1986-2010历年考研英语真题阅读理解直接打印.doc.doc

1阅读（19862009）1986Text1Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists.”Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeopleswork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield；hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained”man；andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist-andespeciallytheadministrator-dealswithpeople；hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man；andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou-butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob；itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.26.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor_.AallroundpeopleintheirownfieldsBpeoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeoplesworkCgeneralistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessionalDspecialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers27.Thespecialistis_.AamanwhosejobistotrainotherpeopleBamanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefieldsCamanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetreesDamanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters28.Theadministratoris_.Aa“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralistBamanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforestCamanwhoisverystronginthehumanitiesDamanwhoisan“educated”specialist29.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant_.AtotrytobeageneralistBtochooseaprofitablejobCtofindanorganizationwhichfitsyouDtodecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist30.Amansfirstjob_.AisnevertherightjobforhimBshouldnotberegardedashisfinaljobCshouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjobDisprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobText2AtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld-theAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.Thecontinentalicesheetismorethantwomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin2,000milesoftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia-aregionrichinforestandminingindustries.Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orsettlement.31.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe_.AIcelandBLandofOpportunityCTheUnknownContinentDUtopiaatLast32.Atthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas_.AverylimitedBvastCfairlyrichDnonexistent33.Antarcticaisborderedbythe_.APacificOceanBIndianOceanCAtlanticOceanDAllthree34.TheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby_.AcoldairBcalmseasCiceDlackofknowledgeaboutthecontinent35.Accordingtothisarticle_.A2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinentBamillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPole2Cweatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsimpracticalDonlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarctica1987Text1Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.Chinesechildrenplayedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,calleda“Helix,”whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirownpersonalhelicopters.Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,manymetropolitanareasusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies.Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to-get-toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwantedpersons.11.Peopleexpectthat_.AtheairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallybereplacedbyhelicoptersBhelicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromplacetoplaceasairlinersarenowdoingCtheimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineersinventionwouldbecomearealityinthefutureDtheirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersoftoday12.Helicoptersworkwiththeaidof_.AacombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandontopBarotatingdevicetopsideConerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateachendDarotatingfanunderneathforlifting13.Whatissaidaboutthedevelopmentofthehelicopter?AHelicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansince1940.BChinesechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.CHelicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairplanes.DSomepeoplethoughttheywouldbecomewidelyusedbyaverageindividuals14.Howhastheuseofhelicoptersdeveloped?ATheyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariouspurposes.BTheyaretakingtheplaceofhigh-flyingjets.CTheyareusedforrescuework.DTheyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialprojects.15.Underwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobeabsolutelyessential?AForoverseaspassengertransportation.BForextremelyhighaltitudeflights.CForhigh-speedtransportation.DForurgentmissiontoplacesinaccessibletootherkindsofcraft.Text2InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboysgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletesexpenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesunsrays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingrings3symbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.16.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames_.AweremerelynationalathleticfestivalsBwereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolourChadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageouspositionDwereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants17.