英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版).doc.doc_第1页
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版).doc.doc_第2页
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版).doc.doc_第3页
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版).doc.doc_第4页
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版).doc.doc_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩4页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

TheBasicElementsofAppreciatingEnglishPoetry1.Whatispoetry?PoetryistheexpressionofImpassionedfeelinginlanguage.“Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility.”“Poetry,inageneralsense,maybedefinedtobetheexpressionoftheimagination.”Poetryistherhythmicalcreationofbeauty.Poetryistheimageofmanandnature.“诗言志,歌咏言。”-虞书“诗言志之所以也。在心为志,发言为诗。情动于中而行于言,言之不足,则嗟叹之;嗟叹之不足,故咏歌之;咏歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。情发于声;声成文,谓之音。”-诗大序“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉,注入了思想与情感,而凝结了形象,终于被表现出来的一种完成的艺术。”-艾青:诗论2.TheSoundSystemofEnglishPoetrya.TheprosodicfeaturesProsody(韵律)-thestudyoftherhythm,pause,tempo,stressandpitchfeaturesofalanguage.Chinesepoetryissyllable-timed,Englishpoetryisstress-timed.Stress:TheprosodyofEnglishpoetryisrealizedbystress.Onestressedsyllablealwayscomestogetherwithoneormoreunstressedsyllables.eg.Tiger,/tiger,/burning/brightInthe/forest/ofthe/night,Whatim/mortal/handor/eyeCouldframethy/fearful/symme/try?-W.BlakeLength:itcanproducesomerhetoricalandartisticeffect.eg.Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,Thelowingherdwindslowlyoerthelea,ThePloughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.-ThomasGrayLongvowelsanddiphthongsmakethepoemslow,emotionalandsolemn;shortvowelsquick,passionate,tenseandexciting.Pause:itservesfortherhythmandmusicalityofpoetry.b.Meterormeasure(格律)poem-stanza/strophe-line/verse-foot-arsis+thesis;Meterormeasurereferstotheformationwayofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Fourcommonmeters:a)Iambus;theiambicfoot(抑扬格)eg.Shewalks/inbeau/ty,like/thenightOfcloud/lessclimes/andstar/ryskies;Andall/thatsbest/ofdark/andbrightMeetin/heras/pectand/hereyes.-Byronb)Trochee;thetrochaicfoot(扬抑格)eg.Never/seekto/tellthy/love,Lovethat/never/toldcan/be.-Blakec)Dactyl;thedactylicfoot(扬抑抑格)eg.Cannonto/rightofthem,Cannonto/leftofthem.Cannonin/frontofthem,Volleydand/thunderd.-Tennysond)Anapaest;theanapesticfoot(抑抑扬格)eg.Break,/break,/break,Onthycold/greystones,/Osea!AndIwould/thatmytongue/couldutterThethought/thatarise/inme.-Tennysonc)OthermetersAmphibrach,theamphibrachicfoot(抑扬抑格);Spondee,thespondaicfoot(扬扬格);Pyrrhic,thepyrrhicfoot(抑抑格);d)Actalecticfoot(完整音步)andCactalecticfoot(不完整音步)eg.Richthe/treasure,Sweetthe/pleasure.(actalecticfoot)Tiger,/tiger,/burning/bright,Inthe/forest/ofthe/night.(cactalecticfoot)e)Typesoffootmonometer(一音步)dimeter(二音步)trimeter(三音步)tetrameter(四音步)pentameter(五音步)hexameter(六音步)heptameter(七音步)octameter(八音步)Wehaveiambicmonometer,trochaictetrameter,iambicpentameter,anapaestictrimeter,etc.,whenthenumberoffootandmeteraretakentogetherinapoem.C.RhymeWhentwoormorewordsorphrasescontainanidenticalorsimilarvowelsound,usuallystressed,andtheconsonantsoundsthatfollowthevowelsoundareidenticalandprecededbydifferentconsonants,arhymeoccurs.Itcanroughlybedividedintotwotypes:internalrhymeandendrhymeInternalrhymea)alliteration:therepetitionofinitialidenticalconsonantsoundsoranyvowelsoundsinsuccessiveorcloselyassociatedsyllables,esp.stressedsyllables.eg.Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree.-ColeridgeIslip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance,Amongmyskinningswallows.-TennysonWhereatwithblade,withbloodyblamefulblade,Hebravelybroachedhisboilingbloodybreast.-Shakespeare“Consonantcluster”(辅音连缀)“internalorhiddenalliteration”(暗头韵)asin“Hereinthelongunlovelystreet”(Tennyson)TheScian&theTeianmuse,Theherosharp,theloveslute,Havefoundthefameyourshoresrefuse.-Byronb)Assonance(腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音):therepetitionofsimilaroridenticalvowelsoundsinalineendingwithdifferentconsonantsounds.eg.DonotgogentleintothatnightOldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday.Rage,rageagainstthedyingofthelight.Thoughwisemenattheirendknowdarkisright,BecausetheirwordshaveforkednolightningtheyDonotgogentleintothatnight.c)Consonance(假韵):therepetitionoftheendingconsonantsoundswithdifferentprecedingvowelsoftwoormorewordsinaline.eg.AtonceavoicearoseamongThebleaktwigsoverheadInafull-heartedevensongOfjoyillimited.-HardyEndrhyme:linesinapoemendinsimilaroridenticalstressedsyllables.a)PerfectrhymePerfectrhyme(intwoormorewords)occursinthefollowingthreeconditions:identicalstressedvowelsounds(lie-high,stay-play);thesameconsonantsaftertheidenticalstressedvowels(park-lark,fate-late);differentconsonantsprecedingthestressedvowels(firstburst);followswallow(perfectrhyme)b)imperfect/halfrhyme:thestressedvowelsintwoormorewordsarethesame,buttheconsonantsoundsafterandprecedingaredifferent.eg.fernbird,fazelate,likerightc)Masculineandfemininerhymeeg.SometimeswhenImlonely,Dontknowwhy,KeepthinkingIwontbelonelyByandby.-HughesThecomradeofthywanderingsoverHeaven,Asthen,whentooutstripthyskieyspeedScarceseemdavision;Iwouldneerhavestriven-ShelleyRhymescheme(韵式)a)Runningrhymescheme(连续韵)twoneighbouringlinesrhymedinaabbccdd:eg.Tiger,tiger,burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight,WhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry?InwhatdistantdeepsorskiesBurntthefireofthineeyes?Onwhatwingsdareheaspire?Whatthehanddareseizethefire?b)Alternatingrhymescheme(交叉韵)rhymedeveryotherlineinababcdcd:eg.ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:-Shakespearec)enclosingrhymescheme(首尾韵)Inaquatrain,thefirstandthelastrhymed,andthesecondandthethirdrhymedinabba:eg.Whenyouareoldandgrayandfullofsleep,Andnoddingbythefire,takedownthisbook,Andslowlyread,anddreamofthesoftlookYoureyeshadonce,andoftheirshadowsdeep;-W.B.YeatsD.Formofpoetry(stanzaicform)a)couplet:astanzaoftwolineswithsimilarendrhymes:eg.Alittlelearningisadangerousthing;Drinkdeep,ortastenotthePierianSpring.b)heroiccouplet:arhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter:eg.OcouldIflowlikethee,andmakethystreamMygreatexample,asitismytheme:-DenhamThensharethypain,allowthatsadrelief;Ah,morethanshareit,givemeallthygrief.-Popec)Triplet/tercet:aunitorgroupofthreelines,usu.rhymedeg.Heclaspsthecragswithcrookedhands;Closetothesuninlonelylands,Ringedwiththeazureworld,hestands.Thewrinkledseabeneathhimcrawls:Hewatchesfromhismountainswalls,Andlikeathunderbolthefalls.-Tennysond)quatrain:astanzaoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.eg.Omyluveislikeared,redrose,ThatsnewlysprunginJune;OmyluveislikethemelodieThatssweetlyplaydintune.Asfairartthou,mybonielass,SodeepinluveamI;AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Tillatheseasgangdry.