　　　该零件是电喇叭底座，该产品的模具成本低、生产效率高。根据要求分析零件的工艺性，确定冲裁工艺方案及模具结构方案，然后通过工艺设计计算，确定排样和裁板，计算冲压力和压力中心，初选压力机，计算凸、凹模刃口尺寸和公差，最后设计选用零、部件，对压力机进行校核，绘制模具总装草图，以及对模具主要零件的加工工艺规程进行编制。其中在结构设计中，主要对凸模、凹模、凸凹模、定位零件、卸料与出件装置、模架、冲压设备、紧固件等进行了设计。

　　　生产使用寿命长的电喇叭底座。

　　　关键词：模具；冲裁件；凸模；凹模；凸凹模；

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

　　1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义1

　　1.2 国内外的发展概况2

　　1.3 本课题应达到的要求4

2 冲压工艺设计6

　　2.1 冲压件简介6

　　2.2 冲压件的工艺性分析7

　　2.3 冲压工艺方案的确定9

　　2.4 冲压工艺计算9

　　　2.4.1 工件的毛坯尺寸计算9

　　　2.4.2 工序分析11

　　　2.4.3 拉深工序及尺寸计算11

　　　2.4.4 整形分析13

　　　2.4.5 工序汇总14

　　　2.4.6 各工序尺寸公差的确定14

　　2.5 产品所需模具14

3 落料拉深模设计16

　　3.1 模具结构16

　　3.2 确定其搭边值17

　　3.3 确定排样图17

　　3.4 材料利用率计算19

　　3.5 凸、凹模刃口尺寸的确定20

　　　3.5.1落料部份凸、凹模刃口尺寸的确定20

　　　3.5.2 拉深凸、凹模工作部分尺寸及其公差21

　　3.6 落料拉深复合模冲压力22

　　　3.6.1 落料部分冲压力22

　　　3.6.2 拉深部分冲压力23

　　　3.6.3 落料拉深复合模总冲压力24

　　3.7 压力机选用24

　　3.8 压力中心计算25

　　3.9 落料拉深模主要零部件的结构设计26

　　　3.9.1 落料凹模的结构设计26

　　　3.9.2 落料凸模的结构设计28

　　　3.9.3 落料卸料板设计29

　　　3.9.4 拉深凹模的结构设计30

　　　3.9.5 拉深凸模设计30

　　　3.9.6 压边圈设计31

　　　3.9.7 推件块设计32

　　3.10 标准件确定33

　　　3.10.1 模架确定33

　　　3.10.2 弹顶器的确定33

　　　3.10.3 上模螺钉确定34

　　　3.10.4 上模销确定34

　　　3.10.5 下模螺钉确定34

　　　3.10.6 下模销确定35

　　　3.10.7 模柄确定35

　　　3.10.8 模柄上固定螺钉的确定35

　　　3.10.9 推杆确定35

　　　3.10.10 拉深凸模上固定螺钉的确定35

　　　3.10.11 下模推杆的确定35

　　　3.10.12 条料定位零件的设计36

　　3.11 模具闭合高度、校验压力机36

4 切边模设计37

　　4.1 模具结构37

　　4.2 切边凸、凹模刃口尺寸的计算37

　　4.3 切边模冲压力38

　　4.4 压力机选用39

　　4.5 压力中心计算39

　　4.6 切边模主要零部件的结构设计40

　　　4.6.1 切边凹模的结构设计40

　　　4.6.2 切边凸模的结构设计41

　　　4.6.3 切边凸模固定板设计42

　　　4.6.4 切边凸模垫板设计43

　　　4.6.5 定位柱设计43

　　　4.6.6 推件块设计44

　　4.7 标准件确定45

　　　4.7.1 模架确定45

　　　4.7.2 上模螺钉确定45

　　　4.7.3 上模销确定45

　　　4.7.4 下模螺钉确定45

　　　4.7.5 下模销确定45

　　　4.7.6 模柄确定46

　　　4.7.7 模柄上固定螺钉的确定46

　　　4.7.8 推杆确定46

　　　4.7.9 圆废料切刀确定46

　　4.8 模具闭合高度、校验压力机47

5 结论与展望48

　　5.1 结论48

　　5.2 不足之处及未来展望48

致谢49

参考文献50

1 绪论

　　　本设计是对给定的模具产品图进行冲压模工艺分析和模具设计，在综合考虑了经济性、零件的冲压工艺性以及复杂程度和精确度等诸多因素的基础上进行冲压工艺分析与计算的，并提出了合理的工艺方案和结构形式，介绍了模具设计中的排样与送料方式和卸料与导向方式，讨论了主要工作件间隙的确定和刃口尺寸及冲压力的计算，并选择合适的压力机，设计中主要对模具工作部分尺寸进行计算和主要零部件的设计以及加工工艺的制定。

