外文翻译--机械工业近期行业技术发展重点

Mechanical industry in the near future profession technological development keyOne) Profession technological development present situationThe mechanical industry is provides the technical equip and the manner people for the national economy lives provides the durable consumable the equipment industry. The various branches and sectors of a national economy produce technical the progress and the economic efficiency height, is decided in the very great degree to it uses the performance and the quality which the machinery equips, the mechanical industry technical level is weighs a national science and technology level and one of economic potentiality important symbols.After the nearly 50 years development, the mechanical industry already became in our country industry to have the suitable scale and one of certain technology base most easy childbirths industry. In 1997 realized the sale to receive 1365100000000 Yuan, occupied the national industry 21%； The profit 25.7 billion Yuan, the tax 62.1 billion Yuan, separately occupy the national industry 15%； Exportation bringing in foreign exchange income 36.3 billion US dollars, account for the national foreign trade export amount 20%. Its development speed is higher than the same time industry the average rate of growth.In recent years, the mechanical industrial enterprise independent development innovation ability had the enhancement, in 1997 the technical personnel always amounted to 480,000 people, the technical development funds disbursement amounts to 8.5 billion Yuan, accounted for the entire profession sale income 0.62%, some 57 major industries have established the national level technology center, some 9% enterprise established the skill development organization, the profession overall technical level had the obvious progress, mainly displayed in: Provides the complete set technical equip and the automobile ability for the national economy has a bigger enhancement； The product structure is developing to the rationalization direction.Although the mechanical industry comprehensive technical level had the large scale enhancement in recent years, but compares with the industry developed country, still has the gradual disparity. The main question lies in:1. Advances in technology the technical progress factor which grow to the mechanical industry at present are only 34%, the advanced countries reaches as high as above 70%.2.Products designs technology, the manufacture craft and the equipment, the manufacture process automation technology, the management technology are backward, is the restriction mechanical product level primary factor.3. Mechanical products technical level is not high, achieved at the end of the 80s, at the beginning of the 90s the international advanced level only accounts for 18%, achieved the 80s intermediate stages international standard accounts for 27%, other products in 80s before level line.Looked from the overall that, mechanical industry technology development ability and technology base weak, the growth potential is insufficient； The technology originates the main dependence introduction overseas technology, depends on for existence to the overseas technology to be higher, to introduced technical the digestion absorption still to pause in grasps had the technology and enhances the domestic product rate on, has not risen to forms the product independent development ability and the technical innovation ability altitude.(2)Technological development overall goalBy the numerical control engine bed, the electric power electron application and the automated technology, the large-scale farm machinery and the construction machinery, the passenger vehicle essential technology, the environmental protection equip five aspects to take key, take develops and the application advanced manufacture technology as the method, changes into the breach by the high-tech and the product industry, take sharpens the enterprise technology innovation ability and the competitive ability as the goal, raises the enterprise technology innovation level. To 2001, provides 1,000 kinds to have the independent intellectual property rights and the bigger market demand potential product. The main product variety 40% achieved at the beginning of 90s international standard, 5% achieved the international advanced level, 90% key mainstay enterprise product standard approaches or achieves the international advanced enterprise standard.