设计说明书.doc

月牙槽件CAXA数控编程与加工仿真

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月牙 月芽 caxa 数控 编程 加工 仿真
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!【包含文件如下】【工艺设计类】CAD图纸+word设计说明书.doc【需要咨询购买全套设计请企鹅97666224】.bat

CAXA文件
件1.dwg
件2.dwg
数控机床的组成和介绍外文翻译.doc
月牙槽件1数控加工工艺卡片.doc
月牙槽件2数控加工工艺卡片.doc
月牙槽件数控加工刀具卡片.doc
设计说明书.doc
目录
目录 2
摘要 3
Abstract 4
1. 绪论 5
1.1数控编程 5
1.2手工编程 5
1.3自动编程 5
2. 数控加工工艺设计 6
2.1 月牙槽零件的分析 6
2.2 刀具、量具的选择 7
2.3手动编制程序 10
3 . 工件的自动编程与仿真加工 22
3.1零件造型及加工 22
总结 28
致  谢 29
参考文献 30


摘要
本论文的内容主要是关于数控编程的相关知识,其中包含工艺参数的选择、刀具的选择、零件程序的手工编制,月牙槽零件的工艺分析,仿真程序,CAXA制造工程师建模与仿真实体处理。
文章的主要内容是通过过程分析部分,对手册编写过程的一部分,以及CAXA制造工程师的建模仿真。使用G02和G03圆弧插补指令;手工编程的部分;G81 M98编程指令;G90绝对值指令;钻孔、铰孔指令;子程序指令。
关键词:手工编程,圆弧插补指令,钻孔,子程序

内容简介:
0毕业设计(论文)类 型: 毕业设计说明书 毕业论文题 目: 数控机床的组成和介绍外文翻译指导教师:学生姓名:专 业:班 级:学 号:时 间:1Composition and introduction of CNCComputer digital control is a cover all kinds, with different size, shape and function of the machines term ,But the most simple methods of understanding is CNC is a kind of controlled by computer in the cube material processing out useful objects machine. CNC machine can be divided into two categories: the nc lathe and nc milling machine. Numerical control lathe usually consists of clamping workpiece high-speed rotating device and a can cut to workpiece excess material tool composition (tool can be in workpiece up to and from sports, until get the desired shape of the). Nc milling machine is a kind of can in the X, Y, Z axis three directions of milling processing device. the nc lathe and nc milling machine does not necessarily need computer to produce a queue to control. Numerical control technology and computer technologies can allow people to first of all on the computer design products, and then define how nc machine tool processing the product. Product design is on the computer generates a computer aided design documents, then need people define how NC machine tool processing the products and, in the end, it step produced a computer aided manufacturing file (or G code files, or NC file, this type of file have many name). The computer aided processing file contains all of the nc machine tools must follow the steps machining information. Computer and CNC numerical control machine tool communications tell it how to explain these processing document to carry on the processing. Nc machine tool by: procedures, input/output device, CNC unit, servo system, position feedback system, machine body composition. 1. program storage medium, also called program carrier 1) Punched tape (outdated, eliminated); 2) Cassette tape (outdated, eliminated); 3) Floppy disk, disk, usb flash disk, 4) Communication. 2. input/output devices 1) For punched tape, with photoelectric reading machine; (out of date, eliminated); 2) For cassette tape, with recorders, (out of date, eliminated); 3) For the floppy disk, with floppy disk drive and drive card; 4) Modern nc machine tool, but also through the manual way (MDI style); 5) DNC communication network, RS232 serial communication. 3. CNC unit CNC unit is the core of the nc machine tools, CNC unit is composed of information input, processing and output of three parts. CNC unit to accept digital information, through numerical control device of control software and logic circuit decoding, interpolation, logic processing, will be all kinds of instruction information output servo system, servo drive execution parts feed movement. The other and main moving parts of variable speed, reversing and start-stop signal. Choice and exchange tool cutting tool command signal, cooling and lubrication of the start-stop, workpiece and machine tool parts loosen, clamping, indexing table inversion and auxiliary command signal, etc. Prepare function: G00, G01, G02, G03, Auxiliary function: M03, M04 Tools, feed speed, spindle: T, F, S 