　　　该模具提高了制件质量和生产效率，降低了模具成本，制件质量符合生产要求。

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义

　　　冲压是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。

　　　在冲压加工中，将材料加工成零件的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冲压模具。冲模在现实冲压加工中是必不可少的工艺装备，与冲压件“一摸一样”的关系，若没有符合要求的冲模，就不能生产出合格的冲压件；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压成型工艺就无法实现。在冲压零件的生产中，合理的冲压成形工艺、先进的模具、高效的冲压设备是必不可少的三要素。冲模在种类繁多的模具中占有十分重要的地位，是工业生产中应用最为广泛的模具，从产量上看，它占了模具总产量的30%以上，从产值上看，它占了模具总产值的50%左右。

　　　冲压加工与其他加工方法相比，无论在技术方面，还是在经济方面，都具有许多独特的优点。生产的制件所表现出来的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。但需要指出的是，由于进行冲压成形加工必须具备相应的模具，而模具是技术密集型产品，其制造属单件小批量生产，具有难加工、精度高、技术要求高、生产成本高（占产品成本的10%～30%）等特点。所以，只有在冲压零件生产批量大的情况下，冲压成形加工的优点才能充分体现，从而获得好的经济效益。

　　　模具工业作为现代社会的一种新兴工业，它能够节约能源、节约原材料以及较高的生产效率，它能够保证比较高的加工精度等特点。模具市场在世界上大部分都是供不应求的，它的市场需求量大致580亿至660亿美元之间，与此同时，模具工业在我国也迎来了一轮新的发展前景。模具工业在我国最近几年总产值保持12.5%的年增长率，截止至2006年底模具产值预计超过550亿元。

　　　在现代工业生产中，模具是重要的工艺装备之一，它在铸造、锻造、冲压、塑料、橡胶、玻璃、粉末冶金、陶瓷制品等生产行业中得到了广泛应用。由于采用模具进行生产能提高生产效率、节约原材料、降低成本，并保证一定的加工质量要求，所以，汽车、飞机、拖拉机、电器、仪表、玩具和日常品等产品的零部件很多都采用模具进行加工。

