外文翻译--电梯

Elevator An elevator or lift is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically. Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g. Japanese) or lift (e.g. many European languages, Cantonese). Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new buildings with multiple floors. Design Elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists. An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day elevator consists of a cab (also called a cage or car) mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft, or in Commonwealth countries called a hoistway. In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a traction elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped Hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls. Which technology is used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic elevators are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction elevators must be employed instead. Hydraulic elevators are usually slower than traction elevators. History The first reference about the elevator is located in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first lift or elevator, probably, in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical period lifts were mentioned as cabs, on the hemp rope and powered by hand or by animals force. It is supposed that lifts of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France. In 1793 Ivan Kulibin created the elevator with the screw lifting mechanism for the Winter Palace of Saint Petersburg. In 1816 the elevator was established in the main building of sub Moscow village called Arkhangelskoye. In 1823, an ascending room made its debut in London. Henry Waterman, of New York, invented the lift (elevator) in 1850. He intended it to transport barrels of flour. In 1853, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. On March 23, 1857 the first Otis elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City. The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Coopers Cooper Union building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design for Cooper Union, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was circular because Cooper felt it was the most efficient design. Later Otis designed a special elevator for the school. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the worlds largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems. The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. U.S. Patent 147,853 In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift. Elevator safety Elevators are characterized as being extremely safe. Their safety record of moving millions of passengers every day, with extremely low rate of incident, is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system, although fatalities due to malfunction have been known to occur on occasion. A certain number of passengers do die every year in elevator related incidents. In 1998, in the United States, it was reported that of the estimated 120 billion rides per year in the approximately 600,000 elevators in the U.S., 10,000 people wound up in the emergency room. because of elevator-related accidents. Statistically, its a safe ride, says Ray Lapierre, executive director of the Elevator Escalator Safety Foundation. Past problems with hydraulic elevators meant such elevators built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders； in the event of a breach of the cylinder, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder, and therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a life jacket. This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car. In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity. In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety. Passenger service A passenger lift is designed to move people between a buildings floors. This apparent simplicity belies a complex and sophisticated mechanical, electrical and microelectronic system. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 lb (455 to 2,727 kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments. Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min(1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric & gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to 2000ft/min (10 m/s). Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. Types of passenger elevators Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double decker, and other uses. Cars may be ornate in their interior appearance, may have audio visual advertising, and may be provided with specialized recorded voice instructions. An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between. Entrapment All elevators are required to have communication connection to an outside 24 hour emergency service, automatic recall capability in a fire emergency, and special access for fire fighters use in a fire. Elevators should not be used by the public if there is a fire in or around the building. Numerous building codes require signs near the elevator to state USE STAIRS IN CASE OF FIRE. However emergency evacuations in some countries do allow the use of the fire elevators. Capacity Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair 6 ft (2 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a maximum load of 1000 lb (455 kg). Freight elevators A freight elevator (or goods lift) is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are often exempt from some code requirements. Freight elevators or service elevators (goods or service lifts) may be exempt from some of the requirements for fire service. However, new installations would likely be required to comply with these requirements. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited, though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight Elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting. Stage and Orchestra lifts are specialized lifts for use in the performing arts, and are often exempt from some requirements. Local jurisdictions may govern their use, installation and testing, however they are often left out of local code enforcement provisions due to their infrequent installation. Vehicle elevators A car lift is installed where ramps are considered space-inconservative for smaller buildings (usually in apartment buildings where frequent access is not an issue). The car platforms are raised and lowered by chained steel gears (resembling bicycle chains in appearance). In addition to the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its vertical axis (up to 180 degrees) to ease driver access and/or accommodate building plans. Most parking lots of this type are however unable to accommodate taller vehicles. In spite of the sheer size of the car platform and its perceived passenger capacity, there are huge passenger and freight lifts that can accommodate more than the rated capacity of the car lift. Boat elevators In some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock. Paternoster A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar concept moves only a small platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multi-story industrial plants. Material handling belts and belt elevators A different kind of elevator is used to transport material. It generally consists of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to prevent the material from sliding backwards. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. There have occasionally been lift belts for humans； these typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt, which moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to the one above. These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking garages, but are considered too dangerous for public use. 电梯 电梯或升降机是一种 垂直 移动 的 货物或人 的 运输设备。英语以外的语言可能有外来的基础上无论是电梯（如日本）或 升降机 （如许多欧洲语言，广东话） 。因为法律的轮椅通道，电梯往往是一 种 在 有 多层楼 的 新建筑物 的必需设备 。 设计 电梯 由 简单的绳索或连锁式吊笼 开始 。电梯基本上 就 是一个平台， 用 机械手段或拉 高 或推高。一个现代化的电梯 就是一个 装在一个平台 上的的驾驶室 （也称为 “ 笼 ” 或 “ 车 ” ）， 放 在一个被称为 井道的 封闭空间，或在英联邦国家被称为 垂直通道的设备 。在过去，电梯驱动机制，动力由蒸汽和 液 压活塞 提供 。在 “ 牵引 ” 电梯，车 是被 滚动槽皮带轮 通过 钢丝绳 带动 的，在该行业称 为 带轮。车 的 重量是 由对重来 平衡与制衡。 液压电梯 工作 的原 理 ， 压 力迫使活塞 向上或向下 ，以 使车上升或下降 。液压电梯 由 液压 动力通过 绳索， 来 提高和 降 低 电梯 。最近的 改革 ，包括永久 地 磁铁马达， 无齿轮曳引机带动的无机房式 ，微处理器控制。 其中用在新装置 的 技术取决于多种因素。液压电梯 造价 便宜，但安装气 缸 的长度 过大 ， 需要 非常高 的电 梯垂直通 不切实际。超过 7 层的 建筑物，必须 使用 电梯牵引。液压电梯通常是 低速 电梯。 历史 第一 个与 电梯有关 的 参考 物， 是在罗马建筑师 vitruvius 的 作品中 ， 据 报道说，阿基米德建立了他的第一 台 升降机或电梯，大概在公元前 236 年这个 文学发 源历史 后 期，升降机被 称 为驾驶室， 系在 大麻绳索 上由人力 或动物的力量 提供动力 。这种类型的升降机 被 安装在西奈半岛的埃及修道院。在十七世纪， 这种 原始的 电梯设在英格兰和法国 的 总统府的建筑物 里 。在 1793 年伊万 库历滨 为圣彼得堡 的 冬宫 设计 了 带有 起重螺杆的电梯 机构 ，。在 1816 年莫斯科村的 阿尔 汗金斯科 主体建筑 内安装了 电梯。在 1823 年， “ 升房 ” 首次在伦敦 安装了 。 在 1850 年纽约 人 唐英年沃特曼发明了电梯。他打算 用它 运输桶 装 面粉。 在 1853 年，以利沙介绍了安全电梯， 防 止 由于绳索 发生 断裂而发生的电梯降落 。奥的斯安全电梯 的这个 设计 与 今天仍然使用的 一种有点类似 。 调速器 设备利用刻了痕迹的 滚筒 ，锁定电梯 的速度避免下降 速度 过高。 在 1857 年 3 月 23 日第 一台奥的斯 被安装在纽约市 的 488 百老汇。第一电梯井 道出现在 第一电梯之前四年。建在纽约 的 彼得库珀的库珀联盟的建 筑 ，开始于1853 年。一 个 电 梯井 道 被包括在库珀联盟 的 设计 中 ，因为库珀有信心，一个安全的乘客电梯，不久将 被 发明。 井道 是圆形，因为库珀认为这是最有效的设计。后来，奥的斯为学校设计了一个特殊的电梯。今天，奥的斯电梯公司，现在的附属公司联合技术公司，是世界上最大的垂直运输系统制造商。 第一台电动电梯， 由 维尔纳冯西门子于 1880 年建立。电动升降机 的 安全和速度 均由 弗兰克 斯普拉格显 著改进 。电梯 的 发展 由 原材料包括煤炭和 来自 山坡 的木材 所限制 。这些行业的发展和钢梁建设技术 的 引进一起 从而使得 客运和货运电梯在今天 能够 使用。 在 1874 年， j.w. meaker 获得了 一 项 允许电梯门 安全 打开和关闭 的 专利 ， 美国专利 147853 在 1929 年，克拉伦斯林 康拉德 crispen 与美国 的 inclinator 公司， 建设了第一 台 住宅电梯。 crispen 还发明了第一倾斜座椅电梯。 电梯安全 电梯的 优 点是非常安全的。他们的安全纪录 是 以 输送以 百万乘客 计算的 ，每天 的 事 故 率极低，是任何其他车辆系统无 法 比拟的，虽然已经知道由于故障发生死亡 的 场合。每年 都有 一定数量的乘客这样死在电梯 的相 关的事件。在 1998 年的 美国，据报道，估计每年 有 120000000000 人次乘坐电梯 ， 当 时 大约 600000电梯在美国。 由于 电梯事故 1.0 万人 死在 了急诊室。 “ 按 统计 上说 ，这是一个安全的旅程 ” ， 雷 .拉皮埃尔说，电梯扶手电梯安全 基金会 执行董事 。 液压电梯过去的问题 意味着这种 电梯之前 确立的原 则在 1972 年可能 遇到原则性的失败而 变化。该 规 则以前只需要单底部的液压缸 ；在 汽缸断裂的事故中 ，电梯因 不受控制 而下降 。因为它是不可能 去 核实该系统完全没有加压套管（如下所述） ， 移开 活塞检查是必要的。 移开 活塞 的代价正如 重新安装旧缸 一样毫无经济意义，因此取代缸和安装一个新的活塞是必要的。另一种解决办法，安装 “ 救生衣 ” 以防止气缸 破裂 。这是 一种 装置，一旦发生过度下降的速度 时 ， 会 夹 紧 缸并 车 停 。 此外， 从 安全的 角度考虑 ， 老化的 液压电梯，有液压油泄漏进入含水层的风险，造成环境的潜在污染。这 将 导致 涂在 液压缸 周围 的聚氯乙烯衬板（外壳） 的引进 ， 它 可监测 其 完整性。 在过去十年中，最近 的 倒置液压千斤顶的创新，已消除了 为 安装钻孔千斤顶的 昂贵的钻井地面 加工费用 。这也消除了 对 系统腐蚀威胁，并提高安全性。 客运服务 一 台 乘客电梯的设计 是为了在 一座大厦的 各 楼层 运输乘客 。这种明显 而 简单却包含 一个复杂和精密的机械，电气和微电子系统。 客运电梯的能力 取决于 可用的楼面空间。一般乘客电梯， 载重 能力 以 500磅（ 230 公斤）增薪点 ， 从 1000 到 6000 磅（ 455 至 2727 千克）。一般在 8层 楼的建筑物乘客电梯或更少是液压或电动 的 ，时速液压可以达到 200 英尺 /分钟（ 1.0 米 /秒）和电 动 多达 500 英尺 /分钟。在 10 层 以上的 建筑物，电气及无齿轮电梯有可能速度高达 500 英尺 /分钟（ 2.5 米 /秒） ，以及 10 层