，此用法在语体上较正式）；而 lets 中的s(=us) 则只能指说话者和听话者双方（表示建议或劝诱），不能指说话者一方（即不能用来表示命令或请求）。比较：让我们告诉你我们在博物馆里看到的情况。误：Lets tell you what we saw in the museum.正：Let us tell you what we saw in the museum.我们做朋友吧。正：Lets be friends.（较口语化）正：Let us be friends.（较正式）在反意问句中，表示请求或命令时，用 will you；表示建议或劝诱时，用 shall we。如：我们一起去游泳好吗?正：Lets go swimming together, shall we?（较口语化）正：Let us go swimming together, shall we?（较正式）让我们跟你一起去好吗?正：Let us go with you, will you?误：Lets go with you, will you shall we?lets 的否定式可以是 lets not, dont lets。如：Lets not hurry. / Dont lets hurry. 我们不要太急。祈使句的动词可以是被动的吗有时可以，但比较少见。如：Dont be fooled by his appearance. 不要为他的外表所欺骗了。Dont be taken in by his promises. 别被他的诺言所欺骗。Dont be stampeded into buying the house. 不要一时冲动买下这所房子。有时dont 后接的“be+过去分词”不是被动式，而是系表结构。如：Dont be discouraged. 不要气馁。祈使句备考注意1. 祈使句主要用于提出请求，发出邀请，给予指示、忠告或警告，也可发出命令等。2祈使句的特点是：一般不出现主语(you)，但有时为了指明向谁请求或命令，也可以说出主语；谓语动词一律用原形；否定式一律在动词前面加 dont。如：Come this way, madam. 这边走，夫人。Dont lose the key. 别把钥匙丢了。Someone fetch a pail of water. 谁去打一桶水来。3. 有关祈使句最可能涉及的考点是：祈使句带主语以及“祈使句+and / then / or+陈述句”这一句型(祈使句表示条件)。另外，祈使句与反意疑问句一起考查也是高考一大特点。如：Lets phone her now, shall we? 我们现在就给她打电话，好吗?You girls stand in the front row, will you? 你们女孩子站在前排，好吗？Work hard, and youll pass the exam. 努力点，你会通过考试的。请做以下试题：(1) Jim, you go there to help him, _?A. do youB. will youC. are youD. have you答案选B。句首的呼语 Jim 清楚地表明这一个祈使句，只是其前带了主语而已。(2) _ me back my money, or Ill ring the police.A. Giving B. GivenC. GiveD. To give答案选C。填空处为祈使句谓语，故用动词原形。学习祈使句的几个基本要点一、祈使句的概念和一般形式表示请求、命令等的句子叫祈使句。它的主语是听话人(you) ，一般不需要说出来。通常以动词原形开头。祈使句末尾用惊叹号或句号，句子用降调。如：Open the door, please. 请把门打开。Be quiet, boys. 孩子们，安静点。Hurry up!快点跟上。但有时为了指明向谁请求或发出命袋子令，也可说出主语来。如：Alice, you close your book. 艾丽期，请你把书关上。二、祈使句的否定式祈使句的否定式是在动词原形前加dont。如：Dont be late again. 不要再迟到了()。Please dont forget to take your medicine. 请不要忘记吃药。Dont lets quarrel about it. (=Lets not quarrel about it. ) 我们不要为此事争吵了。三、祈使句的强调式Do be on time. 务必准时。Do come early. 务必早点来。四、区分lets与let us /sb. Please let him in. 请让他进去。Lets go swimming, shall we? 我们去游泳，好吗？No, lets not. /Yes, lets. 不要去了。/我们去吧。Let us go swimming, will you? 请你让我们去游泳，好吗？No, youd better not. 你们最好别去。不要混淆祈使句与非谓语动词有这样一道语法考题，该用动词原形？还是用非谓语动词？_ the road round to the right and youll find his house. A. FollowB. FollowingC. To followD. Followed【分析】此题容易误选B或C，许多同学一看选项就想当然地认为，选现在分词表示时间或伴随，选不定式表目的。此题的关键是要注意句中的连词and，它表明整个句子是一个并列句，即 and 前后应各是一个独立的句子，而不应是一个非谓语形式的短语，所以此题的正确答案应选A，即 and 前是一个祈使句。比较以下两题：(1) _ the road round to the right, she found his house. A. FollowB. FollowingC. To followD. Followed【分析】此题应选B，现在分词短语表时间。(2) _ the road round to the right, the blind man asked a boy to guide him.A. FollowB. FollowingC. To followD. Followed【分析】此题应选C，不定式短语表目的。