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内容简介：: 无锡太湖学院信机系机械工程及自动化专业毕业设计论文任务书一、题目及专题：1、题目电喇叭底座冷冲压工艺及模具设计 2、专题二、课题来源及选题依据来源于无锡金立有限公司，是电器产品上的一个零件。模具是机械工程及其自动化专业的一个专业方向，选择模具方向的毕业设计题目完全符合本专业的要求，从应用性方面来说，模具又是生产效率极高的工具之一，能有效保证产品一致性和可更换性，具有很好的发展前途和应用前景。该产品外形适中，冲压工艺设计很复杂，计算过程很繁，其正确性非常重要，要求学生要有良好的心理素质和仔细认真的作风，因此对本课题的研究对学生也是一次很好的煅练机会。三、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：综合应用各种所学的专业知识，在规定的时间内对产品进行冷冲压工艺分析，制订完整的冲压工艺方案，并完模具设计、数据计算和图纸（所有图纸折合A0不少于2.5张）绘制，具体内容如下：1完成模具装配图：2张（A0或A1）； 2零件图：主要是非标准件零件图（不少于5张）； 3冷冲压工艺卡片：1张； 4设计说明书：1份（15000字以上，其中参考文献不少于10篇，外文不少于5篇）； 5翻译8000以上外文印刷字符，折合中文字数约5000字的有关技术资料或专业文献，内容要尽量结合课题。四、接受任务学生：机械95 班姓名王勇刚五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名签名签名教研室主任学科组组长研究所所长签名系主任签名2012年11月12日无锡太湖学院冷冲压工艺卡片零件名称电喇叭底座零件图号113209材料牌号及规格08钢210002500毛坯种类条料毛坯尺寸161.71000每毛坯可制件数6工序号工序名称工序内容冲压设备工艺装备一次加工数工序附图10冲压落料拉深J23-160落料拉深模具11、落料拉深2、拉深3、整形4、切边20拉深拉深J23-100拉深模具130冲压整形J23-63整形模具140冲裁切边J23-40切边模具150检验检验班级机械95姓名王勇刚学号0923219日期2013.5.16批改日期英文原文Die Life of cold stamping die and improvementsOverview of stamping die Stamping Die - Stamping in the cold, the material (metal or non-metallic) processing into parts (or half) of a special technical equipment, called cold stamping die (commonly known as Die). Press - is at room temperature, using the die installed in the press to put pressure on the material to produce a separation or plastic deformation, and thus to obtain the necessary parts of a pressure processing method. Stamping die in the form of many, the general categories according to the following main features: 1. According to the technical nature of (1) Die along the closed or open contour the material are derived from mold. If blanking die, punch die, cut off the mold, cut mode, cutting mode, split mode, etc. (2) bending mode to blank or blank sheet along a straight line (curved line) to bend, deform, and thus obtain a certain angle and shape of the workpiece in the mold. (3) The drawing die is made of the blank sheet opening hollow, or hollow pieces of further changes to the shape and size of the mold. (4) Die rough or semi-finished workpiece is convex according to plan, direct copy the shape of the die shape, the material itself, generate only local plastic deformation of the mold. Such as the bulging mode, reducing the die, expansion die, forming die rolling, flanging mold, plastic mold. 2. According to the degree classification process combination (1) single process model in a press tour, just completed a die stamping process. (2) composite model is only one station, in a press tour, at the same station at the same time to complete more than two or two die stamping process. (3) Progressive Die (also known as the modulus of continuity) in the feeding direction, rough, with two or more of the station, at the press of a visit, work in different places on the completion of two or two successive Road over stamping die process. Chong called cold stamping die Die-wide. Cold stamping die is used in cold stamping die mold industry, and accessories required for high-performance structural ceramic materials, preparation methods, high-performance ceramic materials, molds and accessories from the zirconium oxide and yttrium aluminum powder increases, Pr element composition, Preparation is the solution of zirconia, yttria solution, praseodymium oxide solution, according to a certain percentage of alumina solution when mixed liquor, ammonium bicarbonate infusion, by co-precipitation synthesis of ceramic materials, molds and accessories needed for raw materials, reaction precipitate generated by the treatment, drying, calcining and accessories by high performance ceramic mold material superfine powder, and then after forming, sintering, finishing, they will have high-performance ceramic materials, molds and accessories. Advantages of this invention is the invention made of cold stamping dies and parts and long service life, the process does not appear in the press and its parts and stamping die bond generated the phenomenon of stamping surface is smooth, no glitches, can replace traditional high-speed steel, tungsten steel. Die with the main parts Die stamping tools is the main process equipment, stamping rely on the relative movement under the mold completed. Processing time because the upper and lower mold between the constant division and, if continued operation of the fingers of workers to enter or remain in the mold closed, there will certainly pose a serious threat to their personal safety. (A) of the mold main parts, function and safety requirements 1. Working parts is a direct punch to blank forming the working parts, therefore, it is the key to mold parts. Punch not only sophisticated and complex, it should meet the following requirements: (1) be of sufficient strength, can not be broken or destroyed during stamping. (2) should be appropriate to its material and heat treatment requirements, to prevent too high hardness and brittle fracture. 