[英语学习]现代英语词汇学概论课件

WANG YonAn Introduction to Modern English Lexicology 现代英语词汇学概论,INTRODUCTION,About the lexicology,2,3,1.1 Lexicology,Wordform (sound, syntax)meaningVocabulary?,1.2 Roles of words in life,4,5,6,1.3 Aspects of the word,7,Morphological structure, formation,Meaning, relation and others,Fixed usage, types and so on,Language comparison & contrast, etc.,1. FORM,2. MEANING,3. USE,4. OTHERS,EVOLUTION,CLASSIFICATION,OVERVIEW,1.4 What is lexicology?,Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information,8,WITHOUT GRAMMAR, VERY LITTLE CAN BE CONVEYED, WITHOUT VOCABULARY, NOTHING CAN BE CONVEYED.,- from Linguistics in Language Teaching. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.，1972: 111 (Wilkinson),9,ORIENTATION,About the course,10,1.1 Aims of the course,Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary.Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formationStudy the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.,11,1.2 Significance of the course,Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary).Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively.Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences.Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.,12,1.3 Arrangements,Oral PresentationGroup of 4-5 for ONE CHAPTEROne group each weekEssayA short essay about the relevant topic(s)3 weeks before the end of the course,13,1.4 Grade,Oral presentationShort essayFinal exam,14,AN OVERVIEW,An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology,15,The 3 basic elements of Englishspeech sounds grammar vocabulary,16,What is a word? The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.What does vocabulary refer to?The total number of words in a language. In English, there are more than_ words.A. 100,00 B.100,000 C. one million D. one billion Including: Native vs. Alien,17,18,Lexicology: a branch of Linguistics which studies the origins and meanings of words. To be specific, they include aspects like the formal and semantic structure, semantic relationships, word formation and usage, the historical development and evolution of words, etc.It has something to do with the following subjects: morphology, lexicography, etymology, and the certain social cultural background etc.,19,Development & classification,DEVELOPMENT The Indo-European language familyThe historical development of English vocabulary New sources of present-day English vocabularyModes of English vocabulary developmentClassificationBasic & non-basicCommon, literary, colloquial, slang & technicalFunction & content,20,Morphological structure & formation,Morpheme The smallest meaning linguistic unit词素or语素FormationThe major & minor processComparison & contrast between languages,21,Meaning & sense relation,Word meaningTypesOriginssemantic features?context RelationsDynamic (changes),22,Extension & application of words,Idiomsphrasal wordscomplex wordsLanguage varieties & interferenceDictionariesLanguage teaching Human intelligence etc.,23,TOPICS OF LEXICOLOGY,Historical changeChange of formChange of pronunciationChange of meaningChange of word formationWord originsThe word-formationIdiomsDictionariesDifferences between American and British languages,24,Two approaches to lexicology study,Diachronicthe historical changes or evolutionorigins & changes,Synchronica point in timethe same dimensional or level,25,Significance & vitality of lexicology,Further study and applicationWithin and trans- languages Cognition-oriented,26,Thank you!Go on with your study!,27,A GENERAL SURVEY OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY,Chapter One,28,Outline,1.1 An overview of English vocabulary1.2 Development of English vocabulary1.3 Classification of English vocabularySummary,29,1.1 An overview of English vocabulary,What is a word?The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.Words are formed by morphemesBloomfield distinguishes between two types of linguistic forms: free form and bound form ( 自由形位和粘附形位）,30,The term word refers to the fundamental unit of a given language, with sound and meaning( lexical and grammatical) , capable of performing a given syntactic function(句法功能)(a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence).,31,All the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary.,32,Lexicology: What is lexicology?,lexicology,lexic-,-ology,eg. biology psychology ,Lexicon lexisvocabulary,Briefly, it is the “science of the word”, and a branch of linguistics dealing with vocabulary of a language.,33,Lexicology,the study of the lexis in human language (Howard Jackson & Etienne Z 2001, 陆国强 1999， et.al) general lexicology & special lexicology,study the universal principles,study the lexis in a special language,34,Notes: lexis,“词汇学” 可以定义为 “对某一种语言的词汇(lexis)的研究” 。 “词汇” 在英语里可以用vocabulary、 lexis和lexicon来表示 ,三个术语大致上是同义的 ,但是 ,vocabulary比较口语化、lexicon比较学术化、 而lexis界乎两者之间。(汪榕培),35,1.2 Development of English vocabulary,The World LanguagesIt is estimated that there are about 5000 languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about 300 language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Altaic Family, and so on.Chinese is a member in the Sino-Tibetan Family, while English is a member in the Indo-European Family. the criteria to divide language families ?1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar,36,1.2.1 Historical development of English vocabulary,The history of the English language is divided into three periods.Old English (449-1100)Middle English (1100-1500)Modern English (1500-present),37,The Old English (450-1100)The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes from about 450 AD. The language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon, which replaced the Celtic spoken by the former inhabitants Celts. The vocabulary of the Old English consisted mainly of Anglo-Saxon words, 85% of which was no longer in use now.Old English was rather different from Modern English in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.,38,2018/1/12,The Middle English (1100-1500)Middle English is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.A great number of French words (about 9,000) were introduced into English. The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism into England. (The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class)By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.,39,Modern English (1500-Now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England by William Caxton.Early Modern English (1500 1700, the period of the Renaissance, which began in Italy, spread in Europe and reached English in 16th century). In this period the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. Scholars translated literature from Latin and Greek into English.In this period, the study of classics were stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin. The Latin loan words were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas.,40,In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.,41,1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary,The 19th and 20th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in scientific vocabulary as a consequence of the industrial revolution and the scientific exploration and discovery.American English began to make their way to the British Isles about 1820.,42,Neologisms (after World War II)newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.The main reasons (sources) for the frequent appearance of neologisms are three:Marked progress of science and technologySocio-economic, political and cultural changesThe influence of other cultures and languages,43,Percentage of each source of new English words,44,1.2.3 Modes of English vocabulary development,(1) Creation(创新词)The formation of new words through word-formation processes by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements.(2) Semantic change(旧词新意)An old form takes on a new meaning to meet new need.(3) Borrowing(借词、外来词)Borrowed (loaned) words constitute six to seven percent of all new words.,45,1.3 Classification of English vocabulary,The English vocabulary may be classified by three main criteria: by origin, by level of usage, and by notion.,46,By origin, words can be classified into native words(vocabulary) and loan words (vocabulary) .Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native words. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language.The fundamental features of the basic word stock National character (全民性)StabilityProductivity (word-forming ability)Collocability (ability to form collocations)Polysemy Loan words or borrowed words are those borrowed from other languages; English is a heavy borrower.,47,By level of usage, words can be classified intoCommon wordsLiterary wordsColloquial wordsSlang wordsThe chief reason for the formation and use of slang expressions is to secure freshness and novelty.Technical words Since language is constantly changing, the classification of words by level of usage is not absolute.,48,By notion, words can be classified intoFunction wordsAlthough they do not have much of their lexical meaning, they have a special kind of meaning-grammatical meaning. They act as grammatical signals to show the connection between content words.Function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The nine most frequently used are and, be, have, it, of, the, to, will, you.Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stabilityContent wordsContent words have independent lexical meanings.Content words belong to an open list.,49,SUMMARY,WordVocabularyRapid development of English wordsThree historical periodsThree main sources of new words()Modes of English words developmentClassification of English wordsby originCharacteristics of basic word stockby level of usageby notion,50,MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS,Chapter Two,51,Content,2.1 Morphemes2.2 Allomorphs2.3 Classifications of morphemes,52,Morphological structure of the wordThe internal structural of words and rule by which words are formed.A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes.,53,2.1 Morphemes,The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. The morpheme denotes the smallest units or the minimum distinctive feature of some class of things.A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning.One morpheme: nationTwo morphemes: nation-alThree morphemes: nation-al-izeFour morphemes: de-nation-al-ize,54,An allomorph (词/语素变体)any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Different forms of the same morpheme. (An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.)caps, classes : -s (plural)-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion positional allomorphs of the same suffix 动词过去时态变化 ed, -ied,2.2 Allomorphs,55,2.3 Classifications of morphemes,In general, there are two main types of classification of morphemesFree morphemes and bound morphemesRoots and affixes,56,2.3.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemes,Free morphemesA free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, i.e., free roots(自由词根).A free morpheme is a word, in traditional sense. E.g.: earth, wind, boy, bite, etc,57,Bound morphemesA bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.Inflectional elements and affixes are bound morphemes.they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes.,58,2.3.2 Roots and affixes,Roots, i.e., root morphemesA root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.work, workable, worker, worked, and workingRoots are either free or boundFree roots: In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, walk etc. Free roots, just like simple words, belong to the basic word-stock.Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tain in words like contain, detain,59,A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.E.g.: revive vital vitamin vivacious vivideach consists of the Latin root vit- or viv-, meaning “life” or “to live.”E.g.: contradict, predict, dictate, diction, dictionarydict- conveys the meaning of say or speak-A knowledge of roots can help one to analyze and understand many words almost on sight.Knowing the meaning of these roots can help clarify the meaning of many English words.,60,Affixes,Affix is a “collective term for type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.” Affixes, therefore, are considered bound morphemes. Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.According to the functions of affixes , affixes may be divided into inflectional(曲折词缀) and derivational (派生词缀) types.,61,Inflectional affixesAffixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. For example: cats, walked, walking, Johns bookAn inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word.,62,Derivational affixesAffixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.Prefixes(前缀)Suffixes(后缀)Derivational affixes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning.,63,English words can be classified on the morphemic level:(1) simple words: a single morpheme(2) derived words: result of a derivational process, consisting of a free morpheme and one (or more than one) bound morpheme, e.g., fruitless(3) compound words: those which are composed of two or more free morphemes,64,Diagram of morphemes,SUMMARY,MorphemeAllomorphsClassification of morphemesFree or boundRoot or affixes Classification of words on the morphemic levelResearch question: 汉语中的语素/词素？词缀?,65,Review: about the morphemeGive the English or Chinese for the following and explain.,blogflashgeekwikiwitkey,博客闪客奇客/极客维客威客,hackerdiggwalkerpodcastinggawker,黑客/骇客掘客沃客播客搞客,66,WORD-FORMATION,Chapter Three & Four,67,Contents,An overviewThree major processescompounding, derivation and conversion Minor processesacronym, clipping, blending, words from proper names, back-formation, reduplication, neo-classical formation and miscellaneous,68,An overview,The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. However, any rule of word-formation is of limited productivity in the sense that not all the words which result from the application of the rule are acceptable.,69,Morphology(word-formation),Inflectional morphology,word-formation(derivation),compounding,derivation,conversion, etc(word-class changed),affixation: prefix & suffix(word-class unchanged), suffix in English in Chinese?,70,The three major processes of word-formationaffixation or derivation (17.5%)prefixationsuffixationconversion (10.5%)composition or compounding (27%),71,Root, stem, baseA root is a form that is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology.A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology, e.g. friends, friendships, greenhousesA b