4. servo system By drive, drive motor composition, and with the execution of the machine parts and mechanical transmission parts of nc machine tool feed system. Its role is the numerical control device from the pulse signal into the movement of the machine moving parts. For stepping motor for, each pulse signal make motor turned an Angle that, in turn, drives a machine moving parts move a small distance. Each movement of feed execution component has a corresponding servo drive system, the whole machine performance mainly depends on the servo system. Such as triaxial linkage of machine tools has three sets of drive system. Pulse equivalent: each pulse signal make machine moving parts moving 3displacement. Commonly used pulse equivalent to 0.001 mm/pulse. 5. position feedback system (detection feedback system) Servo motor Angle displacement feedback, nc machine tools actuator (table) displacement feedback. Including grating, rotary encoder, laser range finder, the magnetic grid, etc. Feedback device to test results into electrical signal feedback to numerical control device, by comparison, calculating the actual position and instruction position deviation between the, and sent out the deviation command control executive part of the feed movement. Feedback system including half closed loop and closed loop two system. 6. machine tool of mechanical components 1) Main moving parts 2) Feed unit (table, head) 3) Foundation support (bed, column, etc.) 4) Auxiliary parts, such as hydraulic, pneumatic, cooling and lubrication part, etc 5) Reserve tool knife library, automatic tool changer (ATC) For machining center type of nc machine tools, and store tool knife library, exchange cutter manipulator etc. Numerical control machine mechanical parts of the composition and common machine tool similar, But for the transmission structure more simple, in precision, rigidity, earthquake resistance etc requirements higher, And the drive and speed control system is more easy to realize automatic extension. 4In the numerical control machine parts processing by the following steps: (1) preparation phase: According to the processing parts drawings, determine the relevant processing data (tool path coordinate point, processing cutting dosage, cutter size information, etc.). According to the process scheme, selection of fixture, tool, such as the type of choice about other auxiliary information. Machine bed The main motion mechanism Feed motion mechanism Auxiliary action mechanism AuxiliarycontrolandhighvoltagecontroldeviceprogrammingNc device CNCInputdeviceServodriveandpositiondetectiondevice图 1-1 数控机床的组成The workpiece and tool relative motion trajectory size parameters (feed execution component feed size) Machining process parameter (the Lord movement and feed movement speed, cutting depth, etc.) All sorts of auxiliary operation (the Lord movement speed, cutting tool transformation, cooling and lubricating fluid start-stop, workpiece clamping loosen) 5(2) programming stage According to process information, a machine tool numerical control system can identify language writing nc machining program (for machining processdescription), and fill in the program list. (3) for the information carrier According to the compiled good program list, will program stored in information carrier (perforated tape, magnetic tapes, disks, etc.), Through the information carrier will all processing information to the numerical control system. If the numerical control machine tool and computer networking, information can be directly in the numerical control system. (4) processing stage When the implementation procedure, machine tool numerical control system (CNC) will processing program statement decoding, operation, Convert drive all moving parts of action instruction, in the system under the uniform