2. Positioning parts positioning part is to determine the location of the parts installed blank, there are pins (board), gauge pin (plate), lead is sold, guide plate, knife set from the side, side pressure etc. Design should be considered when positioning parts easy to operate and should not have had orientation, location to facilitate observation, preferably in the forward position, contouring to correct the pin location and positioning. 3. Binder, unloading and discharging parts binder components are blank holder, binder board. Blank holder pressure can drawing blank holder force, thereby preventing billets under the action of the tangential pressure arch formed folds. The role of pressure plate to prevent movement and bounce blank. Top of the device, discharge boards role is to facilitate the pieces and clean up waste. Them by the spring, rubber and equipment, putting on the air-cushion support, can move up and down, knocking out pieces of the design should have enough top output, movement to the limited spaces. Stripper plate area should be minimized or closed position in the operating groove milling out empty-handed. Exposure of the stripper plate should have protection around the plate, to prevent finger inserted into or foreign objects inside, exposed surface edges should be blunt down. 4. Guide parts and guide sleeve guide pin is the most widely used part of a guide. Its role is to ensure punch the punching clearance when accurate match. Therefore, the guide posts, guide cover the gap should be less than the blanking clearance. Guide Post located next mold base, to ensure that the stroke bottom dead center, the lead column in the template on the face over the top for at least 5 to 10 mm. Guide columns should be arranged far away from the module and the pressure plate in the area, so the operators arms do not get to take over the lead column material. 5. Supporting and clamping the upper and lower parts which includes templates, die handle, fixed plate punch, plate, stopper, etc. Up and down the template is the basis of the cold die parts, other parts are respectively fixed at the top. Template plane size, especially around the direction to be compatible with the workpiece, too large or too small are not conducive to action. Some molds (blanking, punching type mold) to the pieces of convenience, be set up under the mold plate. At this time the best and the template plate connected between the screw, the two plate thickness should be absolutely equal. Plate spacing out the pieces to be able to prevail, not too much, so as not to break the template. 6. Fastening parts which includes screws, nuts, springs, pins, washers, etc., are generally used standard parts. Die more with the amount of standard parts, design choice and flexibility should be tightened to ensure the top out of the need to avoid exposure to the surface fastener operating position, the staff and impede operation to prevent bumps. Die with the development of Since reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand with the growing Die. In recent years, Die with the industry has been around 15% growth rate of the rapid development of industrial enterprises with ownership Die components also changed dramatically, in addition to the professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development. As with the accelerating pace of international integration, the increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized product quality, cost, and new product development capacities. The cold die manufacturing is the most basic elements of the chain, one of the cold die manufacturing technology to measure a countrys manufacturing sector has become an important symbol of the level, and largely determine the viability of enterprises. Die with enterprises to increase in recent years many technological advances for investment, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise development. Some domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and gradually began to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT etc. CAE software, and successfully applied in stamping die design. A car cover mold as the representative of a large stamping die manufacturing technology has made great progress, Dongfeng Motor Corporation mold factory, mold manufacturers such as FAW mold center has been able to produce some car cover mold. In addition, many research institutions and universities to carry out technology research and development of mold. After years of effort, in the mold CAD / CAE / CAM technology has made remarkable