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames_.AonlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegamesBallGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepartCallGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGamesDallmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGames18.TheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics_.AhasnotdefinitelybeenestablishedBvariedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitorsCwasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheldDwasconsideredunimportant19.Modernathletesresultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause_.AtheGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresultsBtheyaremuchbetterCdetailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepastDtheyaremuchworse20.Nowadays,theathletesexpensesarepaidfor_.AoutoftheprizemoneyofthewinnersBoutofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnationsCbytheathletesthemselvesDbycontributionsText3Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilizationseverystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation；theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really”are.“Electricity,”BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.PaulsCathedral；itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethatswheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethatswhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.21.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis_.AtoexplainwhythingshappenBtoexplainhowthingshappenCtodescribeself-evidentprinciplesDtosupportAristotelianscience22.Whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?AthespeculationsofThalesBtheforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravityCAristotlesnaturalscienceDGalileosdiscoveries23.BertrandRussellsnotionaboutelectricityis_.AdisapprovedofbymostmodernscientistsBinagreementwithAristotlestheoryofself-evidentprinciplesCinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappenDinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingshappen24.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea_.AthattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverseBthatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”areCthatthereareself-evidentprinciplesDthatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo25.Modernsciencecameintobeing_.AwhenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroducedBwhenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappenCwhenAristotelianscientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappenDwhenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoning1988Text1Itdoesntcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucantrememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.4Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyourereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.Imjustlooking”?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouarentsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses.”Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.”Andyouandsheareoff-botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.Itsquitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat-nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary；theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout”,“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,“tofindouthow”.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisdoing.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,“IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.Imreadingthisarticletofindout.”Or,“ImgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland.”Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccurately.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:“Yes,Iagree.Thatsmyopiniontoo.”or“Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.Idbettercheckthosedates,”or“Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!”Youdontjustsittheretakinginideas-youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareonesownpersonalreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.Stillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateinferences.16.Ifyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy,_.AitisnosurpriseBitmeansyouhavenotreallylearnedanythingCitmeansyouhavenotchosentherightbookDyourealizeitisofnoimportance17.Beforeyoustartreading,itisimportant_.AtomakesurewhyyouarereadingBtorelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeCtorememberwhatyoureadDtochooseaninterestingbook18.Readingactivityinvolves_.AonlytwosimultaneousprocessesBprimarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemcriticallyCmerelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinionsDmainlydrawingaccurateinferences19.Agoodreaderisonewho_.ArelateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectmatterBdoeslotsofthinkinginhisreadingCtakesacriticalattitudeinhisreadingDisabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyknownText2Ifyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisdoingatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution”havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefinitelyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfactoriesandaroundjetaircraft,drivingfarmtractors,andworking(orsitting)inmusichallswhererockbandsareplaying.Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous.Decibelvaluescorrespondtovarioussounds.Soundsaboveabout85decibelsmay,ifexposureisforasufficientperiodoftime,producesignificanthearingloss.Actuallosswilldependupontheparticularfrequenciestowhichoneisexposed,andwhetherthesoundiscontinuousorintermittent.Noisecanhaveunexpectedharmfuleffectsonperformanceofcertainkindsoftasks,forinstance,ifoneisperformingawatchkeepingtaskthatrequiresvigilance,inwhichheisresponsiblefordetectingweaksignalsofsomekind(e.g.,watchingaradarscreenfortheappearanceofaircraft).Communicatingwithotherpeopleisunfavorablyaffectedbynoise.Ifyouhaveriddenintherearofajettransport,youmayhavenoticedthatitwasdifficulttocarryonaconversationatfirst,andthat,eventually,youadjustedtheloudnessofyourspeechtocompensatefortheeffect.Theproblemisnoise.20.Noisediffersfromsoundinthat_.AitissoundsthatinterferewiththetaskbeingdoneBitisaspecialtypeofloudsoundCitisusuallyunavoidableinbigcitiesDitcanbedefinedmorepreciselythanthelatter21.Oneoftheharmfuleffectsofnoiseonhumanperformanceisthat_.AitreducesonessensitivityBitrendersthevictimhelplessCitdeprivesoneoftheenjoymentofmusicDitdrownsoutconversationsatworksites522.Thepurposeofthispassageis_.AtodefinetheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehaviorBtowarnpeopleofthedangerofnoisepollutionCtogiveadviceastohowtopreventhearinglossDtotellthedifferencebetweennoiseandsoundText3Thetraditionalbeliefthatawomansplaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.Itissaidthatitisawomanstasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.Thusawomanswholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsixherroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.Thus,evenifweagreethatawomanshouldstayathometolookafterherchildrenbeforetheyareofschoolage,formanywomen,thisperiodwouldextendonlyforabouttenyears.Itmightbearguedthatthehouse-proudwomanwouldstillfindplentytodoaboutthehome.Thatmaybeso,butitiscertainlynolongernecessaryforawomantospendherwholelifecooking,cleaning,mendingandsewing.Washingmachinestakethedrudgeryoutoflaundry,thelatestmodelsbeingentirelyautomaticandabletowashanddryalargequantityofclothesinafewminutes.Refrigeratorshavemadeitpossibletostorefoodforlongperiodsandmanypre-cookedfoodsareobtainableintins.Shopping,insteadofbeingadailytask,canbecompletedinonedayaweek.Thenewman-madefibersaremorehardwiringthannaturalfibersandgreatlyreducemending,whilegoodready-madeclothesarecheapandplentiful.Apartfromwomensownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.Modernsocietycannotdowellwithoutthecontributionthatwomencanmakeinprofessionsandotherkindsofwork.Thereisaseriousshortageofnursesandteachers,tomentiononlytwooftheoccupationsfollowedbywomen.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearortwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.Thetraining,itistrue,willhelpherindutiesasamother,butifshecontinuedtowork,herservicewouldbemorewidelyuseful.Manyfactoriesandshops,too,arelargelystaffedbywomen,manyofthemmarried.Whileherethequestionoftrainingisnotsoimportant,industryandtradewouldbeseriouslyshortofstaffifmarriedwomendidnotwork.23.Theauthorholdsthat_.Atherightplaceforallwomen,marriedorotherwise,isthehome,notelsewhereBallmarriedwomenshouldhavesomeoccupationoutsidethehomeCamarriedwomanshouldgivefirstprioritytoherdutiesasamotherDitisdesirableforuneducatedmarriedwomentostayathomeandtakecareofthefamily24.Ahouse-proudwoman_.AwoulddevoteherwholelifetoherfamilyBwouldtakeherownhappinessandthatofherfamilyasherchiefconcernCwouldstillneedsomespecialtrainingatpublicexpensetohelpherinherdutiesasahousewifeDwouldtakefulladvantageofmodernhouseholdappliances25.Accordingtotheauthor,modernsociety_.AcanoperatejustaswellevenwithoutwomenparticipationBhasbeengreatlyhamperedinitsdevelopmentbytheshortageofwomennursesandwomenteachersCcannotoperateproperlywithoutthecontributionofwomenDwillbeseriouslyaffectedbythecontinuingshortageofworkingwomeninheavyindustriesandinternationaltrade1989Text1Ascientistoncesaid:“Ihaveconcludedthattheearthisbeingvisitedbyintelligentlycontrolledvehiclesfromouterspace.”IfwetakethisasareasonableexplanationforUFOs(unidentifiedflyingobjects),questionsimmediatelycomeup.“Whydonttheygetintouchwithus,then?WhydonttheylandrightontheWhiteHouselawnanddeclarethemselves?”peopleasked.Inreply,scientistssaythat,whilethismaybewhatwewant,itmaynotnecessarilybewhattheywant.“Themostlikelyexplanation,itseemstome,”saidDr.Mead,“isthattheyaresimplywatchingwhatweareupto-thatresponsiblesocietyoutsideoursolarsystemiskeepinganeyeonustoseethatwedontsetinmotionachainreactionthatmighthaveunexpectedeffectsforoutsideoursolarsystem.”Opinionsfromotherscientistsmightgolikethis:“Whyshouldtheywanttogetintouchwithus?Wemayfeelweremoreimportantthanwereallyare!Theymaywanttoobserveusonlyandnotinterferewiththedevelopmentofourcivilization.Theymaynotcareifweseethembuttheyalsomaynotcaretosayhello.”SomescientistshavealsosuggestedthatEarthisakindofzooorwildlifereserve.Justaswesetasidewildernessareasandwildlifereservestoallowanimalsandgrowingthingstodevelopnaturallywhileweobservethem,soperhapsEarthwassetasideagesagoforthesamepurpose.Arewebeingobservedbyintelligentbeingsfromothercivilizationsintheuniverse?Aretheywatchingourprogressinspacetravel?Doweliveinagigantic“zoo”observedbyour“keepers,”buthavingnocommunicationwiththem?Neverbeforeinourhistoryhavewehadtoconfrontideaslikethese.Thesimplefactisthatwe,whohavealwaysregardedourselvesassupremeintheuniverse,maynotbeso.Nowwehavetorecognizethat,amongthestarsintheheavens,theremayverywellbeworldsinhabitedbybeingswhoaretousaswearetoants.616.Peoplewhoaskthequestion“Whydonttheygetintouchwithus.anddeclarethemselves?”thinkthat_.AtherearenosuchthingsasUFOsBUFOsarevisitorsfromsolarsystemCtheresnoreasonforUFOssoonerorlaterDweareboundtoseeUFOssoonerorlater17.AccordingtoDr.Mead,theattitudeofbeingsfromouterspacetowardusisoneof_.AunfriendlinessBsuspicionCsuperiorityDhostility18.Thetoneofthewriteristhatof_.AdoubtBwarningCindifferenceDcriticismText2Theuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury；asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworldspopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundfreely.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoicewithinasmallradius.Travellingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport；thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheairconditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindyplatforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighbourhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthefreedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.Whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmorecarsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminorillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair；doctorssurgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalsobecomingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns；mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferfromtrafficcongestion.Infactanyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherthroughallthemainstreets.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedandforcedintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedlicensefeesandroadtaxalladdtothedriversworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.19.Moreandmorepeoplecanaffordtobuyandusecarsbecause_.AanincreasingnumberofcarsarebeingproducedBthecostofcarsisgettingcheaperwiththedevelopmentoftechnologyClotsofcountrieshavebecomemoredevelopedDtheuseofcarshasprovedtobemoreeconomical20.Theadvantagesofhavingacararebestexperiencedinthedrivers_.AfreedominchoosinghisjobBcomfortduringthetravelsCenjoymentofhisleisuretimeDfeelingofself-reliance21.Whatisconsideredbythewriterasthegreatestmenacetothepeoplecausedbythewidespreaduseofmotorcars?AairpollutionBtrafficjamsCfataldiseasesDhighcostText3MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansitthereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves“Firstcome,firstserved,”whileagrey-hairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildoracripplestands?Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviourofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprison-campduringtheWar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen?Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromadayswork,arenotangels,either-farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthat7peoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswontbothertoassist,taxidriversgrowlateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorpullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.22.Fromwhatyouhaveread,wouldyouexpectmannerstoimproveamongpeople_?AwhoarephysicallyweakorcrippledBwhooncelivedinaprison-campduringtheWarCwholiveinbigmoderncitiesDwholiveonlyinmetropolitancities23.Whatisthewritersopinionconcerningcourteousmannerstowardswomen?ANowthatwomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerneedtobetreateddifferentlyfrommen.BItisgenerallyconsideredold-fashionedforyoungmentogiveuptheirseatstoyoungwomen.C“LadyFirst”shouldbeuniversallypracticed.DSpecialconsiderationoughttobeshownthem.24.Accordingtotheauthorcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingswouldbesmootherif_.ApeopleweremoreconsideratetowardseachotherBpeoplewerenotsotiredandirritableCwomenweretreatedwithmorecourtesyDpublictransportcouldbeimproved25.Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheword“deterioration”inthelastparagraph?AworseningofgeneralsituationBloweringofmoralstandardsCdecliningofphysicalconstitutionDspreadingofevilconduct1990Text1InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis”releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,”whichisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.Anewphaseinspaceexplorationhasbegun.TheplanetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth；itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolarsystem,infact,thatevencomesclosetoearthssize.Venushasasimilardensity,soitisprobablymadeofapproximatelythesamestuff,andithasanatmosphere,completewithclouds.Itisalsotheclosestplanettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.Inshort,Venusseemstojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof“earthstwin.”ThesurfacetemperatureofVenusreachessome900F.Addedtothatisanatmosphericpressureabout90timesEarths:Highoverheadinthecarbondioxide(CO2)thatpassesforairisalayerofclouds,perhaps10to20milesthick,whoselittledropsconsistmostlyofsulfuricacid(H2SO4).Waterisallbutnonexistent.Bornwithsomanyfundamentalsimilaritiestoearth,howdidVenusgettobesoradicallydifferent:Itisnotjustanacademicmatter.Forallitsextremes,Venusisavaluablelaboratoryforresearchersstudyingtheweatherandclimateofearth.Ithasnoearthsoceans,sotheheattransportandothermechanismsaregreatlysimplified.Inaddition,theplanetVenustakes243earth-daystoturnonceonitsaxis,soincomingheatfromthesunisaddedanddistributedatamoreleisurely,observablepace.16.VenusissimilartoEarthin_.AsizeanddensityBdistancefromthesunChavingatmosphereDalloftheabove17.ThegreatestvalueinstudyingVenusshouldbeto_.AallowustovisitthereBunderstandEarthbetterCfindanewsourceofenergyDpromoteanewspaceprogram18.Themainideaofthispassageisabout_.AproblemsofspacetravelBscientificmethodsinspaceexplorationCtheimportanceofVenustoEarthDconditionsonVenusText2TouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRomesmainavenues.Italyspoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeenevenmorepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200,000womeninaparadingprocessionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.Shoutingslogans,wavingflagsanddancingtodrumbeats,thewomenhadcometothecapitalfromalloverItalytodemonstratefor“ajobforeachofus,adifferenttypeofjob,andasocietywithoutviolence.”Sofar,actiontoimprovewomensopportunitiesinemploymenthasbeentheprovinceofcollectiveindustrialbargaining.“Butthereisagrowingawarenessthatthisisnotenough,”saysaresearcheronfemalelaboratthegovernment-fundedInstitutefortheDevelopmentofProfessionalTrainingforWorkers.Women,whoconstitute52percentofItalyspopulation,todayrepresentonly35percentofItalystotalworkforceand33percentofthetotalnumberofItalianswithjobs.However,theirpresenceintheworkplaceisgrowing.Theemploymentofwomenisexpandingconsiderablyinservices,nexttothepublicadministrationandcommerceastheirprincipalworkplace.Officialstatisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreandmorewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusinessbecauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusinessconsiderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.Suchchangesareoccurringintheprofessionstoo.Thenumberofwomendoctors,dentists,lawyers,engineersanduniversityprofessorsincreasedtwotothreefold.Someofthechangesareimmediatelyvisible.Forexample,womenhaveappearedonthesceneforthefirsttimeasstatepolice,railwayworkersandstreetcleaners.However,thepresentsituationisfarfromsatisfactorythoughsomeprogresshasbeenmade.Abreakthroughinequalopportunities8forwomenisnowdemanded.19.Theexpression“snakethroughcentralRome”probablymeans“tomove_AquietlythroughcentralRome.”BviolentlythroughcentralRome.”CinalongwindinglinethroughcentralRome.”DataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome.”20.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?ATherearemorewomenthanmeninItaly.BInItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinservices.CInItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinemployment.DInItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbymen.21.About200,000womeninRomedemonstratedfor_.AmorejobopportunitiesBagreatervarietyofjobsC“equaljob,equalpay”DbothAandB22.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_.ATheRoleofWomenisSocietyBWomenDemonstrateforEqualityinEmploymentCWomenasSelf-employedProfessionalsDWomenandtheJobsMarketText3Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyears,and,therefore,aresubjectedtofailureandatworst,mentalillnessisunfounded.Asamatteroffact,theoutstandingthingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.Tofindthisout,l,500giftedpersonswerefolloweduptotheirthirty-fifthyearwiththeseresults:Onadultintelligencetests,theyscoredashighastheyhadaschildren.Theywere,asagroup,ingoodhealth,physicallyandmentally.84percentoftheirgroupweremarriedandseemedcontentwiththeirlives.About70percenthadgraduatedfromcollege,thoughonly30percenthadgraduatedwithhonors.Afewhadevendroppedout,butnearlyhalfofthesehadreturnedtograduate.Ofthemen,80percentwereinoneoftheprofessionsorinbusinessmanagementorsemiprofessionaljobs.Thewomenwhohadremainedsinglehadoffice,business,orprofessionaloccupations.Thegrouphadpublished90booksand1,500articlesinscientific,scholarly,andliterarymagazinesandhadcollectedmorethan100patents.Inamaterialwaytheydidnotdobadlyeither.Averageincomewasconsiderablyhigheramongthegiftedpeople,especiallythemen,thanforthecountryasawhole,despitetheircomparativeyouth.Infact,farfrombeingstrange,mostofthegiftedwereturningtheirearlypromiseintopracticalreality.23.Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyearsis_.AtrueinallsensesBrefutedbytheauthorCmedicallyprovenDabeliefoftheauthor24.Thesurveyofbrightchildrenwasmadeto_.AfindoutwhathadhappenedtotalentedchildrenwhentheybecameadultsBprovethattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyearsCdiscoverthepercentageofthosementallyillamongthegiftedDprovethattalentedchildrenneverburnthemselvesout25.Intelligencetestsshowedthat_.AbrightchildrenwereunlikelytobementallyhealthyBbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodtherewasaconsiderablelossofintelligenceCtalentedchildrenweremostlikelytobecomegiftedadultsDwhentalentedchildrengrewintoadults,theymadelowscores1991Text1Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisnthardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether-honesty,kindness,andsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw-and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeoplesbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities-smallertowns,usually-whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:“Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated-theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty；hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.9Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,itsthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidntteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidntprovideastablehome.Idontbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesp