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自动售货机设计说明书.doc

摘要

随着社会不断的进步，人们的物质文化与精神文化都在明显的提高，这样表现在出入各个场所采用信用卡支付现金，一人一部手机，节假日看电影，坐地铁，听音乐会，逛步行街。。。这个现象都表明在物质生活提高的同时，精神生活也提高了，随处可见的出租车，还有随处可见的售货机，这在繁华的都市也已成为不可缺少的一个为市民提供方便的一部机器，只需要投几个硬币就可以选择自己想要的物品。售货机多种多种，我根据所学的本领，设计了罐装饮料售货机。市场上普遍的饮料售货机有几种，我针对灌状饮料售货机的原理设计了一种方便市民生活的饮料售货机。它相比较之下有一定的优点，也有缺点，但缺点不是主要的，所以生产推广起来一定会受到广大群众的喜爱。

关键词：自动售货机售货机售货机原理 Along with the social continuous progress, the people's material culture and the spirit cultureses all in the obvious exaltation, express thus at come in and go out the adoption credit card in the each place to pay to pay by cash, a cellular phone of one person, the stanza day off go to the movie, sitting the subway, go to the concert, strolling the on foot street...This phenomenons all express at the time of physical life raise, the spiritual life also raised, everywhere it is thus clear that of for-rent car, still have everywhere it is thus clear that of beverage sell goods the machine automatically, this a machine that provides the convenience for the citizenry that also has become the indispensability in the prosperous city, need to throw the beverage that a few coins can choose the oneself to want only.The widespread beverage sells goods on the market the machine contain several kinds, I aimed at to infuse the principle that the form beverage sells goods the machine to design a kind of beverage of convenient citizenry life to sell goods the machine.It mutually the in comparison contain certain advantage, also have the weakness, but the weakness is not main, so the production expands and would certainly be like by the large crowd.

Keyword:Sell goods the machine to sell goods the machine to sell goods the machine principle automatically

摘要 Ⅰ

ABSTRACT Ⅱ

第一章绪论 1

第二章售货机的发展史及意义目标2

2.1自动售货机机的发展现状2

2.1.1国外现状 2

2.1.2国内现状 2

2.2发展目标 7

2.4技术参数 7

第三章总体方案设计 8

3.1电磁控制 8

3.2双层设计 8

第四章机械结构的设计及计算 10

4.1轴的设计及计算 10

4.1.1轴的选用计算 10

4.1.2轴的分类 12

4.1.3轴的材料和毛坯 12

4.1.4失效形式与设计准则 13

4.2电磁铁应用设计计算方法 13

4.2.1电磁学基本原理 13

4.2.2电磁铁吸力计算公式 16

4.3弹簧的选用设计及计算17

4.4连接部分的设计 28

4.5焊接 24

4.6柜体传热分析 29

4.7机架的设计 30

第五章设计的不足与设想 34

结论 35

参考文献 36

致谢 52

动售货机业态还不发达，但随着流通领域日新月异的变革和人们消费观的进步，相信在不久的将来，自动售货机一定会在我国各大城市的大街小巷中“遍地开花”。

2.3发展目标

随着社会的不断进步与发展，最终是要实现理想的社会主义，那么精神生活就一定要与物质生活同时进步，为此为了满足市民的要求，那么相应的公共设施就一定要跟得上社会的进步，在国外也同样，一种简单的售货机也代表着该国家的发展水平，它就是文明社会的一个简单的代名词，所以我们一定满足市民的物质文化要求，相应的在各个公共场合设立这种饮料售货机，自然提高了市民的消费水平，提高了市民的生活水平，最终的发展目标就是能在大家都需要的地方设立这种方便大家的售货机，让人们能随时方便的购买所需要的饮料。

2.4技术参数

技术参数：　产品名称　听装饮料自动售货机　放置环境　　室内、外　机器内部温度　环境温度在-15℃到40℃时，机内温度为3℃到5℃ 　触电保护类型　I类　外观尺寸　18022*904*726mm(高*宽*深) 　重量　机器净重约270Kg 　　地角螺丝调节量　20mm 　电压　交流220V (+10% ~ -15%) 　频率　50Hz 　额定电流　制冷时3.5A，加热时6.5A 　货物容量　听装饮料:360听(直径66mm,长度123mm或直径66，长度90) 　硬币器容量　约600枚　使用人民币　1元和5角硬币。

第三章总体设计方案

现有自动售货机机中易拉罐出罐机构主要有以下几中方式：

（1）弹簧推动方式：此结构的特点是易拉罐置于螺旋式弹簧上，弹簧一端连接电机，电机转动一圈，弹簧推出一罐易拉罐。这种结构实现简单，但是每根弹簧能带动的数量有限，因此机器内货道数多，电机的功率增大，成本高，并且处于高层的易拉罐下落时容易破，而且会砸伤机器。

（2）转盘方式：其结构是在大圆盘圆周边开有小槽，易拉罐位于槽内，电机带动转盘，转盘带动易拉罐沿转盘圆周运动，当易拉罐运动到指定位置时3便下落出货。这种结构主要的缺点是转盘圈内大量空间浪费，机器装罐量低，另外高层下落容易砸伤机器。

（3）电磁铁吸合方式：这种结构利用三角形原理，三角形的第一边长度可以伸缩，第二边和第三边长度固定。电磁铁固定在第一边上，当吸合时，第一边伸长，而用于支撑易拉罐的二三边的交点高度就会降低，易拉罐便可以下落出罐；当电磁铁离合时，一边缩短，二三的交点会升高，支撑阻挡住其余住易拉罐不下落，这种结构对电磁铁的控制要精确，否则影响出罐质量，并且只适合垂直排货道内罐装数量不能太多。

等等，所以我综合考虑后设计了一个利用电磁结构的售货机，它的综合性程度要比以上的都合理，简单，实用。下面我就分布先介绍一下各个部分的选择。

3.1采用电磁控制

为了避免结构设计的复杂，控制的驱动部分采用电磁控制。

首先，当机柜通电时，两个电磁机构都不工作，当有收钱信号和选择信号时，该选择的储物槽侧面的电磁系统工作，底部的电磁系统不工作，那么侧面的挡物板卡住以上所有的货物，在经过信号接入，底部电磁控制开始工作，螺杆向牵引方向移动，翻板一侧没有支撑物，会随着饮料的自身重力下坠，推开翻板下落，

然后翻板靠翻转弹簧的弹力返回原位置，这时信号再次接入，底部电磁机构停止工作，翻板再次可以继续承受重力，信号再次接入，侧面的电磁机构停止工作，上方饮料靠自身重力自然下坠。然后再重新开始。

3.2采用双层结构设计

采用双层结构设计是为了尽量的避免浪费空间，而增加存货量，所以采用同结构同原理的设计方法。每层储物槽都采用调距板来控制饮料的长短和活动空间，因该听装饮料的规格普遍有两种，一种是66×123，另一种的是66×90。

而第一种是最普遍的，所以为了满足大部分的市场供应要求，把每格储物槽的长度设计为140，宽度为70，因为这个间距是可以调整的，所以也可以把长度缩短为100，宽度不变，这样也方便第二种饮料的安装。这个调距槽是随时可拆卸的，为了就是便于再向第二层里安装饮料，这样就不可以用手了，因为槽的宽度不够，手无法伸进去，所以用一种专业的抓手来安装饮料，不过这样会影响装饮料的速度，但为了空间和储货多两种想法考虑后，这种设计方案是可行的。

设计时，只设计了九种选择按纽，因为听装饮料的样式不是很多，所以9种即可，设计为两层，所以设计为前后两层都放同一种饮料，控制部分可由单片机来完成，前一个出完后，后面的下次再出。4.1轴的设计及计算

4.1.1轴的选用计算

轴是组成机械的一个重要零件。它支撑着其他转动件回转并传递转矩，同时它又通过轴承和机架连接。所有轴上零件都围绕轴心线作回转运动，形成了一个以轴为基准的组合体-轴系部件。所以，在轴的设计中，不能只考虑轴的本身，还必须和轴系，部件的整个结构密切联系起来。

轴按受载情况分：

a. 转轴既支撑传动机件又传动动力，即承受弯矩和扭矩两种作用。

b. 心轴只起到支撑旋转机件作用而不传递动力，既只承受弯矩作用。心轴又可分为固定心轴（工作时轴不转动）和转动心轴（工作时转动）两种。

c. 传动轴主要传动动力，即主要承受扭矩作用。

本设计中采用的是心轴。

轴的结构设计

轴的结构决定于受载情况，轴上零件的布置和固定方式，轴承的类型和尺寸、轴的毛坯、制造和装配工艺几安装、运输等条件。轴的结构应是尽量减少应力集中，受力合理，有良好的工艺性，并使轴上零件定位可靠，拆装方便。

轴的材料选择45号钢，直径是10毫米。

3.1.3轴的结构计算

心轴许用弯曲应力计算公式

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内容简介：: 11附录外文翻译部分原文：Research of High-speed Data Storage Technique in Windows ModeAbstract: In the application of modern industry measure and control fields,the transient state single should be incepted to computer for storage and processing real time. With increasing design target,it becomes more and more important to the problems in the data storage processing and the ways to solve these problems in the data storage processing and the ways to solve these problems in Windows mode.Keywords: Data storage; transfers speed; WinDriver; ASPI; virtual disk.1 Foreword With the measure instrument precision and practice demand target increasing, the data transfer speed between instrument and computer improves, and most of the data should be processing real time. Common CPU operation speed has already exceeded 1 GHz, so it is easy for the operation ability of computer to satisfy the command of industry measure and control. However, the key point is the transfer bottleneck between the instrument and host computer. If the data cannot be sent to computer in time, the computers operation ability will not be exerted effectively. This problem will be discussed as follow. The first item should be ensured is the kind of the OS(operation system). The most popular OS is Windows system, so the most important tache of data transfer will be discussed in Windows mode.2Memory Management One of the key concepts of memory managements is the correlation between the address space (logic address) and storage and storage space (physical address). When program is running, memory management unit (MMU) executes the mapping from logic address to physical address. The logic address is added by the value in relocation register before sent to memory, and the value in relocation register is transparent to user. It is obvious that in Windows mode, memory management is used the virtual address space, but not physical address, so the program will receive the virtual address, instead of physical address. Considering of the mapping affection on data transfer speed, operation physical address directly is the best choice. The operation step is as follow : first , send the data to the buffer area (physical memory) that allotted by the management soft; second, send the data to the buffer area (logic memory) that allotted by the management soft; third, send the data from logic memory to storage disks. Both physical address and logic address should be continuous. The reasons are listed as follow: first, it is sure to allot the memory like that, and next it will be shown; second, relative to allotting several buffer areas , allotting one buffer area will not add the fragment to memory to; third , allotting this kind of buffer area can predigest the program. In the fist step, data acquisition card should obtain the process of transfer data ,and the physical address must be continuous. The buffer areas size lies on the datas size transferred once. And in the third step, since suing ASPI interface technique (it will be explained in fourth part), the logic address should be continuous, too. If the buffer areas in first and third step can be united into one buffer area, the processing is only concluding