(3)Technological development direction and key1. Take the numerical control engine bed as representatives foundation machineryThe numerical control engine bed is the advanced manufacturing industry foundation machinery, is the most typical multi- varieties, the small batch, the high-tech content integration of machinery product. At present the world numerical control engine bed annual output surpasses 150,000, the variety surpasses 1,500 kinds. In 1997 our country numerical control engine bed output has reached 9,051 (to account for engine bed total output value above 20%), but because the domestically produced numerical control engine bed cannot satisfy the market demand, drops year by year in domestic market, still needed the massive imports numerical control engine bed every year, an import amount large scale increase. In 1996 imported reaches 13,924 (value 1.246 billion US dollars).At present in our country numerical control engine bed technological development exists the main question is:(1)The product maturity is bad, the reliability is not highOverseas numerical control system average non- fault time (MTBF) above 10,000 hours, domestic independent development numerical control system only 3,000 5,000 hours； Entire machine average non- breakdown operating time overseas amounts to above for 800 hours, the home best only has 300 hours.(2)The product variety are few, cannot satisfy the market demandThe overseas numerical control engine bed variety had achieved 1,500 kinds, domestic only have 500 many kinds of, also the performance capability low, high speed, is highly effective, the high accuracy product nearly does not have.(3)Innovates the ability to be low, the market competition strength is not strong.The production numerical control engine bed enterprise although reaches hundred, but the majority has not all been able to form the scale production, the enterprise benefit badly, innovation ability low, the production cost is high, the produce market competitive ability is not strong.(4) Tthe numerical control engine bed profession specialized spare parts and the part cooperation production necessary system is not perfect, the majority enterprise all is large and complete, is small and entire the structure pattern. In the near future our country in the numerical control engine bed development aspect, will have to adopt the track to be high-level, the development popularization, the expanded economy, popularization primarily strategy, prioritize:(1)The economy is suitable, the quantity big surface broad productEconomical suitable popularization numerical control lathe, processing center, numerical control milling machine.(2)High speed, is highly effective and special-purpose, the complete numerical control engine bedHigh speed, highly effective numerical control lathe and processing center； The highly effective numerical control forging and stamping outfit, including, may from move the ramming engine bed, the duplicate suitable flexible ramming center, four side knee bends machine and so on； Large-scale precision mold numerical control outfit, including numerical control imitating milling machine and Dragon Gate type numerical control milling machine, intellectualization electrical finishing tool and so on.(3) Numerical control engine bed specialization necessary systemNew generation of numerical control and servosystem series product； Numerical control engine bed high speed main axle, electricity main axle electrical machinery series product； Numerical control engine bed manipulator, knife storehouse and power tool rest series product； Numerical control engine bed high speed necessary spare part and auxiliary series product； Includes, high speed series product and so on ball bearing lead screw, high speed ceramic bearing, high speed protective equipment.Development goal:(1) Props up the key enterprise to develop the economy to be suitable, the quantity big surface broad numerical control engine bed and to form the volume production, enable these enterprise products the market share to have the distinct enhancement, becomes the famous brand goods；(2) Develops dozens of kinds high speed, is highly effective, special-purpose, the complete numerical control engine bed series new variety, satisfies profession the and so on automobile, farm machinery, aviation, mold demand； (3)Numerical control engine bed key necessary product: The numerical control system, meets the domestic numerical control engine bed 50% necessary need； High speed main axle and the electricity main axle annual production reaches thousand sets； The manipulator, the knife storehouse, the power tool rest and the numerical control engine bed high speed necessary spare part, the auxiliary series product meet the domestic 50% necessary need.2. Electric powers electrons application and automated technologyThe electric power electronic technology is the collection micro electron, the computer and the automated technology to a body comprehensive technology, conserves energy one of nodal wood best technologies. At present, the overseas electric power electronic mtechnology already developed take IGBT as representatives third generation, and to the intelligent electric power Electronic Age development, our country now still was in take the crystal thyratron as representatives second-generation. Domestic electric power electron market variety satisfying rate