progress; in improving quality and reducing mold die design and manufacturing cycle, and so contributed. Although China Die with the industry over the past decade has made remarkable development, but in many ways compared with the industrialized countries there is still a large gap. For example, the precision machining equipment, processing equipment in Die with the relatively low proportion; CAD / CAE / CAM technology penetration is not high; many advanced mold technology not widely so, resulting in a considerable number of large, sophisticated, complex and long Die life with dependence on imports. With the continuous progress of science and technology, modern industrial production of increasingly complex and diverse, product performance and quality is ever increasing, thus the cold stamping technology put forward higher requirements. In order to adapt to the cold stamping technology industry needs, cold stamping technology itself also in innovation and development. cold stamping technology idea is to improve and expand as much as possible the advantages of the cold stamping process, to overcome its shortcomings. in the cold stamping technology development, should note the following aspects: (1) cold stamping technology process parameters should be properly identified and Die with the work of some of the shape and size, to improve the quality of stamping parts and shorten the new product production cycle should be in strengthening the metal forming the basis of theoretical studies, to metal forming theory to practice can produce a direction, and gradually establish a close connection with the actual production of the advanced process of calculation. abroad have begun to use plastic finite element method, automobile parts forming process of the stress and strain analysis and computer simulation to predict the forming part of a process plan on the possibilities and potential problems. (2) to accelerate product replacement, mold design to overcome the shortcomings of a long cycle. Should vigorously carry out computer-aided design and manufacture of molds (CAD / CAM) Research. In my country, paying particular attention to strengthening the multi-position progressive die CAD / CAM Technology. (3) to meet the needs of mass production, and reduce labor intensity. Should strengthen cold stamping of mechanized and automated, so that the average, small pieces of high-speed presses in a multi-position progressive die production, production reached a high degree of automation to further improve stamping productivity. (4) expand the scope of application of cold stamping production. So cold pressing both suitable for mass production, but also for small batch production; both the general accuracy of product production, but also can produce precision parts. Should pay attention to development such as fine blanking (especially thick material fine blanking), forming high-energy, soft mold forming, pressure and processing new superplastic forming process, but also promote the easy mode (soft mode and the low melting point alloy mold), Universal Hybrid model, the use of CNC punch press and other equipment. In addition, the performance improvement of sheet metal stamping, mold new material, die development of new processing methods should be further strengthened. Die with life and Countermeasures Die with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardening heat treatment, precision die manufacturing parts and cold stamping materials selection. In addition, there are die installation, adjustment, use and maintenance. 1. Die Design on Life (1) Layout design of layout methods and take the boundary value a great impact on the die life, too small to take the boundary value, often causing rapid wear and convex mold, die bite wounds on the. Starting from material savings, take the boundary value smaller the better, but take the edge is less than some value, the cut surface of the mold and the quality of life adversely. There will be left behind in the blanking die Q-gap were to produce spare parts glitch, or even damage the die edge, reduce die life. Therefore, consider increasing the material utilization of the same time, parts must yield, quality and life expectancy to determine the layout methods and take the boundary. (2) die structure prone to stress concentration on the cracking of the die structure, composite structure can be used or mosaic structure, and prestressed structure to enhance the mold life. (3) the impact of clearance when the gap is too small, compressed extrusion of interest, increased friction, increased wear, the wear side of aggravated discharge and push pieces after blanking time, materials and convex, the friction between die will cause wear and tear than the end edge on the side of the