two steps: fist, send the data to continuous buffer area; second, send the data to data disks. By this way, the time of the data move in the memory will be reduced,and the data storage speed is increased. To avoid the storage operation effect on the data read, the ping-pong mode is accepted in the storage processing . The allotted buffer area is divided into two same parts. When the first buffer area is full of data , the system sends an interrupt signal to management soft , and transfers the data to hard disk. The following data will data will be sent to the next buffer area. When this buffer area is full of data, the system sends an inteeeupt signal to management soft, too. The precondition of this mode is the storage speed should should should be higher than data acquisition speed. The transfer speed of Wide Ultra2 SCSI disk can reach 80MB/s,and the data width is 16bit, which will satisfy the precondition.3. Method on Allotting Continuous Buffre Area There are several methods on allotting continuous area in Windows mode, and two of these are compared here . One is using VxD (Virtual Device Driver) to do this job. It can allot one continuous buffer area and provide the head address of this buffer area to management program and mapping form this buffer area to virtual address space. In the pro gram, first hold one buffer area in the virtual address space, then transfer VxD with sending the head address of the virtual address space to VxD, so that VxD allot one buffer area in the physical memory and obtain the hcad address. At last, refer the physical memory to the appointed virtual address space . This way can be used in win32 ,and it can receive a continuous physical buffer area and logic buffer area. However, it is much complex to be carried out. Another is using the function of cards DMA operation in WinDriver: WD_DMALock. By using this function, the continuous buffer area can be obtained for DMA operation area. WinDriver is only used to drive cards, so it requires at least one card in the acquisition system. But it is common for most acquisition system than the first way, and its dependability is higher, too. Moreover, it is convenience to upgrade. So it is a good choice for industry measure fields.The buffer area is allotted by this way: setting the reasonable parameter of the function WD_DMALock to obtain the continuous physical page , and the corresponding logic address is continuous, too. The head address of first physical page is the physical memory address .The return value of puseraddr , one of the parameter of WD_DMALock, is the physical memory. In addition ,winDriver collates every acquisition card by logic mumber (from l to the maximum ,the logic number is not corresponding to physical order),and the function can run without operating acquisition cards or any response of those cards, so the logic number can be used as l in the function and affords to all acquisition cards.One detail should be paid much attention : one of parameter of this function must be set to “DMA_KERNEL_BUFFER_ALLOC”, so that WinDriver can allot a continuous physical memory space. Moreover, the process of allotting buffer area must be placed in the initialization phase in the program, and other program should not run before the memory management soft runs. Otherwise, the process of allotting memory may be failure for the system has not enough continuous physical memory space. When the process is finished, the allotted memory must be free by function WD_DMAUnlock. The figure shows the allotted physical memory model by ping-pong mode (the size of each buffer area is 1MB)OFFSET0x001FFFFFOFFEST0x00100000 Data storage buffer area 2 (1MB)OFFSET0x000FFFFFOFFEST0x00000000 