注意以下各题均应选A，均因为句中的并列连词 and（填空句为祈使句）：(1) _ the milk and set a good example to the other children. A. DrinkB. To drink C. DrinkingD. Having drinking(2) _ me, and dont just stand there laughing. A. AnswerB. To answerC. AnsweringD. To be answering(3) _ me , and then try to copy what I do. A. WatchB. WatchingC. To watchD. Have watching(4) _ through this book and tell me what you think of it. A. Look B. LookingC. To lookD. Having looked(5) _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. Leave B. LeavingC. If you leaveD. When left注：有时可能不用连词，而用破折号（答案均选B，填空句为祈使句）。如：(1) _ down the radio the babys asleep in the next room.A. TurningB. Turn C. TurnedD. To turn(2) _ some of this juice perhaps you will like it.A. Trying B. Try C. To tryD. Having tried以下各题也应选A，是因为句中的从属连词 when, before, until 等（填空句为祈使句）：(1) _ left when you get to the end of the street. A. Keep B. KeepingC. To keepD. Kept(2) _ you hand over your mouth when you cough. A. Put B. PuttingC. To put D. To be putting(3) _ him enough time to get home before you telephone. A. Give B. To giveC. Giving D. Given(4)_ until the lights have turned to green. A. Wait B. To waitC. WaitingD. Having waited(5) _ the pieces of cloth with a loose stitch before finally sewing them together. A. Join B. To joinC. JoiningD. Joined以下各题也应选A，即填空句为祈使句：(1) Dont give me a long account, just _ the plain facts. A. tell B. tellingC. to tell D. to be telling(2) First _ the rice by washing it, then _ it in boiling water. A. prepare, cookB. preparing, cooking C. preparing, cook D. prepare, cooking(3) Dont sit there watching _ and help me! A. come B. comingC. to comeD. to be coming(4) Dont waste your money on silly things _ it. A. save B. to saveC. savingD. having saved(5) To test eggs, _ them in a bowl of water: if they float theyre bad, if they sink theyre good. A. put B. puttingC. to put D. to be putting但是，以下各题情形有所不同，所填部分为目的状语(用不定式，即答案均为B)：(1) _ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.A. Sleep B. To sleepC. SleepingD. Having slept(2) _ the early bus, Mr Smith got up at six.A. Catch B. To catchC. CatchingD. Having caught用复合不定代词作主语的祈使句当要对一群人讲话时，祈使语气可与everybody, someone之类的词连用。如：Nobody move. 谁都别动。Nobody say a word! 都不许说话! Someone fetch a pail of water. 谁去打一桶水来。Somebody answer the phone please. 请来个人接电话。Someone go and see who it is. 谁去看看是什么人来了。 Dont anybody get out of here. 大家都别出去! Everyone keep quiet! 大家安静! Everybody sit down and lets have a drink. 大家坐下来喝一杯吧! Mary, come here everybody else stay where you are. 玛丽到这里来，其他人都留在原地。在表示否定的命令语气后面可用带any的复合词：Dont say a word anybody! 谁都不要说话! Dont anybody say a word! 任何人都不许说话! 以let开头的祈使句用法归纳let后接第一人称Lets have a look. 让我看一下。Lets take a taxi! 