grinding much, but also easily lead to convex, concave mold temperature is high, the adsorption of metal debris in the side edge to form a metal tumor, so that male and female die chipping or expansion occurs crack phenomenon. Therefore, the gap is too small to Die Life very bad. Gap is too large will increase the punch and the die face the edge of the concentration of stress, resulting in a sharp increase in stress, so blade edge quickly lose angular yield deformation. Therefore, addition of blanking force, thereby enabling faster edge edge wear, reduce die life. But in order to reduce the male and female die wear, extending mold life, while ensuring quality of stamping pieces under the premise that larger space designed properly it is necessary. (4) Die-oriented structure of the life of a reliable guide for the working parts reduce wear, prevent male and female die bite wound is very effective. In particular, non-small-Q gap Q gap or Die, compound die and multi-position progressive die even more important. To improve the die life, must be based on processes and the demand of precision, the correct choice-oriented form and orientation accuracy, the choice should be higher than the accuracy-oriented convex, concave mold with precision. (5) the impact of cold stamping materials, cold stamping materials selected should meet the design requirements of workpieces and stamping process requirements, or easy to mold damage and reduce mold life. Poor surface quality of cold stamping, punching, cracking when the workpiece is also easy to scratch mold. Bad cold stamping plastic materials, deformation is small, easy to press when the workpiece rupture, but also easy to scratch mold. In addition, the material thickness tolerances shall comply with national standards. Die because of a certain thickness of material suitable for forming, bending, flanging, drawing die of the male and female die structure gap is directly determined by the thickness of the material. Therefore, uneven thickness, will result in waste generation and mold damage. 2. Die Die Life of Die Die Life of a mold material properties, chemical composition, structure, hardness and comprehensive reflection of metallurgical quality. Among them, the material properties and heat treatment affect the quality of the most obvious. Mold material properties on the impact of die life is great. If the same workpiece, using a different mold material of the bending test, the test results: The 9Mn2V material, the life of 5 million; with Crl2MoV nitriding, the life of up to 40 million. Therefore, the choice of materials, the batch size should be based on workpiece, rational use of mold materials. The hardness of the die parts to Die Life a great impact. But not the higher hardness, longer die life. This is because the hardness and strength, toughness and abrasion resistance are closely related. Some die demands of high hardness, long life. Such as the use of T10 steel dies, hardness 54 58HRC, only washed thousands of times a burr on the workpiece great. If the hardness to 60 64HRC, the grinding life of up to 2 to 3 million. However, if continue to improve hardness, fracture occurs earlier. Some die hardness should not be too high, as the die manufacturing using Crl2MoV 58 62HRC hardness, the general life of 2-3 million, invalid form of chipping and cracking, and if the hardness down to 54 58HRC, life expectancy increased to 5 60 000, but decreased to 50 53HRC hardness appears easy to blunt the die edge phenomenon. Thus, mold hardness must be based on material properties and failure modes may be. Should enable the hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance, resistance to fatigue strength needed to achieve a particular stamping process the best match. 3. The surface of the mold heat treatment to strengthen the quality and impact on life Mold heat treatment the nature and quality of life of the mold a great impact. Practice shows that the die parts of the quenching distortion and cracking, early fracture during use, while the metallurgical and materials quality, forging quality, mold structure and process related, but related more to die of heat treatment. According to statistical analysis of failure causes of mold, heat treatment failure due to improper accounting for more than 50%. Practice shows that the mold material must be accompanied by high heat treatment process properly, can really play a materials potential. Parts surface hardening mold work purpose is to obtain the effect of external hard tough inside, so be hardness, wear resistance, toughness, good resistance to fatigue with. Many ways to die surface hardening, surface treatment technology of new technologies developed rapidly. In addition to Nitrocarburizing and ion nitride, boride, seepage niobium, vanadium permeability, hard chrome plated and spark strengthening, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been gradually adopted. By CVD and PVD treatment, the mold surface covered with super-hard material, such as TiC, TiN, etc. High hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, adhesion is very good, can improve the die life several times to several times. 