only 35%, the new produce market basically is seized by the overseas product.The field bus intelligence measuring appliance and the main line type automated test system is the collection automation technology, the computer technology and the communication to a body new generation of automated measuring appliance system, has become the world scope automation technological development the hot spot, is the present age industrial automation main symbol. Our country still was in by the simulation type measuring appliance system to the digital measuring appliance system transition modulus mixed style measuring appliance system stage, the level falls behind for 10 15 years, therefore also held 80% about share in the low technology produce market, but in high-tech produce market to 60%, the new produce market nearly all did not seize for the overseas product.Therefore, holds the current opportunity in 2 3 years by IGBT, the field bus intelligence measuring appliance and the automated test system are the breakthrough, attacks and captures the key technology and the product, and realizes the industry. This domain prioritize:(1) IGBT component and its equipment, high efficiency crystal thyratron and its equipment.Develops new generation of bipolar transistor IGBT, high efficiency crystal thyratron manufacture technology and so on high quality big electric current IGBT, and the development frequency conversion speeder, the inversion switching power supply, large capacity entire filters the source and so on the project application. (2)Field bus intelligence measuring applianceThe development development changes delivers, the execution, the necessary of the same kind field bus measuring appliance. The product industry technology development, and develops the demonstration project the applied research. (3) Automatically measures the meter system and the equipmentThe development main line type automated test system foundation product, forms the moderate scale, simultaneously establishes uses in the mechanical and electrical product and the work for the public good model automated test system, completes the demonstration and the promoted application. 3. Large-scale farm machinery and construction machinery(1)Farm machineryThe industry developed country farm machinery product unceasingly is using new technical in the foundation, to is being highly effective, the energy conservation, the protection agriculture environment direction develops. At present our country has been able to produce 14 is big kinds of, more than 3,000 varieties farm machinery products, but the product comprehensive technical level is only equal to the overseas 70s level. The main question lies in:1)The product level is not high, variety not entire synthesis technology economic indicator backward, reliability bad, the life is short. Take the tractor as the example, the MTBF value overseas may amount to above for 330 hours, but our country only 100 hours. In variety: Large-scale lacks, small is mixed, inadequate series. 2) The product production achieved the economical scale few, the repetition production, the small-scale production, guarantee the quality with difficulty.Farm machinery domain prioritize: 1) Promotes the agricultural production industry large and middle scale tractors and the necessary farm tool tractor average non- fault time enhances from 110 hours to 300 hours above； 2) The combine combine reliable coefficient from 0.5 0.7 enhances to 0.9 above； 3)The main agricultural products processing machinery (contains drying to store in a storehouse machinery) the countryside industry and the mid-west area escapes from poverty becomes rich the need agricultural product deeply to process the machinery； 4) Will save water irrigates the equipment to spurt, the drip irrigation equipment irrigates the water the effective use factor 40% to enhance from big Shui Manguan to 80% above.The farm machinery product use reliability and the life target generally enhance above a time, the main product technical standard and the international standard connect rails. (2) Construction machineryThe construction machinery is the national economy big-scale work project construction must essential equipment. Our country has initially had 16 big kinds, more than 3,100 varieties specifications product productivity, the partial products started to enter the international market. But compares with the national economy development request and the international advanced level, the disparity is very big. One is the product comprehensive technical level is not high, in particular target as well as the integration of machinery and so on product quality, life, reliability, security comfortableness and so on the high-tech application and the overseas advanced level also have the very big disparity； Two is the product constitutive property short, the complete set serviceability bad, far cannot meet the needs, if the road surface construction machinery basically also must depend on the import； Three is the majority of enterprises production scale is small, is restricting the profession economic efficiency further enhancement.Construction machinery prioritize:1)Bulldozer, hydraulic pressure excavator, wheeled car loader；2)Autohoist, large-scale forklift； 3) Paver, bulldozer； 4)Not excavates type pipelining machine； 5)Rivers and streams lake storehouse clear silt equipment.Development goal: The big-scale work mechanical reliability target achieved 400 hours, the life target amounts to for 10,000 hours. 