让我们坐出租车吧!Lets give you a hand. 让我帮助你。 Lets paint it ourselves. 我们自己来刷漆。Lets take a taxi, shall we? 我们坐出租车好吗?Lets start now and work till dark. 让我们现在开始工作一直到天黑。Lets go shopping now. The shops will be / should be fairly empty. 我们去商店买东西吧。商店里人不会太多。 Let me fix you a drink. 我给你去弄点饮料。Let me have a try. 我来试一试。Let me show you how to do it. 我来告诉你怎样做。Let me pay for myself. 让我自己来付我的那份钱。Let me have another cup of tea. 给我再来一杯茶。Let me know if you should hear some more news. 万一你听到更多消息你要通知我。let后接第二人称(较少见)Let you and I try to make this all right. 让你和我试试把这个做好。let后接第三人称Let her do what she likes. 让她做她想做的事吧。Let the meat cook slowly. 把肉用慢火炖。Let XYZ be a triangle. 设XYZ为一个三角形。Let the two lines be parallel. 假设两条线是平行的。Let every man do his best. 让每个人人尽其才。Let him have his own way. 让他照自己的意思做吧!Let the true cause of the accident be published. 把造成这件意外的真正原因公开吧。Let him try that game again on me, and Ill soon put paid to it. 他如若再和我玩这把戏，我很快就会叫他收起来。let后接there be句式“Let there be no reprisals,” said the widow of the murdered man. 被害者的遗孀说：“千万不要搞复仇。”Let there be light. 让地上有光。Let there be no doubt in your minds about our intentions. 对于我们的意图，你们心里不要有疑问。 祈使句用法详解：表厌烦或为耐烦典型例句Do be quiet. 安静点儿吧!Stop probing! 不要盘根问底了!Speak quietly, cant you ? 说话沉稳些，行不行？Stop fiddling with that TV, will you? 别摆弄那台电视机了，行不行?祈使句用法详解：表警告或威胁典型例句Dont be rude. 不要无礼。Dont you speak to me like that! 你别这样跟我讲话!Stir, and you are a dead man. 动一下就要你的命。Never speak to me like that again. 决不要再那个样子跟我说话。Put that down, or else Ill smack you. 把它放下来，不然我会揍你。Do that again and Ill call a policeman. 你再这样做我就要叫警察了。Fail to pay and theyll cut off the electricity. 你如果不付款，他们就要断电。祈使句用法详解：表粗暴典型例句Shut up! 住口! Push off! 走开! Get out! 滚出去!Get out of here! 滚开!Go to hell! 见鬼去吧!You get out of here! 你给我滚出去。You take your hands off me! 把你的手给我拿开!祈使句用法详解：表祝愿典型例句Have fun! 愿你玩得快活!Have a good time! 祝你玩得开心!Have a good day! 祝你度过美好的一天!Have a really good meal! 愿你享受一顿美餐!Have a lovely party! 愿你有一次愉快的聚会!Have a really restful holiday! 愿你度过一次十分悠闲的休假!Have a really interesting debate! 愿你们有一次十分有趣的辩论!祈使句用法详解：表邀请典型例句Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧!Mary, play on my side. 玛丽，你和我一伙玩吧。Come and have dinner with us soon. 一会儿来跟我们一起吃饭吧。 Go on! Have another slice! Be a devil! 继续吃呀! 再来一片! 放开吃!祈使句用法详解：表禁止典型例句Keep off the grass! 请勿践踏草地!Do not touch these wires. 请勿接触电线!Do not feed the animals! 不许给动物扔食物! Do not feed the lions. 请勿向狮子投喂食物!祈使句用法详解：表指引典型例句Walk to the corner, turn right and cross the road. 走到那个拐角，然后向右拐穿过马路。Go straight on and youll see a church. 径直往前走，你会看到一座教堂。Take the 2nd turning on the left and then turn right. 在第二个拐角处向左，然后再向右拐。 祈使句用法详解：表告诫典型例句Beware of the dog! 当心狗！Beware of pickpockets. 小心扒手。