Data storage buffer area 1 (1MB)Fig.1 Allotted Physical Memory Model4. Storage in Hard Disk Hard disk operation has two levels: Windows and logic sector level. Accessing disk in Windows level , the operation system will do most of the job. The operation is so simple that the Windows98/2000 operation system can call API function directly to access the disk. However, the speed of this access is too low to satisfy the data storages requirement. Accessing disk in logic sector level , the soft developed by user self can operate disk directly in logic sector. This method gains higher speed than Windows level by accessing disk without using operation systems file system. If the data are stored in continuous logic sector, the speed of data storage will get higher. So, it is better to access disk in logic sector level and continuous logic sector than Windows level. To improve the data storage speed , system adopts SCSI hard disk instead of IDE hard disk . In the forepart of SCSI, users develop the SCSI devices driver. The job is very complex and often makes mistakes, and the drivers portability is not well. ASPI (Advanced SCSI Program Interface) technique solves this problem. Problem. ASPI is developed by Adaptec Company, and defined in most operation system, including Windows system, The process of accessing SCSI hard disk by ASPI includes four steps commonly: construct accessing disk command; send the command to ASPI manager; wait for executing command; explain the state or error code returned by ASPI manager.The concrete method about ASPI will not be explained here, which can be found in many books about SCSI. In the process of data storage, the time of searching track and sector is reduced after the disk rotate speed keeps normal. But a detail should be paid much attention. If the magnetic head is far form the sector where to write data when the first time to write data, the magnetic head will spend more time to write to seek trick and sector. Moreover, if the disk is at dormancy state (disk rotate speed is zero), the process that changing the disk state from dormancy state to running state will cost many times. However, the data transferring form acquisition card to the allotted buffer area keeps constant. This case maybe happens at this time that some data will be lost because the speed of data storage is lower than the speed of transfer data from acquisition card to memory. To solve this problem, the disk rotate speed must be kept running state when the process of data storage starts, and every magnetic head be moved to the cylinder or the conjoint cylinder where the data will be sent to. It is difficult to operate disks magnetic head by soft and this method maybe hurt disk, so it is better to find a new way but not to move magnetic head directly. An effective way is read the data form the sector where the data will transfer to memory, then write back to the sector .By this way, the magnetic head moves to the cylinder or the conjoint cylinder and keeps the disk running.5. Virtual Disk Generally, the disk operation speed is lower than the memory operation speed of 4 to 6 order. So it can improve the storage speed to use memory as disk, this way is also called RAM disk. RAM disks device driver allows the normal disk operation, though the operation is executed in memory instead of disk. So it is transparent for the user. This way is not a good choice for the high dependability system, because it has many disadvantages such as the memory capability should be enough, the data in the virtual disk will be lost if the system or power meet some accidents.6. Postscript All the above items are the key points in high-speed data storage