coordination drive all moving parts of timely movement, automatic completion of workpiece processing. On the whole, numerical control machine tool is and machining parts related information, the provisions of the words, Numbers and symbols of code, according to certain format to compile the program list, will processing program through the control medium input to the numerical control device, the numerical control device after processing, send all and processing program corresponding signal and command control machine tool automatic processing. The first benefit offered by all forms of CNC machine tools is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing workpieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many CNC machines can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the CNC user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by 6human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each workpiece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing workpieces with conventional machine tools.The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent and accurate workpieces. Todays CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical workpieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency.A third benefit offered by most forms of CNC machine tools is flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different workpiece is almost as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with todays just-in-time (JIT) product requirements.Motion control - the heart of CNCThe most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner2. All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed commands. Generally speaking, the motion type (rapid, linear, and circular), the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (feedrate) are programmable with almost all CNC machine tools.A CNC command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a 7precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw. And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedback device (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3.Though a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a CNC machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis.How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systemsIt would be infeasible for the CNC user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount4. (This would be like having to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all CNC controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more logical way by utilizing some form of coordinate system. The two most popular coordinate systems used with CNC machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system.The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in a CNC program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a common location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed for the program can be taken directly from the print.With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one inch to the right of the program zero point, X1.0 is commanded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical 8manner.All discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most common CNC word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion.In the incremental mode (commonly specified by G91), end points for motions are specified from the tools current position, not from program zero. With this method of commanding motion, the programmer must always be asking How far should I move the tool? While there are times when the incremental mode can be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode.Be careful when making motion commands. Beginners have the tendency to think incrementally. If working in the absolute mode (as beginners should), the programmer should always be asking To what position should the tool be moved? This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position.Aside from making it very easy to determine the current position for any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one command of the program, only one movement will be incorrect. On the other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect.Assigning program zeroKeep in mind that the CNC control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one CNC machine and control to another8. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possibly at 9the beginning of each tool.Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Refer to fig.4. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets.Flexible manufacturing cellsA flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS:1. An FMC is not under the direct control of thecentral computer. Instead, instructions from the centralcomputer are passed to the cell controller.2. The cell is limited in the number of part families itcan manufacture.The following elements are normally found in an FMC: Cell controller Programmable logic controller (PLC) More than one machine tool A materials handling device (robot or pallet)The FMC executes fixed machining operations with parts flowing sequentially between operations. 10CNC 数控机床组成和介绍计算机数字化控制是一个涵盖各种各样、具有不同尺寸、形状和功能的机器的术语。但是最简单的理解方法就是 CNC 是一种由计算机控制在立方体材料上加工出有用物体的机器。CNC 机器可以分为两类:数控车床和数控铣床。数控车床通常由夹持工件高速旋转的装置和一把可以切去工件多余材料的车刀组成(车刀可以在工件上来来回回运动,直到取得需要的形状) 。数控铣床是一种具有可以在 X、Y、Z 轴三个方向进行铣削加工的装置。数控车床和数控铣床不一定需要计算机来产生一个队列来进行控制。数控技术和计算机技术相结合可以允许人们首先在电脑上设计产品,然后再定义数控机床如何加工这个产品。设计产品就是在计算机上生成一个计算机辅助设计的文件,然后需要人们定义数控机床如何加工这个产品,最终这一步产生了一个计算机辅助制造文件(或者 G 代码文件,或者 NC 文件,这种类型的文件有很多名字) 。这个计算机辅助加工文件包含所有数控机床必须遵循加工工件的步骤信息。计算机和 CNC 数控机床进行通讯告诉它如何解释这些加工文件以便进行加工。数控机床由:程序、输人/输出装置、CNC 单元、伺服系统、位置反馈系统、机床本体组成。1、程序的存储介质,又称程序载体1) 穿孔纸带(过时、淘汰) ;2) 盒式磁带(过时、淘汰) ;3) 软盘、磁盘、U 盘;4) 通信。2、输人/输出装置1) 对于穿孔纸带,配用光电阅读机;(过时、淘汰) ;2) 对于盒式磁带,配用录放机;(过时、淘汰) ;113) 对于软磁盘,配用软盘驱动器和驱动卡;4) 现代数控机床,还可以通过手动方式(MDI 方式);5) DNC 网络通讯、RS232 串口通讯。3、CNC 单元CNC 单元是数控机床的核心,CNC 单元由信息的输入、处理和输出三个部分组成。CNC 单元接受数字化信息,经过数控装置的控制软件和逻辑电路进行译码、插补、逻辑处理后,将各种指令信息输出给伺服系统,伺服系统驱动执行部件作进给运动。其它的还有主运动部件的变速、换向和启停信号;选择和交换刀具的刀具指令信号,冷却、润滑的启停、工件和机床部件松开、夹紧、分度台转位等辅助指令信号等。准备功能:G00,G01,G02,G03,辅助功能:M03,M04刀具、进给速度、主轴:T,F,S4、伺服系统由驱动器、驱动电机组成,并与机床上的执行部件和机械传动部件组成数控机床的进给系统。它的作用是把来自数控装置的脉冲信号转换成机床移动部件的运动。对于步进电机来说,每一个脉冲信号使电机转过一个角度,进而带动机床移动部件移动一个微小距离。每个进给运动的执行部件都有相应的伺服驱动系统,整个机床的性能主要取决于伺服系统。如三轴联动的机床就有三套驱动系统。脉冲当量:每一个脉冲信号使机床移动部件移动的位移量。常用的脉冲当量为 0.001mm/脉冲。5、位置反馈系统(检测反馈系统)伺服电动机的转角位移的反馈、数控机床执行机构(工作台)的位移反馈。包括光栅、旋转编码器、激光测距仪、磁栅等。反馈装置把检测结果转化为电信号反馈给数控装置,通过比较,计算实际位置与指令位置之间的偏差,并发出偏差指令控制执行部件的进给运动。反馈系统包括半闭环、闭环两种系统。126、机床的机械部件1) 主运动部件2) 进给部件(工作台、刀架)3) 基础支承件(床身、立柱等)4) 辅助部分,如液压、气动、冷却和润滑部分等5) 储备刀具的刀库,自动换刀装置(ATC)对于加工中心类的数控机床,还有存放刀具的刀库、交换刀具的机械手等部件,数控机床机械部件的组成与普通机床相似,但传动结构要求更为简单,在精度、刚度、抗震性等方面要求更高,而且其传动和变速系统更便于实现自动化扩展。图 1-1 数控机床的组成在数控机床上加工零件要经过以下的步骤:(1)准备阶段:机 床主 进 辅运 给 助动 运 动机 动 作构 机 机构 构电控制装置辅助控制及强程序编制数控装置CNC输入装置置检测装置伺服驱动及位13根据加工零件的图纸,确定有关加工数据(刀具轨迹坐标点、加工的切削用量、刀具尺寸信息等)。根据工艺方案、选用的夹具、刀具的类型等选择有关其他辅助信息。(2)编程阶段根据加工工艺信息,用机床数控系统能识别的语言编写数控加工程序(对加工工艺过程的描述),并填写程序单。(3)准备信息载体根据已编好的程序单,将程序存放在信息载体(穿孔带、磁带、磁盘等)上,通过信息载体将全部加工信息传给数控系统。若数控加工机床与计算机联网时,可直接将信息载入数控系统。(4)加工阶段当执行程序时,机床数控系统(CNC)将加工程序语句译码、运算,转工件与刀具相对运动轨迹的尺寸参数(进给执行部件的进给尺寸)切削加工的工艺参数(主运动和进给运动的速度、切削深度等)各种辅助操作(主运动变速、刀具变换、冷却润滑液启停、工件夹紧松开)14换成驱动各运动部件的动作指令,在系统的统一协调下驱动各运动部件的适时运动,自动完成对工件的加工。总的说来,数控机床就是将与加工零件有关的信息,用规定的文字、数字和符号组成的代码,按一定的格式编写成加工程序单,将加工程序通过控制介质输入到数控装置中,由数控装置经过分析处理后,发出各种与加工程序相对应的信号和指令控制机床进行自动加工。各种数控机床的第一个优点是自动化程度提高了。零件制造过程中的人为干预减少或者免除了。整个加工循环中,很多数控机床处于无人照看状态,这使操作员被解放出来,可以干别的工作。数控机床用户得到的几个额外好处是:数控机床减小了操作员的疲劳程度,减少了人为误差,工件加工时间一致而且可预测。由于机床在程序的控制下运行,与操作普通机床的机械师要求的技能水平相比,对数控操作员的技能水平要求(与基本加工实践相关)也降低了。数控技术的第二个优点是工件的一致性好,加工精度高。现在的数控机床宣称的精度以及重复定位精度几乎令人难以置
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