Look out! Mind your head! 小心! 当心头!Take care not to catch cold. 小心别着凉。Look out! Theres a bus! 当心! 有公共汽车!Always keeps to your promise. 一定要遵守诺言。Remember to switch off all the lights. 记着把所有的灯关掉。Do not use this spray neat a naked flame. 别在火焰附近使用这种喷射剂。Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光镜再开车。Be there on time otherwise youll create a bad impression 要准时来，否则你会给人一个坏的印象。有不少否定的祈使句用于表示告诫：Dont panic! 别慌(from )! Dont lose the key. 别把钥匙丢了。Dont ever do that again. 别再这样做了。Dont tell anybody, will you? 不要告诉任何人，好吗?尤其要注意一些以 Never 开头的祈使句。如：Never say die. 不要气馁!Never speak to strangers! 不要跟陌生人说话!Never do that again. 再不要这样做了。Never ask her about her marriage. 决不要问她结婚的事。Never buy expensive clothes. 决不要买贵重的衣裳。Never touch an electric wire when it is broken. 绝不要动断了的电线。Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. 不要无事惹事。Never hold a gun by the business end. 拿枪千万别拿枪口那端。Never identity opinions with facts. 绝不要把意见和事实等同起来。Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. 今日事，今日毕。Never leave a silk shirt to the tender mercies of an automatic washing-machine. 切勿用自动洗衣机洗绸衬衫。Never pay the advertised price for a car; always try to bargain. 千万不要照牌价购买汽车，总得讲讲价才是。祈使句用法详解：表叮嘱典型例句Fasten your seat belt. 系好安全带。Be sure to get here before nine. 千万要在九点以前到。Stay in bed for a couple of days. 卧床休息几天。Take care of yourselves. 你们要注意身体啊！Look over what youve written before handing it to the examiner. 先把你写的看一遍，再交给考官。Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down. 过马路要非常小心，要看两边，不然会被车撞倒。祈使句用法详解：表建议典型例句Get your hair cut! 你去理发吧!Get your eyes tested! 你去检查一下你的眼睛吧!Ask Jake, not his wife. 去问杰克，不要问他妻子。Come early, but not before six. 早点来，但别在6点以前。Go off for the weekend, why dont you? 去度周末，好吗?Have a bath and a rest and youll feel better. 洗个澡，休息一下，你就会觉得好些。Cancel the match if it rains. If it rains, cancel the match. 如果下雨，就取消比赛吧。Take a taxi, otherwise youll miss your train. 你如不叫出租汽车，你就会误掉火车的。You try teaching 40 noisy children five days a week! 你来试试每周5天教40个吵闹的孩子!注：以lets开头的祈使句通常表示建议。如：Lets go to the cinema tonight. 今晚咱们去看电影。Lets get down to work. 咱们干起来吧(from )。祈使句用法详解：表请求典型例句Give me a hand, will you? 帮我一个忙，好吗?Please help me for a few minutes. 请帮我几分钟。Please remember me to Mr. Smith. 请帮我向史密斯先生致意。Do forgive me I didnt mean to be rude. 务请原谅，我无心对你粗鲁无礼。Be an angel and fetch me my slippers please. 请行行好，把我的拖鞋拿来。Please dont telephone before 8 a. m. 早8点以前请不要打电话。Hand me the hammer, will you? 把锤子递给我好吗?Do be quiet, for Gods sake! 看在上帝的份上，安静一会儿吧!Give me some bread as well, please. 请你也给我一点儿面包吧。Bring the fruit up to the dining room, will you? 把水果送到楼上餐厅里来好吗? Ill try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one. 我要试穿几件衬衣，请把那件白色的递给我(from )。祈使句用法详解：表命令典型例句Hands off! 