technique. In addition, there are some other points also as RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks), disk dispatch algorithm, etc .The affection range and the cost of the system are all different. So the choices are different. too. “Four Channels PXI Bus Preprocessing Dynamic Data Acquisition System” is design for the aero engines transient and dynamic state, wind tunnel examination. This task belongs to the subject: the research of aero automatism measure and test technique. In the development of the system soft, the research of the data storage technique has provided the powerful support.Reference1Chen xiangqun XiangYong, WangLei MaHongbing, ZhengKougen Dave Probert. Windows Operation System Principle 2CaoZiyuan. Physical Memorys Allocation and Direct Access in Win32 Mode,Observe and Control Technique, Vol.20,No.1,Jan2001.3Brian Sawert. The Programmers Guide To SCSI, China Electric Power Press,20014Walter Oney. Programming the Microsofy Windows Driver Model, Microsoft Press,19995ZhangHao. The Archive of PHD2000 Data Acquisition Systems Sofr, Sep, 2001Author BiographiesZhang Lei: work in the First Aeronaut Institute of Air Foree, instructor, graduate student of Beijing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics, engaged in data acquisition system development:Xu Xing: work in Beijing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics ,School of Instrumentation Science & Opto-electronics Engineering, professor, tutor of graduate student, engaged in computer measure and control technique research.翻译：和关于Windows模式中高速存储技术的研究摘要：在现代工业测量和技术领域的应用中，单一的短暂状态输入计算机存储，并却实时处理。随着设计目标的增加，重要数据的存储速度变的越来越重要。本文主要讲的是数据存储过程中的问题和在Windows模式中解决这些问题的方式。关键词：数据存储转换速度 Windows ASPI 虚拟磁场1 .展望随着测量工具的精确和实际需求目标的曾加，数据转换速度在测量仪器和计算之间改进，并且大部分数据都可以实时处理。普通CPU的运行速度已经超过1G赫兹。对于计算机的运行能力来讲，需满足工业测量仪器和控制的要求是很容易的：然而主要的问题在于测量仪器与主机同的转换障碍。如果数据没有及时地传送到计算机，那么计算机的操作能力就不能有效地被运用，这个问题将按如下步骤进行探讨：第一步应先确定操作系统的类别最流行的操作系统是Windows系统。因此，最重要的数据转换技术将在Windows模式中讨论。2.存储器管理存储器管理的一个主要的概念是在“位置空间”（逻辑地址）和“存储空间”（物理地址）间的相互关系。当程序运行时，存储器管理单元执行从逻辑地址到物理地址间的制作工作。在传到存储器前，逻辑地址就是通过重新注册的价值得到补充，并且重新登记的的价值对用在虚拟地址中使用，而非物理地址。所以这个程序存到的是虚拟地址而非物理地址。考虑到数据转换速度中制图因素的影响，操作物理地址显然是最好的选择，操作步骤如下：第一：将数据传到由管理软件分配的缓冲区域（物理区域）；第二，将数据传到由管理软件分配的缓冲区域（逻辑区域）；第三，将数据从逻辑存储器传送到存储磁盘上，但是物理地址和逻辑地址是无法连续的，原因如下：第一，必须保证向上述那样分配存储器，并且下一步可以显示出来；第二，相关的分配几个缓冲区域，分配一个缓冲区域并不能将零碎的片段添加的记忆中去。第三，分配到这种缓冲区域可以预先处理此程序。在第一步中，数据获得下可以获得数据转换过程中，数据存储分配区域的物理地址，并且物理地址必须是连续的。缓冲区域的大小在于一次性转换数据的长度。并在有第三步中，因为使用了ASPI界面技术（将在第四部分中介绍），逻辑地址也应是连续的，如果第一阶段和第三阶段的缓冲区域可以统一在一个缓冲区域，那么这个过程只包括两步：第一，将数据传送到连续的缓冲区域；第二，将数据传送到数据磁盘，通过这种方式，数据转移到存储器系统的时间将缩短，且数据存储速度将增加。为了避免存储操作技术影响数据只读功能，PING-PONG模式有存储过程中被接受，分配缓冲区域被划分为两个相同的部分。第一个缓冲区域充满数据，系统传送一个中断信号到管理软件，并且将数据转到硬盘上，剩下的数据被传到下个缓冲区域，当这个缓冲区域充满数据，系统也会向管理软件传送中断信号，这个模式的前提是：数据的存储速度应高于获得速度。WIDEULTRA2 SCSI磁盘的转换速度可以达到80MB/S,且数据的宽度是16位,可以满足这个前提.3.分配连续缓冲区域的方式在WINDOWS模式下,有多种分配连续缓冲区域的方式,这里将比较其中的两种. 一种是利用VXD(虚拟装置驱动器)来做此工作,它可以分散一些连续的缓冲区域,切给管理程序提供这个缓冲区域的首地址,为从这个缓冲区域到虚拟地址提供制图,在此程序中,首先在虚拟地址中选择一个缓冲区域,然后将附有首地址的虚拟地址的VXD传送到VXD,只有这样,VXD分散一个在物理存储器与已确定的虚拟地址联系起来,这种方法可以在WIN32中使用,它可以直接收到一个连续的物理缓冲区域和逻辑缓冲区域.但是,这个模式的执行比较复杂. 另一种是是用WinDreir中卡的DMA运行的功能:WD-DMALOCK.通过使用其功能,对DMA来说,这个连续的缓冲区域能够获得,这个缓冲区域可以作为数据存储缓冲区域使用. WinDreir只是被用来驱动卡,因此,在获得系统中要求最少一张卡.但是对大多时获得系统来讲,使用数据获得卡是很普通的一件事,这种方法较第一种来讲是比较简单的,且它的依赖性也更高,更多的是,对上层来讲是简便的,所以对工业测量是个很好的选择. 缓冲区域是按此方式分散的,为了获得一个连续的物理页码,设定一个合理的WD-DMALOCK功能的参数,切相应的逻辑地址也是连续的,首个物理页码的首地址是一个物理存储器地址.PuserAddr的回服价值, WD-DMALOCK的一个参数,是物理存储器的地址.另外WinDreir通过逻辑数字(从1到无穷大,逻辑数字与物理顺序不是对应的)分散获得卡,在设有运行获得卡或这些卡的任何影响的情况下,这项功能就可运行.因此逻辑数字在此项功能中被使用设为1,且对所有的获得卡承担责任.有一个细节,我们应给予更多的关注:次功能的一个参数一定要被转送到DMA-KERNEL-BUFFER-AUOC中.这样, WinDreir可以分散一个连续的物理记忆空间,而且分散缓冲区域的过程应放在程序初始化阶段.且其它的程序不应在存储器管理软件运行前运行.否则,由于系统没有足够的连续的物理存

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