-Burnse)Sonnet:afixedverseformofItalianoriginconsistingof14linesthatarecharacteristicallyiniambicpentameter:ThePetrarchan/Italiansonnet(FrancescoPetrarch):twoparts:octave,askingquestion,presentingaproblem,orexpressinganemotionaltensionrhymingabbaabba;whilethesestet,solvingtheproblemrhymingcdecde,cdecde,orcdcdcd.Shakespearean/Englishsonnet:arrangedusuallyintothreequatrainsandacouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.Thefirstquatrainintroducesasubject,thesecondexpands,andoncemoreinthethird,andconcludesinthecouplet.Spenseriansonnet:threequatrainsandacoupletrhymingababbcbccdcdee;Miltonicsonnet:simplyanltaliansonnetthateliminatesthepausebetweentheoctaveandsestet.f)Blankverse:theunrhymediambicpentametereg.Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:WhethertisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,Andbyopposingendthem?Todie:tosleep;-Shakespeareg)Freeverse:poetrythatisbasedonirregularrhythmiccadenceoftherecurrence,withvariations,ofphrases,imagesandsyntacticalpatternsratherthantheconventionaluseofmeter.eg.DaysWhataredaysfor?Daysarewherewelive.Theycome,theywakeusTimeandtimeover.TheyaretobehappyinWherecanwelivebutdays?Ah,solvingthatquestionBringthepriestanddoctorIntheirlongcoatsRunningoverthefields.-PhilipLarkin3.ThesemanticsystemofEnglishpoetrya.ThemeaningofpoetryPoetryis“theonepermissiblewayofsayingonethingandmeaninganother”.(Frost)Themeaningofapoemusuallyconsistsofthreelevels,thatis,theliteral(thelowest),thesensory(themedium)andtheemotional(thehighest).b.Image-thesoulofthemeaninginpoetrya)Definition:“languagethatevokesaphysicalsensationproducedbyoneormoreofthefivesenses-sight,hearing,taste,touchandsmell.”(KirsznerandMandell)Aliteralandconcreterepresentationofasensoryexperienceorofanobjectthatcanbeknownbyoneormoreofthesenses.b)TypesofimagesIntermsofsenses:visualimage(视觉意象)auditoryimage(听觉意象)olfactoryimage(嗅觉意象)tactileimage(触觉意象)gustatoryimage(味觉意象)kinaestheticimage(动觉意象)eg.Spring,thesweetspring,istheyearspleasantking,Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!-ThomasNasheIntermsoftherelationbetweentheimageandtheobject:Literal(字面意象)andfigurativeimage(修辞意象)Theformerreferstotheonethatinvolvesnonecessarychangeorextensionintheobviousmeaningofthewords;ortheoneinwhichthewordscallupasensoryrepresentationoftheliteralobjectorsensation.Thelatteristheonethatinvolvesaturnontheliteralmeaningofthewords.eg.LetuswalkinthewhitesnowInasoundlessspace;Withfootstepsquietandslow,Atatranquilpace,Underveilsofwhitelace.-ElinorWylieIntermsofthereaders:fixedandfreeimage(稳定意象和自由意象)Byfixedortiedimage,itistheonesoemployedthatitsmeaningandassociationalvalueisthesameornearlythesameforallreaders.Byfreeimage,itistheonenotsofixedbythecontextthatitspossiblemeaningsorassociationalvaluesarelimited,itistherefore,capableofhavingvariousmeaningsorvaluesforvariouspeople.eg.SnakeIsawayoungsnakeglideOutofthemottledshadeAndhanglimponastone:Athinmouth,andatongueStayed,inthestillair.Itturned;itdrewaway;Itsshadowbentinhalf;Itquickenedandwasgone.Ifeltmyslowbloodwarm.Ilongedtobethatthing,Thepure,sensuousform.AndImaybe,sometime.-TheodoreRoethkec)Thefunctionofimage:tostimulatereaderssenses;toactivatereaderssensoryandemotionalexperience;toinvolvethereadersinthecreationofpoetrywithpersonalandemotionalexperience;tostrikearespon

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论