不要摸!Go there right away. 马上去那儿。Nobody move. 任何人都不许动。Stand over there. 站到那边去。Drop that gun, or Ill shoot you. 放下枪，不然我就打死你。如何引用祈使句祈使句如要引用，多使用一个不定式，前面的谓语形式根据语气决定。如： “Wake him up,” she said.She told me to wake him up.“See a neurologist,” the doctor said.The doctor advised me to see a neurologist.“Stay where you are and dont move,” commanded the sergeant.The sergeant commanded the man to stay where he was and not to move.“Carry the trunk upstairs,” Mr. Brown said.Mr. Brown ordered the men to carry the trunk upstairs.能跟这种结构的动词有：advise ask beg command forbid instruct invite orderpersuade remindteach tell urge warn没有动词的祈使句祈使句除用谓语动词表示外，还可用名词、形容词、副词等，如：Help! 救人哟!Fire! 失火了!Patience! 要有耐心!Careful! 小心!Quickly! 快!Hands up! 举起手来！Good heavens! 天哪!“be+过去分词”用于祈使句be可以和少数过去分词连用，用于祈使句当中。如：Be prepared! 准备好!Please be seated! (请)坐下!Be warned! 该小心了!试比较：Get washed! 去洗一洗!注：祈使句偶尔也用进行式，即 be 后接现在分词。如：Be listening to this station at the same time tomorrow night. 请于明晚同一时间听本台的广播。“be+形容词”用于祈使句只有表示一时的行为的形容词才可用于be / dont be之后，如careful / careless, patient / impatient, quiet, silly等(be / dont be通常不可与指状态的形容词连用，如hungry / thirsty, pretty)。如：Be quiet! 安静点！Dont be silly! 不要发傻！Do be patient. 一定要有耐心。Be careful about what you say. 说话要小心。Be more careful with your work. 你的工作要再细心一些。Be careful not to break anything. 当心别打破什么了。Be sure you dont break any of them. 千万别把它们打破了。Be sure to write to ma as soon as you get there. 到了千万给我来信。Be sure and come as soon as possible. 一定要尽快来。Be sure to send out all the invitations today. 一定要在今天把请帖都发出去。注意有关的回答()：Be quiet! 别说话! 否定的回答：I wont! 我不嘛! Dont be so impatient! 别这么着急! 否定的回答：Im not! 我不着急! “be+名词”用于祈使句许多“be (肯定式) +名词”结构是习惯用法Be a man! 要做个男子汉!Be an angel and fetch me my slippers please. 请行行好，把我的拖鞋拿来。Go on! Have another slice! Be a devil! 继续吃呀! 再来一片! 放开吃!否定式的“Dont be+名词”结构要常用得多，往往与(愚蠢的)行为有关。如：Dont be an ass / a clown / a fool / an idiot! 别当傻瓜 / 小丑 / 笨蛋 / 白痴!请注意：“be+形容词+名词”结构：Be a good girl at sch001.Dont be a silly idiot! 在学校你要做个好姑娘。别当个傻瓜!be可以表示“成为”之义，尤其在广告中发。如：Be a better cook! Be the envy of your friends! 你可当个好厨师! 你可成为你的朋友们羡慕的对象!否定式dont be (=dont become) 常用于劝告。如：Dont be a racing driver! Its So dangerous. 别当赛车运动员!太危险了。be还可以意谓“装作”，特别是用在you后面。如：(You) be the fairy godmother and Ill be Cinderella. 你装仙姑，我装灰姑娘。Be a monster, granddad! 爷爷，你装个妖怪!要注意类似下面这样的用法：Now be yourself again! 现在可再显出你的本色了！对特定的人使用的祈使句祈使句如Wait here! (在这儿等着!) 可以是对一个人说，也可以是对几个人说，其主语暗含you。但我们却可以用下列方式引起我们说话的对象的注意：You+祈使语气动词You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。语调和重音很重要。在上面这一句里，如果不重读you, 那么句子的意思是this is where you wait (这就是你应等着的地方)；如果重读you, 那么句子的意思就是this is what I want you to do (这是我要你做的事)。此外，重读you时还可以表示愤怒、敌意或不客气。如：You mind your own busin