4.Passenger vehicles essential technologiesOur country automobile industry for a long time take the truck as the main product, after the reform and open policy, the passenger vehicle product obtained the fast development. In 1998 the passenger vehicle output achieved 520,000.Our country automobile industry existence main question:(1) The building redundant project is serious, creates the disorderly competition, strongly forms the strength with difficulty, the display scale benefit. (2) The independent development ability is weak, majority enterprise 95 period still stressed to produces the link to carry on the transformation, has not nearly invested including the most chinese-foreign joint venture spare parts enterprise to the product development ability construction. At present, domestic still did not have the independent development ability to the passenger vehicle product, the integration of machinery high-tech spare part product also had to introduce the technology. In the near future passenger vehicle prioritize:(1)Economy passenger vehicleTake the passenger vehicle automobile body as the breach, using the technique trade union, cooperates and so on the way with the overseas company, first stresses the automobile body union development, and the establishment economy passenger vehicle public design database, with technical union and so on the CAS, CAD, CAE, CAM, forms our country automobile industry in the economy passenger vehicle aspect independent development ability. (2)The passenger vehicle power always becomesThe digestion absorption introduction technology, with overseas has the strength the enterprise to carry on the joint capital, the cooperation, the unit exploitation, popularizes the electrically controlled technology on the domestically produced gasoline engine (EMS), and in the research development cylinder straight spurts (GDI) the technology, the development application electrically controlled mechanical variable speed drive (AMT) the technology. (3)Passenger vehicle essential spare partTake the integration of machinery automobile electron part as the breach, from the introduction technology, pools capital to obtain, while guaranteed the high beginning, the mass, specialized production, must concentrate the strength to grasp the next generation new product the development to develop and to apply, the key point is electrically controlled guards against hugs dies the braking system (ABS), the security aerocyst (Air Bag), the highly effective stable automobile exhaust three Yuan catalyses switches, and achieved or develops in advance with entire vehicle synchronization. (4)High attachment value special-purpose automobile and passenger trainKey develops each kind of high performance special-purpose chassis. To special-purpose automobile by vehicles and desert cross country vehicles primarily； The passenger train by the low floor city passenger train primarily, the request has the good power, the maneuverability, comfortableness and the low pollution. 5. Environmental protections equipmentsThe environmental protection industry is prevents and controls the environmental pollution, the improvement ecological environment, the promotion resources optimization disposition, the support resources comprehensive utilization pillar industry. World environmental protection machinery year sales volume approximately 200 billion US dollars, concentrate to US, economical developed country and so on Ou Zhou, Japan. Our country environmental protection mechanical profession foundation is weak, starts late, annual production only more than 10 billion Renminbi. Takes day by day along with all quarters facing the environmental protection, the sustainable developmental strategy implementation, the market demand unceasingly grows, the environmental protection machinery will become the mechanical industry new economy growth spot.The environmental protection mechanical profession main disparity lies in: (1)The product structure is unreasonable, the variety are fewThe primary product accounts for the proportion in a big way, has the contemporary level the integration of machinery product to be few, the urgent need large-scale complete set of equipment cannot satisfy the realistic market demand. In the present 3,000 many kinds of environmental protections mechanical products, approximately some 1/5 product as a result of reason and so on performance, reliability, serviceability, structural design, should limit the production or eliminate by a set time. The large-scale haze desulphurization,the complete set of equipment, the large-scale city sewage treatment plant complete set of equipment, the large-scale town refuse processing factory complete set of equipment at present the main dependent import, the highly concentrated organic waste water, is difficult to degrade the industrial waste processing technology and the equipment development is slow. (2)The product quality, the technical level compared to the international advanced level to fall behind for 20 years.Quite many products do not have the profession or the national standard, the product specification model, the basic performance parameter are not unified, the quality examination does not have the basis.(3) The production enterprise scale small, the development ability is weakThe scale is small, the equipment condition difference, examination method not entire mid- and small-scale enterprise accounts for the entire profession total number of enterprises 78%. The annual nproduction only occupies the entire profession in 30 million Yuan above enterprise 3.2%, and mainly concentrates in the electric precipitator, the bag type dust remover and so on the minority several kind of products realm of production. In the near future environmental protection mechanical prioritize: (1)Haze sweetenerIn circulation fluid bed boiler and stove desulphurization technology (CFPBC, PFBC technology), large-scale overall gasification fuel gas steam union circulation technology and equipment (IGCC technology). (2)City sewage treatment complete set of equipmentThe active sludge law, the oxidation ditch law, the motion law for the main body city sewage treatment complete set of equipment, process 10 250,000 tons sewage treatment plants take the date as a goal, provides the sewage treatment complete set of equipment, the sludge use and the handling complete set of equipment, the control and the monitor system. (3City solid garbage disposal and comprehensive utilization equipmentThe city life trash classification, burns down, the compost technology and the equipment, processes 100 tons, 300 ton processing factories take the date as the goal, provides the garbage disposal outfit. (4)Environmental monitoring instrumentPortable multi-purpose multi- parameters water quality monitor meter, 12 kind of total quantity control pollutant monitor meter, atmosphericenvironment pollution monitor instrument and system as well as water treatment process automatic control system and so on. Enhances the product scale, the level, the reliability and the precision. Essential target:(1) The large-scale complete set of equipment domestic product rate achieves above 70%； The general engineering project equipment domestic product rate achieves above 90%； The highly concentrated organic waste water and is difficult to degrade the industrial waste processing technology and the complete set of equipment domestic product rate achieves above 80%. (2) The general environmental protection machinery 60% above product achieved at the beginning of the 90s the level, 5% 10% product achieves the contemporary international standard. (3) Develops the new product variety, develops above the new product 200 kinds.机械工业近期行业技术发展重点一）行业技术发展现状机械工业是为国民经济提供技术装备和为人民生活提供耐用消费品的装备产业。国民经济各部门生产技术的进步和经济效益的高低，在很大程度上取决于它所采用机械装备的性能和质量，机械工业的技术水平是衡量一个国家科技水平和经济实力的重要标志之一。经过近50年的发展，机械工业已经成为我国工业中具有相当规模和一定技术基础的最大产业之一。1997年实现销售收入13651亿元，占全国工业的21%；利润257亿元，税621亿元，分别占全国工业的15%；出口创汇363亿美元，占全国外贸出口额的20%。其发展速度高于同期工业的平均增长速度。近年来，机械工业企业自主 发创 能力有所增 ，1997年科技人 48 人，技术 发经费 出 85亿元，占全行业销售收入的0.62%，有57家大 企业 国家技术中 ，有9%的企业 门技术 发机 ，行业 技术水平有 进步，主要 现在 为国民经济提供成 技术装备和 的能力有 大提高；产品 发展。机械工业的 技术水平近年有 大度提高，currency1工业发 国家相，“在fi性的fl 。主要在于 1科技进步机械工业增长的 ”为34%，进国家高 70%上。2产品 技术 工装备 过程自 技术 技术，是 机械产品水平的主要 。3机械产品技术水平高， 80年 90年 国进水平的”占18%， 80年 中期国水平的占27%，其产品均在80年 的水平 上。上 ，机械工业技术 发能力和技术基础 ，发展 ；技术来 主要进国外技术，国外技术的 度 高， 进技术的消 收“ 在 已有技术和提高国产 上，有上 成产品自主 发能力和技术创 能力的高度。）技术发展的 标 机 力用自 技术大 业机械和 工机械 技术 装备 个 为重点，发展和用进 技术为fi，高 技术和产品的产业为 口，提高企业技术创 能力和力为标，提高企业技术创 水平。2001年，提供1000具有自主 产 和 大 需求潜力的产品。主要产品品的40% 90年 国水平，5% 国进水平，90%的重点骨干企业产品标准接近或 国进企业标准。三）技术发展的 和重点1 机 为 的基础机械机 是进 业的基础机械，是最典 的多品小批量高技术含量的机一产品。世界 机 年产量超过15 台，品超过1500。1997年我国 机 产量已 9051台 占机 产值20%上），由于国产 机 能满 需求，在国内 上的占有逐年下降，每年“需大量进口 机 ，进口额度大度增加。1996年进口 13924台 价值12.46亿美元）。我国 机 技术发展中在的主要是 1）产品成熟度fl，可 性高国外 系统平均无故障时间 MTBF）在10000小时上，国内自主 发的 系统”30005000小时； 机平均无故障工 时间国外 800小时上，国内最好只有300小时。2）产品品少，能满 需求国外 机 品已 1500，国内只有500多,且性能水平低，高速高效高精度产品乎有。3）创 能力低， 力 生产 机 的企业虽 百家，大多 都未能成规模生产，企业效益fl，创 能力低， 成本高，产品 能力 。4） 机 行业的 业 零配件部件的协 生产配 系健全，大多 企业都是“大而全小而全”的 模式。近期我国在 机 的发展 ，要采取跟踪高 发展普 扩大经济 ，普 为主的策略，重点发展 1）经济适用量大 广的产品经济适用的普 加工中 铣 。2）高速高效和 用成 机 高速高效 加工中 ；高效 锻压成 装备，其中包括，可自换头冲压机 复 式柔性冲压中 四边折弯机等；大 精密模具 成 装备，其中包括 仿铣 龙门式 铣 智能 加工机 等。3） 机 业 配 系统一 伺服系统系列产品； 机 高速主轴主轴机系列产品； 机 机械刀库力刀架系列产品； 机 高速配 零部件辅件系列产品；其中