4. Manufacturing precision of the die parts of die life Precision die manufacturing and life in it in particular, mold surface roughness on the mold a great impact. If using Crl2MoV steel blanking die, if the surface roughness value R = 1.6 m, its life span is about 30,000. Such as polished by the precision, surface roughness value R = 0.4 m, life can be increased to 4-5 million. Therefore, the working parts of the mold surface, the general must go through grinding, grinding, polishing and other finishing and fine processing. 5. Other aspects of the impact of die life (1) Press the accuracy is not high, but also easy to make die damage. (2) die in the press or not installed properly and the operators technical level, on the tool life is also greatly affected. (3) dies in the custody and maintenance of good and bad, and the use of lubricant condition also affects mold life. 6. Conclusion In actual production, sheet metal dies for use, rare case of non-normal wear and tear. But when the die plate was found prone to irregular wear, we always study for the problems summarized. Because of a cold die, from the design, manufacture, assembly, commissioning and installation and use, all spent many hours, while the convex die, die material used, mostly high-quality alloy steel. Therefore, the die cost is relatively high. Therefore, in the production of understanding the factors that affect the die life and take the appropriate measures to guide the production of great practical significance.中文译文冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冲压模具概述冲压模具-在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。冲压-是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类：根据工艺性质分类（1）冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。（2）弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线（弯曲线）产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。（3）拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。（4）成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。根据工序组合程度分类（1）单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。（2）复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。（3）级进模（也称连续模）在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、镨元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化镨溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。（一）模具的主要零件、作用及安全要求 1工作零件凸凹模是直接使坯料成形的工作零件，因此，它是模具上的关键零件。凸凹模不但精密而且复杂，它应满足如下要求：（1）应有足够的强度，不能在冲压过程中断裂或破坏（2）对其材料及热处理应有适当要求，防止硬度太高而脆裂。 2定位零件定位零件是确定坯件安装位置的零件，有定位销（板）、挡料销（板）、导正销、导料板、定距侧刀、侧压器等。设计定位零件时应考虑操作方便，不应有过定位，位置要便于观察，最好采用前推定位、外廓定位和导正销定位等。 3压料、卸料及出料零件压料零件有压边圈、压料板等。压边圈可对拉延坯料加压边力，从而防止坯料在切向压力的作用下拱起而形成皱褶。压料板的作用是防止坯料移动和弹跳。顶出器、卸料板的作用是便于出件和清理废料。它们由弹簧、橡胶和设备上的气垫推杆支撑，可上下运动，顶出件设计时应具有足够的顶出力，运动要有限位。卸料板应尽量缩小闭合区域或在操作位置上铣出空手槽。暴露的卸料板的四周应设有防护板，防止手指伸入或异物进入，外露表面棱角应倒钝。 4导向零件导柱和导套是应用最广泛的一种导向零件。其作用是保证凸凹模在冲压工作时有精确的配合间隙。因此，导柱、导套的间隙应小于冲裁间隙。导柱设在下模座，要保证在冲程下死点时，导柱的上端面在上模板顶面以上最少5至10毫米。导柱应安排在远离模块和压料板的部位，使操作者的手臂不用越过导柱送取料。 5支承及夹持零件它包括上下模板、模柄、凸凹模固定板、垫板、限位器等。上下模板是冷冲模具的基础零件，其他各种零件都分别安装固定在上面。模板的平面尺寸，尤其是前后方向应与制件相适应，过大或过小均不利于操作。有些模具（落料、冲孔类模具）为了出件方便，需在模架下设垫板。这时垫板最好与模板之间用螺钉连接在一起，两垫板的厚度应绝对相等。垫板的间距以能出件为准，不要太大，以免模板断裂。 6紧固零件它包括螺钉、螺母、弹簧、柱销、垫圈等，一般都采用标准件。冷冲模具的标准件用量较多，设计选用时应保证紧固和弹性顶出的需要，避免紧固件暴露在表面操作位置上，防止碰伤人手和妨碍操作。冷冲模具的发展改革开放以来，随着国民经济的高速发展，市场对冷冲模具的需求量不断增长。近年来，冷冲模具工业一直以15%左右的增长速度快速发展，冷冲模具工业企业的所有制成分也发生了巨大变化，除了国有专业模具厂外，集体、合资、独资和私营也得到了快速发展。随着与国际接轨的脚步不断加快，市场竞争的日益加剧，人们已经越来越认识到产品质量、成本和新产品的开发能力的重要性。而冷冲模具制造是整个链条中最基础的要素之一，冷冲模具制造技术现已成为衡量一个国家制造业水平高低的重要标志，并在很大程度上决定企业的生存空间。近年许多冷冲模具企业加大了用于技术进步的投资力度，将技术进步视为企业发展的重要动力。一些国内模具企业已普及了二维CAD，并陆续开始使用UG、Pro/Engineer、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS等国际通用软件，个别厂家还引进了Moldflow、C-Flow、DYNAFORM、Optris和MAGMASOFT等CAE软件，并成功应用于冲压模的设计中。以汽车覆盖件模具为代表的大型冲压模具的制造技术已取得很大进步，东风汽车公司模具厂、一汽模具中心等模具厂家已能生产部分轿车覆盖件模具。此外，许多研究机构和大专院校开展模具技术的研究和开发。经过多年的努力，在模具CAD/CAE/CAM技术方面取得了显著进步；在提高模具质量和缩短模具设计制造周期等方面做出了贡献。虽然中国冷冲模具工业在过去十多年中取得了令人瞩目的发展，但许多方面与工业发达国家相比仍有较大的差距。例如，精密加工设备在冷冲模具加工设备中的比重比较低；CAD/CAE/CAM技术的普及率不高；许多先进的模具技术应用不够广泛等等，致使相当一部分大型、精密、复杂和长寿命冷冲模具依赖进口。随着科学技术的不断进步,现代工业产品的生产日益复杂与多样化,产品性能和质量也在不断提高,因而对冷冲压技术提出了更高的要求.为了使冷冲压技术能适应各工业部门的需要,冷冲压技术自身也在不断革新和发展.冷冲压技术的发展思路就是尽可能地完善和扩充冷冲压工艺的优点,克服其缺点.在冷冲压技术的发展过程中,应注意以下几方面：(1)冷冲压技术的发展过程中应正确地确定工艺参数及冷冲模具工作部分的形状与尺寸,提高冲压件的质量、缩短新产品试制周期,应在加强冲压成形理论研究的基础上,使冲压成形理论达到能对生产实际起指导作用,逐步建立起一套密切结合生产实际的先进的工艺分析计算方法.国外已开始采用弹塑性有限元法对汽车覆盖零件的成形过程进行应力应变分析和计算机模拟,以预测某一工艺方案对零件成形的可能性和可能出现的问题。(2)加快产品更新换代,克服模具设计周期长的缺点.应大力开展模具计算机

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